Certain Volume Of Water Research Articles

Kajian Fisis Optimalisasi Daya Bateray Lithium dalam Pengaruh Deformasi

Simulations have been carried out of equal power for lithium batteries with one-way diffraction grating deformation using magnetic induction coils which are converted into heat energy to heat a certain volume of water. The heating time was observed from the initial temperature of 30 degrees Celsius to the final temperature of 100 degrees Celsius for each coil length L. Using multiple linear regression analysis, a power change ratio of 0.95 was obtained. This means that the battery power will increase by 0.05 or 5 percent if it is treated with a compressive force to the limit of elasticity. This is possible because Lithium has a Young's modulus of 4.9 GPa, a shear modulus of 4.2 GPa, and a bulk modulus of 11 GPa.

The importance of time and other determinants in the assessment of heavy metals release during solid waste management

One of the parameters affecting the leachability of heavy metals from waste is their contact time with the leachant. In this paper, the leaching behaviour of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni was evaluated in relation to the liquid to solid ratio (L/S), which is a reflection of time after which a certain volume of water permeates the material, e.g. in slag heaps or landfills. A leaching study was carried out by different leaching methods with using three test materials, i.e. hazardous zinc slag, lump copper slag and mineral-organic composite. It was found that the highest amount of metals leached in the long term in the maximum availability test, under the following leaching conditions: L/S = 50 dm3/kg, reduced pH of the leachant, fragmentation of the materials to particle size < 0.125 mm. Comparing the results obtained in the batch test and the percolation test, no strict trend was observed in the release of a given metal from different test materials. The analysis using the tank test showed that processes controlling leachability can result in the release of the highest metal loads immediately after contact between the material and the leachant, but can also contribute to the release of metals only after prolonged contact.

Estimativa da umidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo superficial usando termografia por infravermelhos no semiárido brasileiro

ABSTRACT This study introduces an exploratory technique for soil moisture and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity estimation, using infrared thermography. The technique consists in applying a certain volume of water to the soil surface and registering the temperature with an infrared camera. The applied water should have a lower or higher temperature than the soil surface in order to create a temperature gradient at the soil surface. Experiments were conducted in the Mimoso catchment, which is located in the semiarid region of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, in two soils: Yellow Argisol and Fluvic Neossol. Experiments were conducted at two distinct periods of the day: in the morning with cooler soil surface and in the afternoon with hooter soil surface. Different volumes of water were applied to the soil surface originating different soil moisture. Water was applied at two distinct temperatures of 10 – 15 and 80 – 85°C, according to the initial soil surface temperature. The technique allowed us to map estimated soil moisture with values obtained with infrared thermography. When compared with soil sampling, a correlation coefficient higher than 0.70 was observed. Based on the data obtained, it was possible to estimate the topsoil unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity, relevant to the analysis of hydrological processes, such as infiltration.

Media Oxygen Consumption Level for A Seed Brek Fish (Puntius Orphoides)

Disolved oxygen plays an important role for fish living in its life environment. Information on the ammount of oxygen consumption of a fish in certain volume of water is needed in order to give balancing between the ammount of disolved oxygen and fish in it. The objective of this research is obtaining oxygen consumption level of a juvenile of brek fish (Puntius orphoides) of 5-7 cm body length. Oxygen consumption of fish was measured using a tube that equiped with DO tool (dissolved oxygent, DO), and the tube was filled by fresh water. Measurement of oxygen consumption of juvenil was done by measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen from fresh water in the respirometer tube, began when fish had entered into the respirometer tube up to two hours observation. The result showed that oxygen consumption rate a juvenile of brek fish (Puntius orphoides) of 5-7 cm length, is ranging between 0.816 and 1.734 mg/hour.

The Effect of Intermittent Addition on the Wetness Pattern of Subsurface Drip Irrigation

The current study included 12 laboratory experiments on a soil model stacked inside a container with a metal structure with two transparent faces, in order to monitor the movement of the wetness front inside the soil with time; its dimensions are 50 cm, 50 cm, and 70 cm. The polka dot is fixed in one of its corners, sandwiched between the two transparent faces, to observe the quarter of the wet bulb formed in three dimensions. Experiments were carried out on two types of soil, mixture and clay, where the dripper works with two charges 130 cm and 105 cm above the dripper level. The processing is done in two ways: continuous (cycle ratio 1) and intermittent with a ratio of 1/2 cycle and a processing time of two hours for each cycle and a ratio of 1/3 cycle with a processing time of 1 hour for each cycle. The data that were monitored during the experiment period are the rate of drip discharge with time and the limits of the wetting bulb with time as well. Auto-CAD program was used for drawing the shapes of the progression of the wetness front with time from the obtained images, and these shapes were used for finding the distance of progress in the horizontal, vertical, upward and vertical downward directions for all twelve experiments. Microsoft-Excel program was used to estimate the distance of progress in the three directions in terms of the factors affecting them and with a coefficient of determination (0.902) for horizontal progression, (0.92) for vertical upward progress and (0.88) for vertical downward progress. The results showed that the droplet discharge changes with time by an exponential function, and that the rate of discharge increases at the beginning of each cycle and then returns to its true level after a period. The study also showed that the volume of wet soil because of processing a certain volume of water decreases as the cycle rate decreases.

The Effect of Semi-Refined Carrageenan and Potassium Chloride Added on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Instant Grass Jelly

This study focused on the effect of the combination effect of semi-refined carrageenan and potassium chloride on the instant grass jelly formulation. As in the traditional method of grass jelly production, the cornstarch was added to the grass jelly extract to give the gelling texture of grass jelly. Semi-refined carrageenan was added to replace the starch and the physicochemical characteristics and nutrient composition of the product was evaluated. The cincau leaves was boiled in a certain volume of water and the extraction was then converted to powder form via spray dryer. A pre-study has been conducted in determining the best method to produce grass jelly extract which based on the result of production yield, as well as conducted the physic-chemical tests. The finding showed that the extraction of 125g dried leaves of cincau with 4.5 L of water which boiled for 2.5 hours was the best extraction recovery with 75.92 percent. As a conclusion, SRC can be used as a starch replacer in grass jelly production as an instant product and texture is retained as well as nutrient contents of the product is improved

Research on optimal timing range for early polymer injection in sandstone reservoir

In this study, lab research was performed to obtain a method to determine the timing for early polymer injection in oilfields, to increase applicability of lab research in actual oilfield management and to identify the optimum timing for polymer flooding to ensure efficient development of offshore oilfields. This study optimized the methods for lab experiments on oil displacement, analyzed the characteristics of two-phase flow permeability experiments, identified the effect of early polymer flooding, and found the method to decide the timing for early polymer flooding applicable to real-world oilfield management. The research result shows that there is optimum timing for early polymer flooding: in the case that a reservoir’s oil viscosity is 70mPa⋅s, the optimum timing is when the water cut is within the range from 0% to 40%. The water cut increase rate and the water/oil mobility ratio are key factors to the performance of polymers in mobility control: the best control effect can be achieved when the water/oil mobility ratio is below 1 and before the water cut increase rate reaches the maximum. Before polymer flooding, injection of a certain volume of water can unclog the channels, give full play to the effect of waterflooding, reduce the pressure of polymer injection, and cut the loss of effective viscosity of the polymer solution. In actual oilfield development, it is feasible to predict and monitor changes in the oil productivity index and take the timing of sharp decrease of the index as the optimum timing for polymer flooding.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МЕТОДА ФИГУРНОГО ЗАВОДНЕНИЯ

Methods of regulating the development of oil and gas fields play an important role in ensuring rational selection rates at the highest values of reservoir component recovery coefficients. The applied methods allowed the most rapid selection of recoverable oil reserves, but nevertheless, over time, many individual areas of the deposit were identified, whose reserves were developed at a low rate. Therefore, to improve the development of hard-to-recover reserves in these areas, zones, additional methods of influence are used by injecting a certain volume of water into the reservoir through new injection wells created by drilling them or transferring existing high-water wells for injection. At the same time, work is being carried out in existing wells to increase their productivity. This article discusses the application of figure flooding method as an additional method of regulating the development process of the Uzen deposit. The authors presented the results ДОБЫЧА 112 НЕФТЬ И ГАЗ 2020. 3–4 (117–118) of analysis of exploitation of oil areas of figure flooding. A study was conducted to identify the technological effect of the use of the figure flooding method. Figure flooding contributed to unsteady state fluid flow in reservoirs, which led to the reduction of water production wells before working intervals and also in some areas.This method hashad a positive impact on the development process by connecting new production intervals to the operation. The inclusion in the development of new productive formations and layers led to an increase in the flow rates of wells and oil production, as well as simultaneously to a decrease in the flow rates, liquid production and water cut. The quantitative assessment of efficiency was carried out by comparing the corresponding actualandcalculatedtechnological indicators.Thepaperpresentsanalyticalformulas thatwereused to calculate changes in the analyzed data in case there was no specified method. The calculated values of oil and liquid flow rates and water level of sections of the XIV and XV horizons were determined under the assumption that there would be no figure flooding. The results of calculations of technological indicators and processing of actual data, as well as the technological advantages of individual sections are presented. It is established that the use of shaped flooding in the complex will allow full connection to the work of new oil-saturated reservoirs, if new independent systems of arrangement are created to ensure the appropriate hydrodynamic parameters of pressure at the mouths and faces of injection and production wells

ЖИТТЄЗДАТНІСТЬ ТА ТЕПЛОСТІЙКІСТЬ ПИЛКУ ЛІНІЙ- ВІДНОВНИКІВ ФЕРТИЛЬНОСТІ СОНЯШНИКУ

Вивчення ефекту гетерозису у соняшника стало можливим в результаті тривалих досліджень на різному вихідному матеріалі, але впровадження результатів відбулося в останні 30 років, завдяки відкриттю П. Леклерком цитоплазматичної чоловічої стерильності. Широке використання цієї культури викликано активним застосуванням олії з соняшнику у виробництві продуктів харчування, дуже важливих для всього людства. Поліморфізм соняшнику щодо кількості хромосом дозволяє вести пошуки все нових і нових форм. необхідних для людства. Використовуючи інбридинг, селекціонери створили лінії з різним періодом вегетації, висотою рослин, врожайністю, стійкістю до біо- та абіотичних факторів, високим пилкоутворенням. Життєздатність та теплостійкість пилкових зерен ліній-відновників фертильності є важливим фактором успішної гетерозисної селекції соняшнику. Проведено порівняльне вивчення 50 ліній колекції соняшнику за житттєздатністю пилку та його теплостійкістю. За результатами кластерного аналізу вся сукупність вивчених ліній була поділена на чотири кластера, які відрізнялися за комплексом вивчених показників якості пилкової продуктивності. Виділені групи ліній з високою життєздатністю –Х565В, 729-07, 07-49, Мх1008В, Х134В та лінії з високою теплостійкістю пилкових зерен – 759-07, 07-58, Х06130В, 07-22, 07,39, Х720В, Х526В, які можна рекомендувати як джерела стійкості для використання в гетерозисній селекції. Виділені групи ліній з найбільшою кількістю квіточок в кошику – 07-13, 07-39, Х-526В, Х-134В, які також виділились з високою життєздатністю та теплостійкістю пилку, що не менш важливо для продуктивності соняшнику та рекомендувати їх як батьківські компоненти гібридів, що забезпечать якісне запилення на ділянках розмноження та гібридизації.

Spherical Nanovesicles Transform into a Multitude of Nonspherical Shapes.

Nanovesicles are closed, bubblelike surfaces with a diameter between 20 and 200 nm, formed by lipid bilayers and biomembranes. Electron microscopy (EM) studies have shown that these vesicles can attain both spherical and nonspherical shapes. One disadvantage of EM methods is that they provide only a single snapshot of each vesicle. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to monitor the morphological transformations of individual nanovesicles. We start with the assembly of spherical vesicles that enclose a certain volume of water and contain a certain total number of lipids. When we reduce their volume, the spherical vesicles are observed to transform into a multitude of nonspherical shapes such as oblates and stomatocytes as well as prolates and dumbbells. This surprising polymorphism can be controlled by redistributing a small fraction of lipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer membranes. As a consequence, the inner and the outer leaflets experience different mechanical tensions. Small changes in the vesicle volume reduce the overall bilayer tension by 2 orders of magnitude, thereby producing tensionless bilayers. In addition, we show how to determine, for a certain total number of lipids, the unique spherical vesicle for which both leaflet tensions vanish individually. We also compute the local spontaneous curvature of the spherical membranes by identifying the first moment of the spherically symmetric stress profiles across the lipid bilayers with the nanoscopic torque as derived from curvature elasticity. Our study can be extended to other types of lipid membranes and sheds new light on cellular nanovesicles such as exosomes, which are increasingly used as biomarkers and drug delivery systems.

Research into polymer injection timing for Bohai heavy oil reservoirs

Polymer flooding has been proven to effectively improve oil recovery in the Bohai Oil Field. However, due to high oil viscosity and significant formation heterogeneity, it is necessary to further improve the displacement effectiveness of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirs in the service life of offshore platforms. In this paper, the effects of the water/oil mobility ratio in heavy oil reservoirs and the dimensionless oil productivity index on polymer flooding effectiveness were studied utilizing relative permeability curves. The results showed that when the water saturation was less than the value, where the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1, polymer flooding could effectively control the increase of fractional water flow, which meant that the upper limit of water/oil ratio suitable for polymer flooding should be the value when the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1. Mean while, by injecting a certain volume of water to create water channels in the reservoir, the polymer flooding would be the most effective in improving sweep efficiency, and lower the fractional flow of water to the value corresponding to $$ \Delta \,J_{\hbox{max} } $$ . Considering the service life of the platform and the polymer mobility control capacity, the best polymer injection timing for heavy oil reservoirs was optimized. It has been tested for reservoirs with crude oil viscosity of 123 and 70 mPa s, the optimum polymer flooding effectiveness could be obtained when the polymer floods were initiated at the time when the fractional flow of water were 10 % and 25 %, respectively. The injection timing range for polymer flooding was also theoretically analyzed for the Bohai Oil Field utilizing relative permeability curves, which provided methods for improving polymer flooding effectiveness.

Optimal Operation for Source Parallel Pumping Stations

Pumping station transfers water from Yangtze River, and the head of is varied frequently within a wide range due to the tidal water. Taking Jiangdu parallel pumping stations in China as a case, under the premise of pumping certain volume of water per day, considering head varying and time-varying electrical price, mathematical models were established aiming at the minimum operation cost and solved with Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization. The number of running pump units and pump unit operation duties were determined in different time periods. The results indicate that operation cost of optimal operation schemes considering time-varying electrical price and adjusting blade angles is saved 13.72% than that of not considering.

KONSUMSI OKSIGEN BENIH IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis) UKURAN PANJANG 5-7 CM

Disolved oxygen plays an important role for fish living in its life environment. Information on the ammount of oxygen consumption of a fish in certain volume of water is needed in order to give balancing between the ammount of disolved oxygen and fish in it. The objective of this research is obtaining oxygen consumption level of a juvenile of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) of 5-7 cm body length. Oxygen consumption of fish was measured using a tube that equiped with DO tool (dissolved oxygent, DO), and the tube was filled by sea water. Measurement of oxygen con-sumption of juvenil was done by measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen from sea water in the respirometer tube, began when fish had entered into the respirometer tube up to two hours observation. The result showed that oxygen consumption rate of a juvenile of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) of 5-7 cm length, is ranging between 0.816 and 1.734 mg/hour.

Studies on the controllable transformation of ferrihydrite

Ferrihydrite was prepared by two different procedures. Ferrihydrite-1 was prepared by dropping NaOH solution into Fe(III) solution. Ferrihydrite-2 was prepared by adding Fe(III) and NaOH solutions into a certain volume of water simultaneously. Our earlier results obtained at ∼100 °C have shown that the structure of ferrihydrite-2 favors its solid state transformation mechanism. Further research reveals that the structure of ferrihydrite-2 favors its dissolution re-crystallization mechanism at a temperature of ≤60 °C. Based on the transformation mechanism of ferrihydrite at different temperatures, the controllable transformation from ferrihydrite to various iron (hydr)oxides such as lepidocrocite, goethite, hematite and magnetite can be achieved by adjusting the pH, transformation temperature, transformation time, the amount of Fe(II) as well as the preparation procedures of ferrihydrite. The results in the present paper give a nice example that the transformation of a precursor can be controlled with the help of mechanism.

Transformation of ferrihydrite in the presence or absence of trace Fe(II): The effect of preparation procedures of ferrihydrite

Two-line ferrihydrite was prepared by two different procedures. In procedure 1, which is widely used, ferrihydrite (named as ferrihydrite-1) was prepared by droping NaOH solution into Fe(III) solution. In procedure 2, which is rarely reported, ferrihydrite (named as ferrihydrite-2) was prepared by adding Fe(III) and NaOH solutions into a certain volume of water simultaneously. The results showed that mixing procedures of Fe(III) and alkaline were critical in the sub-microstructures and the conversion mechanisms of ferrihydrites in the presence or absence of trace Fe(II). The sub-microstructure of ferrihydrite-1 favored the mechanism of its dissolution re-crystallization and hematite nanoparticles with rough surface were obtained. The sub-microstructure of ferrihydrite-2 favored the solid state transformation from ferrihydrite to hematite and hematite nanoparticles with smooth surface were formed. These research results will be helpful for us to control the synthesis of hematite nanoparticles with different surface state.

Macromolecule release and smoothness of semi-interpenetrating PVP–pHEMA networks for comfortable soft contact lenses

Knowledge about the microstructure and the release rate of hydrophilic macromolecules is required for a rational development of comfortable and safe contact lenses. Semi-interpenetrating networks of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared by free radical polymerization of HEMA in the presence of PVP K30 or K90F, under anhydrous conditions or after addition of water, and evaluated in terms of swelling, porosity, PVP release rate, air–water surface tension, and friction coefficient. The greater water content was during polymerization, the higher was the swelling degree and porosity. Microphase separation above a certain volume of water resulted in hydrogels with bumpy surface and interconnected pores. All hydrogels showed a high optical clarity and slowly released PVP (20% after 9 days). In general, the greater the content of PVP or the higher its molecular weight was, the lower the friction coefficients were. In the case of hydrogels prepared with water, the friction was influenced by the balance between the ability to hold water in the network (which contributes to the sliding and PVP release) and the deleterious effect of an irregular surface. Controlled delivery of PVP revealed as a critical factor for improving the frictional behavior of pHEMA contact lenses.

95/05783 Catalytic systems for hydrogenation of brown coal under 6-MPa hydrogen pressure

Two-line ferrihydrite was prepared by two different procedures. In procedure 1, which is widely used, ferrihydrite (named as ferrihydrite-1) was prepared by droping NaOH solution into Fe(III) solution. In procedure 2, which is rarely reported, ferrihydrite (named as ferrihydrite-2) was prepared by adding Fe(III) and NaOH solutions into a certain volume of water simultaneously. The results showed that mixing procedures of Fe(III) and alkaline were critical in the sub-microstructures and the conversion mechanisms of ferrihydrites in the presence or absence of trace Fe(II). The sub-microstructure of ferrihydrite-1 favored the mechanism of its dissolution re-crystallization and hematite nanoparticles with rough surface were obtained. The sub-microstructure of ferrihydrite-2 favored the solid state transformation from ferrihydrite to hematite and hematite nanoparticles with smooth surface were formed. These research results will be helpful for us to control the synthesis of hematite nanoparticles with different surface state.

Charges for Nondepletive Use of Water Upheld

Charges for diversion of water imposed by the state of New Jersey on the Johns‐Manville Company were upheld by the court despite the company's contention that state law did not allow the state water authority to charge a riparian owner for the exercise of its common law right to divert water. The court ruled that the company did not own the water flowing past its property and that the fact that the company drew a certain volume of water from the river at one time did not confer on it any right to continue to do so.

A slug test for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells

A procedure is presented for calculating the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer near a well from the rate of rise of the water level in the well after a certain volume of water is suddenly removed. The calculation is based on the Thiem equation of steady state flow to a well. The effective radius Re over which the head difference between the equilibrium water table in the aquifer and the water level in the well is dissipated was evaluated with a resistance network analog for a wide range of system geometries. An empirical equation relating Re to the geometry of the well and aquifer was derived. The technique is applicable to completely or partially penetrating wells in unconfined aquifers. It can also be used for confined aquifers that receive water from the upper confining layer. The method's results are compatible with those obtained by other techniques for overlapping geometries.

Rheological Behaviours of Ceramic Clay Materials and Pottery Bodies in Slip State

The plasticity of clays and pottery bodies is their most obvious property and provides subjects of vital importance in discussing the characteristics and utility of these materials in ceramic industry. Some rheological investigations were performed of Shidare-Kibushi clay, Izushi body, Shigaraki clay and Shinohara body for sample bodies. These sample bodies were prepared always in slip state with a certain volume of water and sodium silicate or sodium carbonate as deflocculants. To decide the amount of thixotropic properties of these samples, a rotational rheometer was devised and constructed by the authors to be used in the present study. In treating these slips, their thixotropic dependency had to be decided in the same way as the viscosity dependency on the moisture contents is determined.The following results were obtained:(1) The slips prepared from these materials indicated“Plus or minus”value for thixotropy as shown in Fig. 2.(2) Remarkable relation was observed to exist between the workability and the thixotropic property in many cases.(3) The slips prepared by Shinohara body were observed to have no thixotropic properties in the wide range of water content, and for that reason, these slips had no remarkable workability.(4) The relation between the thixotropic properties and the water contents of these slips were classified in some groups, and their rheological measurement was found to be one of the most valuable methods to determine the workability of these materials.