Origin Certification Research Articles

2. PENCEGAHAN PRAKTEK KEJAHATAN EKONOMI DALAM PERDAGANGAN BEBAS – ORIGIN FRAUD DALAM INDUSTRI MEBEL KAYU DI JEPARA

Indonesia has been known to have abundant natural resources and culture-based creative industries.The country is therefore vulnerable to the practice of fraud of origin. One of many industrial sectorssusceptible to that particular crime is the wooden furniture businesses. In many cases, it is apparent thatnatural products and raw materials of Indonesia are being exported without listing the country as the place oforigin. The most common Indonesian material falls within this illegal practice are timber products. In theprovince of Central Java, Jepara has been a prominent center of timber industry producing high quality timberproducts and wooden raw materials. From a unique standpoint, the timber industry in Jepara is deeply rootedto the culture and identity of the natives, making the attempt to separate the discussion between timber industryand the people of Jepara not only imprudent but virtually impossible. By looking at the statistic in whichJepara’s public education level is assessed to be still below the national standard, and as well bearing to thegeneral fact that the timber actors in Jepara are more focused on product sales rather than important technicalaspects such as certification of origin, it should be projected that crimes such as fraud of origin could be easilycommitted in Jepara. This study is using a comparative advantage theory and theories or models of H-O toinvestigate how the practice of fraud of origin in Jepara occurs and how to resolve such problem.

Place-Branded Foods with Responsible and Sustainable Management: A La Carte Serving in Regional Restaurants

This study assesses whether the association of place-branded foods and the adoption of responsible and sustainable management practices (e.g., quality management, environmental management, and corporate social responsibility) influence the financial performance of regional restaurants linked to the land of origin. The data collected from 265 regional restaurants located in the Centre Region of Portugal allowed estimation of a selected set of discrete-choice model specifications, namely, probit, logit and generalised extreme value regression models. The empirical findings reveal that the use of place-branded foods increases the demand for regional restaurants, which positively influences their financial performance. In addition, responsible sustainable management practices such as collaboration with customers to improve products and services, quality and safety control, choice of organic foods, commitment to maintaining jobs and cooperation with the community reveal a positive and significant influence on financial performance. Conversely, the results show that the use of origin certification in marketing and advertising campaigns and improvement of the restaurant’s image through the use of place-branded products have a significantly negative influence on regional restaurants’ financial performance, considering the pandemic crisis and the additional costs associated with this differentiation procedure.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE ORIGINAL CERTIFICATE OWNER ON THE ISSUANCE OF A SUBSTITUTE CERTIFICATE THAT IS AGAINST THE LAW

The purpose of the issuance of a replacement certificate is to replace the damaged certificate of land rights caused by accidental damage due to natural disasters or damage due to aging paper or the certificate being torn due to the carelessness of the holder, which causes the certificate to be unusable. The problem in this research is how is the legal protection of the owner of the original certificate for the issuance of a replacement certificate against the law by the Land Office of Semarang City? The research method used is normative juridical using secondary data and analyzed using qualitative methods. The results of the study show that the legal protection of the owner of the original certificate for the issuance of a substitute certificate against the law by the Land Office of the City of Semarang is divided into 2 (two), namely preventive legal protection through deliberation between the holder of land rights and also as a plaintiff with the Land Office of the City of Semarang before taken through the Court which has been regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases which aims to provide legal certainty and justice regarding the control, ownership, use and utilization of land. The second legal protection is repressive through a lawsuit to cancel the decision of the Head of the Land Office of Semarang City to the State Administrative Court and also a lawsuit against the law to the District Court.

IMPLIKASI HUKUM PENGECEKAN SERTIFIKAT SECARA ONLINE TERHADAP PPAT

Land Deed Maker Officials are public officials and extensions of BPN authorized by the government to make authentic deeds regarding all legal actions regarding land rights and property rights to flat units. So before PPAT makes a deed of sale and purchase of land, PPAT is obliged to conduct an examination of the original certificate of the land to the Land Office before making a deed of sale and purchase of land because this is a requirement for making a deed of sale and purchase of land. The deed made by PPAT is one of the data sources for the maintenance of land registration data. This is regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of State for Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency Number 3 of 1997 concerning Provisions for the Implementation of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration Article 97, this regulation was made to implement PP RI No. 3 of 1997. However, not all PPATs do this. that matter. In Indonesia there are still PPATs that do not check and check the original land certificates. This is because there are several obstacles faced by PPAT in checking and this does not close the implementation of PPAT's responsibility in checking land certificates before making the deed of sale and purchase of land. Checking land certificates online is not only faster and easier, there are also risks, including system errors, certificates that turn out to be fake, certificates that turn out to be double. This risk also has the potential to become a problem, both criminal and civil, for both PPAT and BPN.

Penerapan Lean Manufacturing untuk Pengaplikasian Price Term Terbaik melalui Analisis TOPSIS: Kasus Industri Elektronik Berfasilitas Kawasan Berikat

To maintain customer loyalty, punctual delivery is needed. In Indonesia, the government has regulated industrial regulations, especially manufacturing with imported raw materials through the provision of special facilities. One of these facilities is a bonded zone facility. In the application to the procurement process, several special rules extend the flow of the goods procurement process which is feared to have an impact on delivery delays and large inventory levels. In terms of price term performance, the TOPSIS method is used, and the data is taken from questionnaires the Korea CKD Import Planner, China CKD Import Planner, Chemical Import Planner, and Steel Sheet Import Planner, with criteria for late delivery of goods, incomplete document completeness, length of COO processing. Certificate of Origin), duration of export-import licensing, risk in shipping, selection of forwarder (3PL), selection of vessel schedule, and costs. From the results of the questionnaire, a normalized matrix was made. From this matrix, the distance between positive and negative solutions is sought so that the preference value of each alternative is obtained, and the price term CIP (Cost & Insurance Paid) is obtained as the price term with the closest relative closeness with a value of 0.5042.

Investigation of Mortality of Hereditary Angioedema in a Reference Center in Brazil

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is known for mortality when it is not treated properly. Many advances have occurred over the past decades that affected patients' lives. However, not all patient populations have access to the same diagnosis and treatment resources. To evaluate mortality from HAE in a large cohort in a reference center in Brazil. Furthermore, the research intended to describe patients' life span, the asphyxia evolution, and factors related to the fatal outcome. A cohort of 433 patients from 46 families was evaluated in this prospective and retrospective study. Families were organized in clusters and were given a verbal autopsy to arrange data collection for the deaths and analyze symptoms during life. Causes of death were classified as deaths from laryngeal edema (LE) or other causes. Of 433 patients evaluated, 254 were not given the diagnosis of HAE. A total of 75 fatal events were evaluated. Only 10 of 75 patients were given the diagnosis of HAE before death, and the HAE diagnosis was made after death in 65 of 75 patients using verbal autopsy. The final cause of death after the investigation was asphyxiation owing to LE in 39 of 75 (52%) and deaths owing to other causes in 36 of 75 (48%). Ten deaths had occurred in the past decade. Time from onset of symptoms to seeking medical assistance was a median of 4 hours, and the time to death was a median of 8 hours. Three patients received fresh-frozen plasma and none received medications specific to HAE attacks. Throat pain or discomfort was the most common symptom, experienced by 71.8% of patients. The most common mistaken diagnosis at the original death certificate was allergy or anaphylaxis. The life span of patients who died of LE was reduced by 20 years compared with those who died of other causes. Hereditary angioedema remains a threat to life in the studied population. The large number of patients who do not receive a diagnosis makes the situation even more severe and is responsible for most deaths. Death analyses add knowledge to an understanding of the diseases and their impact on patients' lives, improving the targeting of public health efforts.

Elemental fingerprints of bivalve shells (Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum) as natural tags to confirm their geographic origin and expose fraudulent trade practices

Bivalves are some of the most valued and consumed seafood species worldwide. However, these organisms can represent a threat to consumers’ health, particularly species harvested from contaminated areas (e.g., historical pollution by heavy or toxins produced by phytoplankton). The elemental composition of bivalve shells generally mirrors the geochemical conditions of the habitat where these organisms have grown. As such, in this study, the geographic origin of two economically important bivalves, the grooved carpet shell ( Ruditapes decussatus ) and Manila clam ( R. philippinarum ), sourced from several locations along the NW, W and SW Iberian coast was confirmed based on the EF of their shells. Overall, random forest analyses of EF (expressed as ratios to Ca) correctly identified the site of harvest of individuals with remarkably high success rate among locations (96.3% for R. decussatus and 98.1% for R. philippinarum ). In general, the most relevant ratios for this discrimination success were the same for both species (i.e., Ba/Ca, Co/Ca, Fe/Ca and Mn/Ca). However, species-specific differences in the EF of shells could also be perceived for specimens of the two bivalve species sampled in the same location. The present findings can allow authorities to expose fraudulent practices associated with the mislabeling of geographic origin of bivalves, namely R. philippinarum , whose harvest in one of the sampled locations (Tagus estuary) is currently forbidden due to public health issues, and develop origin certification for highly valued bivalve species sourced from specific locations (such as R. decussatus from Ria Formosa). • Elemental fingerprints (EF) of bivalve shells ( Ruditapes spp.) differed spatially. • The EF of shells trace the geographic origin of R. decussatus and R. philippinarum . • The EF of shells presented species-specific variations within the same location. • Spatial variations of EF can allow origin certification and expose illegal fishing.

The Analysis of Effects of Enhancement Policies for FTA Export Utilization Rate

As the number of FTAs signed by Korea increases, the issue of enhancing utilization in export, which can be called as the fruits of FTAs in terms of trade policies, is attracting a lot of attention. Concerning FTA utilization in export, the government has been making various efforts to increase credibility to origin-related documents including certificate of origin, to increase the approved exporters, and has been spending a lot of financial and human resources on publicity so that more businesses can access the information on origin. These policies taken by the government were confirmed to be mostly useful in enhancing FTA utilization in export by theoretical models and statistical analysis. Even in the case of some policies not confirmed yet, their effects will be proven in the near future through empirical data after the history of FTAs becomes longer. However, there are also some points to be improved to constantly promote FTA utilization. That is, policymakers need to make FTA contracting parties honor the other party’s approved exporter, reduce burdens of FTA utilization caused by post verification, and strengthen cooperation and collaboration with related agencies.

Proses Pemecahan Sertifikat/Splitzing Tanah Pertanian Ditinjau Dari Risalah Pertimbangan Teknis Penatagunaan Tanah

This study aims to analyze the legal basis and function of the minutes of technical considerations in the transfer of rights to the process of splitting agricultural land certificates/splitzing and to find out the responsibility of the Mataram City Land Office for the issuance of the minutes of technical considerations. This research is a normative juridical research that examines the issue of the minutes of technical considerations of land use in the transfer of agricultural land rights below the minimum limit in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 paragraph (1) of Law Number 56 (Prp) 1960. The results of this study indicate that the basis for issuing the treatise of consideration technical documents in the form of an application for a permit to split agricultural land by the applicant, a statement of control/ownership of agricultural land, a statement from the seller and buyer that they will continue to use the agricultural land according to its function, a deed of sale and purchase (if any) or an underhand letter, a map of the suitability of land use with Mataram City spatial planning, field review by the land management division and original Ownership Certificate. The publication of the minutes is also based on the relevant laws and regulations. The function of the minutes of technical considerations in general can assist the community in completing land administration. While the responsibility of the Mataram City Land Office in the event of a dispute in the future against the land object, the responsibility is outside the realm of the Land Office because the responsibility is limited to the contents of the minutes regarding the analysis and conclusions of the land arrangement section and a statement letter by the seller-buyer/giver when the transfer of rights to land certificate/splitzing rights is transferred agriculture land

Maximizing public welfare for the net-metering scheme using prosumer charges – vertically integrated utility case

Recent cost development of Photovoltaic system has pushed for increasing penetration of distributed roof-top application. This increased penetration has been supported by different policy schemes. This paper proposes an approach to quantify the impact of the net-metering scheme in addition to a new implementation strategy of net-metering that balances public welfare, utility cost recovery and renewable energy targets. It uses the GAMS and MATLAB software in modelling all actors including consumers, prosumers and the utility itself. It further proposes a mechanism to increase the public welfare in the electricity sector to accommodate solar PV investments driven by net-metering scheme. The proposed public welfare-based approach takes into consideration maintaining a balance between maximizing the solar PV investments while guaranteeing cost recovery of vertically integrated utilities. A model is developed to investigate the performance of prosumer charges in maintaining the required balance. Results show that assigning prosumer charges using the proposed model will have minimum impact on tariff hikes. In addition, the modelling results confirms the similarity of the performance of both implementation of prosumer charges either based on generated energy or contracted capacity and their superior performance compared to the one based on observed capacity. It further recommends increasing the efficiency of the prosumer charges on two levels. The first is to differentiate it based on location as to integrate the network benefits namely reducing losses at the distribution level. The second is to complement it with a monetized certificate of origin that values the environmental value of the net-metered PV energy.

A Metaheuristic Approach for Encrypting Blockchain Data Attributes Using Ciphertext Policy Technique

Unlike public chains, the Alliance Blockchain Hyperledger Fabric has a member management service mechanism that may provide data isolation security at the channel level. However, because this data isolation security technique synchronizes plaintext data inside the channel, data leakage is still a possibility. Furthermore, in some fine-grained privacy protection circumstances, channel-based data access restriction is ineffective. In order to solve the data privacy security problems in the above-mentioned consortium chain superledger, a blockchain data attribute encryption scheme based on ciphertext policy is proposed. Combining the original Fabric Certificate Authority module in the Hyperledger, the proposed scheme can realize the user-level fine-grained security access to control blockchain data while also realizing the secure distribution of user attribute keys in the blockchain data attribute encryption scheme based on the ciphertext policy scheme. The security analysis of the scheme shows that the scheme achieves the security goals of attribute-based encryption user attribute private key secure distribution and data privacy protection. The scope of this research is that this study confirms that the solution’s architecture achieves fine-grained access control of private data on the Hyperledger Blockchain network and also the security objectives of secure transmission of user characteristic secret keys and data privacy protection. The performance analysis part also shows that the proposed scheme has good usability.

Blockchain-based model to track and verify official certificates

Document verification is a complicated domain with a variety of difficult and time-consuming methods to validate. Customized verification and authentication processes may be required for various sorts of papers, such as financial papers, government papers, transaction papers, educational credentials, and so on. A huge problem today we are facing is the number of fake certificates that are in circulation, this problem is quite predominant. This has become a new business for a long time. Hardworking people with genuine degrees/certificates have been suffering and they get rejected in the job market because of the lack of identification to differentiate between the original and the fake certificate. At times people are getting jobs through fake certificates and this becomes very dangerous. The scenario calls for a new system that can verify and authenticate certificates, their issuers, and their holders in a way that is much more efficient, simple, and intuitive to use, and efficiently mitigates widespread credential fraud. To combat the counterfeiting of academic certificates, our blockchain approach combines a verified distributed ledger with a cryptographic mechanism. Our Blockchain technology will also provide a standard sharing platform for storing and accessing documents, reducing overall verification time and allowing companies to quickly monitor and access real papers. Our system that helps to identify original certificates will help the hard-earned people to get their jobs in their desired organizations and all the fake circulation of certificates will be stopped because the system identifies the genuine true certificates.

Consumers’ attitude towards honey consumption for its health benefits: first insights from an econometric approach

PurposeAs is well known, there are several aspects that characterise honey consumption and the reasons for purchasing it. Despite this, little attention has been paid to the drivers that move consumers towards the use of honey for its health benefits and therapeutic properties. The aim of this study is to define which drivers move the consumption of honey for its health benefits.Design/methodology/approachThe study, conducted on 640 Italian honey consumers, applied inferential tests (Chi-square) and an econometric model (logit regression), and showed that about 66% of the respondents stated that they consume honey for its health properties.FindingsThe main drivers of honey consumption are both among the intrinsic (Colour) and extrinsic (Origin and Organic certification) attributes of the product. What also emerges is that the propensity to consume honey for health purposes is influenced by the consumer characteristics and habits, such as Age cohort, Gender, BMI and Large retail buyer. Moreover, we observed that consumption is influenced by BMI but not by lifestyle characteristics such as sport and diet.Originality/valueThis study could be a support tool for policymakers who are interested in promoting good nutrition and improving public health, since there is great interest in the functional properties of foods and the need to enhance the value of products, while at the same time ensuring consumer protection.

THE EFFECTS OF HALAL CERTIFICATION AND PRODUCT FEATURES ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

With the rise in the population of Muslims globally, the issue of halal products is becoming increasingly important. The fact that consumers prefer halal products and demand more of these products has attracted companies’ attention as well. The certification of halal products and product type affects the behavior of consumers towards these products. Besides that, the countries that produce the products, whether Muslim or not, is a matter of concern for consumers who are sensitive about halal products. In this study, halal product certification, how consumer behavior changes according to product type, and the country where the product is produced were examined. A scenariobased experiment was used to test the hypotheses developed, and the effects of independent variables on consumer purchase intention, trust, and perceived risk were examined. The religiosity scale was used as a control variable to control consumer religious sensitivities in the study. The results showed that halal-certified products and Muslim country product origin led to a higher level of consumer purchase intention, trust, and lower levels of perceived risk. Besides that, the existence of halal certification increased purchase intention for utilitarian products. Based on the results, the interaction of halal certification and country of origin has a significant impact on consumer purchase intention, while the interaction of halal certification and product type has a significant impact on consumer purchase intention as well as perceived risk. Halal certification increases both consumer purchase intention and trust in products produced by non-Muslim countries.

Geographical Origin Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil via NMR and MS Combined with Chemometrics as Analytical Approaches

Geographical origin assessment of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is recognised worldwide as raising consumers’ awareness of product authenticity and the need to protect top-quality products. The need for geographical origin assessment is also related to mandatory legislation and/or the obligations of true labelling in some countries. Nevertheless, official methods for such specific authentication of EVOOs are still missing. Among the analytical techniques useful for certification of geographical origin, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS), combined with chemometrics, have been widely used. This review considers published works describing the use of these analytical methods, supported by statistical protocols such as multivariate analysis (MVA), for EVOO origin assessment. The research has shown that some specific countries, generally corresponding to the main worldwide producers, are more interested than others in origin assessment and certification. Some specific producers such as Italian EVOO producers may have been focused on this area because of consumers’ interest and/or intrinsic economical value, as testified also by the national concern on the topic. Both NMR- and MS-based approaches represent a mature field where a general validation method for EVOOs geographic origin assessment could be established as a reference recognised procedure.

Adoption, Abortion, and Nonpersons

As of late summer 2022, adopted adults in only ten of the fifty US states hold the right to obtain a copy of their original birth certificate, an example of what Daniel Heller-Roazen historicizes as forms of nonpersonhood. In its cynically transactional embrace of adoption, the Dobbs decision smugly ignores the vexed history of adoption and personhood rights. In its warm embrace of common law precedent to criminalize abortion, Dobbs cavalierly offers adoption as a pat solution, oblivious to the irony that adoption did not exist in common law. Dobbs adoptees will too often face lives shadowed historically by forms of legal, social, and civil diminishment.

Origin geographical classification of green coffee beans (Coffeaarabica L.) produced in different regions of the Minas Gerais state by FT-MIR and chemometric

The present work was proposal the potential evaluation of Fourier-Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) associated with chemometric approach in green beans, in order to discriminate the origin of special Arabica coffees in a single state that has heterogeneous environments. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model presented as result: 3 latent variables, R2X (cum) = 0.892, R2Y (cum) = 0.659; Q2Y (cum) = 0.494, RMSEP = 0.182387, p-value CV-Anova = 0.009, 100% of both sensitivity and specificity and the prediction classification obtained was: 100, 83.33, 100, 83.33% for class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4, respectively. These results can be considered adequate for the proposed hypothesis. The obtained results that the regions have markers such as trigonelline, chlorogenic and fatty acids, sensitive to absorption in the mid-infrared and that are able to determine the origin of green coffee beans of Arabica. Thus, the FT-MIR associated with chemometrics has the potential to employ speed, modernity and cost reduction in the certification of origin of coffees.

A study on improvements in provisions related to electronic Certificate of Origin in Free Trade Agreements: Focusing on Free Trade Agreements of Korea

한국 정부는 2003년 FTA Hub 국가로의 전략을 수립하고 많은 FTA 체결을 통해 경제영토를 넓혀가고 있다. FTA 전자원산지증명서의 유통은 무역업계에 비용과 시간을 절감시킬 수 있지만 구현 사례는 드문 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 한-대만, ASEAN 회원국간 전자원산지증명서 교환사례를 통해 확인된 전자원산지증명서 구현 기본조건을 정리하였으며 한국이 체결한 주요 FTA 협정문에서 전자원산지증명서를 허용하는 조항과 제한하는 조항을 분석하고 이를 시범사업의 기본조건과 비교·통합하여 전자원산지증명서의 전자적 신청·발급과 변경·재발급, 국가간 교환과 수용, 전자서명의 상호인정을 허용하는 5가지 요소로 정리하였다. 다수의 FTA는 전자원산지증명서를 제한하는 조항을 가지고 있으므로 이를 개선하기 위해서 원산지관리 조항의 전면적 개편보다는 5가지 요소들이 정리된 전자원산지증명 운영절차(e-OCP)를 FTA 협정에 부속서로 추가하는 것을 제안하였다.Issuing and distributing FTA electronic Certificates of Origin can reduce costs and time in the trading industry, but the actual implementation of FTA e-CO is rare. This paper summarizes the basic conditions for implementing the e-CO identified through the e-CO exchange project between Korea and Taiwan of China and ASEAN member countries. In the FTA signed by Korea, the provisions allowing and restricting the e-CO were analyzed, compared with the basic conditions of the case projects, and integrated into five factors that enable the electronic issuance and distribution of the CO. Since most FTAs ​​have provisions that restrict the e-CO, in order to improve this, the e-OCP, in which five elements are summarized, should be incorporated into the FTA agreement as an annex rather than a complete revamp of the provisions on the management of origin in the agreement.

Large-scale cloud-based building elevation data extraction and flood insurance estimation to support floodplain management

Factors that often make coastal areas prone to high-cost flood damage include its low-lying topography, tropical and subtropical climates, miles of coastline exposed to hurricane and storm surge hazards, and older housing stock. In this study, we sought to develop a platform that can be used by various stakeholders to re-evaluate and reframe community risk through the use of mobile LiDAR technology to create a current 3D digital elevation model of all homes, businesses, and infrastructure in shoreline communities within the current 100-year floodplain in one county in New Jersey. An innovative strategy for extracting property elevation information from mobile LiDAR and mobile imagery was developed utilizing a web-based approach. Unlike traditional elevation extraction approaches that require field surveys, the proposed method does not require an onsite inspection from certified surveyors, which is often computationally expensive but the key method to current elevation certificate generation. Thus, the proposed approach makes it possible to obtain accurate structure elevation and realize the elevation extraction for large-scale community areas. Results indicate that overall, 96.5% of building diagrams identified with our method have the same value as the original elevation certificate documents. For the estimation of elevation certificate C2a elevation, the estimated error is between 0.082 ft (0.025 m) and 0.104 ft (0.032 m) at the 95% confidence level. Similarly, the C2b elevation had an estimated error between 0.133 ft (0.040 m) and 0.136 ft (0.041 m) at the 95% confidence level.

Settlement of Multiple Certificate Disputes On The Same Land Object

Land has an economic aspect with the value of the rupiah increasing every year, in the form of an increase in NJOP on SPPT PBB. Regarding legal land ownership through the inclusion of the owner's name on the land title certificate, several court decisions have found cases of double certificates which are original and authentic certificates. To determine who is entitled to the ownership of land rights in the same object, a lawsuit is made through the district court with the land office as a co-defendant. The purpose of this study is a legal remedy in the event of a land dispute due to dual certificates and the validity of the issuance of multiple certificates whose legality will be recognized according to law. This study uses empirical juridical methods, namely juridical research conducted by examining library materials called library research with a statute approach. Sources of Legal Materials used in this legal research use primary legal materials which are authoritative legal materials, meaning they have authority. The results of this study are the certificates issued by the land agency are valid until they are declared null and void by the district court, on the validity of the dual certificates, the applicable certificate is the land certificate which was issued earlier and declared valid by the panel of judges. Suggestions from this research are that the land office is expected to be more careful in conducting research on physical and juridical data in issuing land rights certificates.