Certain Types Of Microorganisms Research Articles

Currently Available Rapid Microbial Tests for Translational Medicine

Rapid microbial tests ensure testing in rapid and accurate manners at reasonable costs. The ideal test should achieve detection of certain types of microorganisms that are undetected by the pharmacopoeia-defined sterility tests and its accuracy should be confirmed by regulatory authorities. The use of pharmacopoeia sterility tests is limited since they can detect only microorganisms that are viable only in specified media. A rapid test that can detect viable bacteria and microbes that cannot be cultured and never fails in bacterial detection, should appeal to the regulatory authorities. In the agar mediumculture system employed in the pharmacopoeia-microbial test, the test results may be erroneously false negative when the viable bacteria fail to grow under the defined incubation conditions, when inhibitors are present in the test sample, or when scientific approaches are not available to differentiate negative from false negative results. On the other hand, rapid microbial tests with false positive results due to noise caused by detection principle, measurement device, or non-biologic positive substance, imposes huge industrial challenges. In this review, we discuss the rapid microbial tests classified according to various systems for detection of microorganisms and their application, and then introduce some commercial applications of existing devices for detection of microorganisms and provide details of microbial test features, and compare the purposes of the microbial tests.

Biofouling of marbles by oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms.

Phototrophic microorganisms disfigure the surfaces of different types of stone. Stone structure is damaged by the activity of photoautotrophic and other microorganisms. However, to date few, investigations have been undertaken into the relationship between microorganisms and the properties of different types of marble. In this study, biological activity of photoautotrophic microorganisms on three types of marble (Yatagan White, Giallo Anticato and Afyon White) was investigated under laboratory conditions over a short period of time. The three types of marble supported the growth of phototrophic microbial communities on their outer and inner layers, turning their original colour from white to a yellowish green colour. The porosity of the marble types facilitated filamentous microbial growth in the presence of water. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the accumulation of aggregates such as small spherical, fibrillar, calcified globular bodies on the inner surfaces of the marbles. This suggests that the microscopic characteristics of particular marble types may stimulate the growth of certain types of microorganisms.

Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria: A review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have an essential role in the production of fermented products. With their metabolic activity, they influence the ripening processes - leading to desired sensory qualities while at the same time inhibiting the growth of undesired microorganisms. Because of their dominant role during fermentation and because of a long tradition of utilization, Lhave been designated as ?safe microbiota?. Biological protection of LAB, as a naturally present and/or selected and intentionally added microflora, is realized through the production of non-specific (lactic acid, acetic acid and other volatile organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, etc) and specific metabolites, bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are extracellularly released proteins or peptides which possess certain antibacterial activity towards certain types of microorganisms, usually related to the producing bacteria. Today, bacteriocins represent a very interesting potential for their application in the food industry. Their application can reduce the use of synthetic preservatives and/or the intensity of thermal treatment during food production consumer?s need for safe, fresh and minimally-processed food. With the intention of realizing this potential to the fullest, it is necessary to understand the nature of bacteriocins, their production mechanisms, regulations and actions, as well as the influence of external factors on the their antimicrobial activity. The composition of food, i.e. its characteristics (pH, temperature, ingredients and additives, types and quantities of epiphytic microbiota) and the actual technological process used in production, can all influence the stability and activity of the added bacteriocins. The future research in this field should also aim to clarify this unknown aspect of the application of bacteriocins, to provide the necessary knowledge about the optimization of the external conditions and open up the possibility of discovering their new producers.

Prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and identification of the causal microorganisms

Background and objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition in which the urinary tract is infected with a pathogen causing inflammation. One of the predisposing factors for UTIs is diabetes mellitus (DM), spillage of glucose into the urine provide a good culture medium for bacteria. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the distribution of UTIs among diabetic patients of both genders with studying the effect of some relative factors, and identifying types of the causal microorganisms. Methods: Diabetic patients (type1 and 2), from both genders were included in this study. All patients were interviewed. Uncontaminated urine samples were collected for microscopic and macroscopic analysis. Isolations and identifications of bacteria were done by standard methods. Results: Out of 150 diabetic patients, 53 (35.33%) have UTI. Gender, middle age and high level of proteinuria were risk factors, while type and duration of DM with its type of treatment, body mass index (BMI), and hypertension were non significant. The isolated types of pathogens were Escherichia coli (45.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.1%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (15.1%), Citrobacter diversus (11.3%), Candida albicans (7.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5.7%). Conclusion: This study revealed that diabetic females were most susceptible to get UTIs than diabetic males. In both genders the most reliable age for UTI were between 31-40 years. The results showed that the level of proteinuria was higher in patients suffering from UTIs associated with DM, which considered as a risk factor. Certain types of microorganisms were isolated; the most common types were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Detection and Identification of the Latent Microorganisms in the Altered Layers of Ancient Bronze Mirrors

We obtained ancient bronze mirrors and carried out: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fractured altered layers; biologic microscopic observation of Gram-stained samples; and DNA analyses of samples removed from altered sites. Fine particles about 2 mm in length were confirmed in the altered layer by SEM. Microorganisms of identical size were observed in the Gram-stained sample removed from the altered layer through a biologic microscope. Fine particles observed under SEM were considered to be microorganisms. Many fine particles were confirmed, particularly in the altered sites, by SEM. Certain types of microorganisms may have played a part in the alteration (deterioration) of the ancient bronze mirrors while the latter were buried in soil. From the base sequences obtained by DGGE analysis, two types of microorganisms were present in the altered layer of the mirror. One was 94.7% homologous to the 16S rDNA of the uncultured bacterium (accession number: AY 053488). It was also highly homologous to the sequence derived from the 16S rDNA of the Xanthomonadaceae family (e.g., Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomona). That is, the sequence was derived from a strain belonging to the Xanthomonadaceae family. The other base sequence was 97.4% homologous to the 16S rDNA of the Bacteroidales order such as uncultured Bacteroidales bacterium (accession number: AY 859647). That is, the sequence was derived from a strain belonging to the Bacteroidales order. Genes of microorganisms, presumed to belong to the Acetobacter and Gluconacetobacter genera and the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella algae, were detected from base sequence analysis by cloning. Microbial activity around the mirrors was assumed to be high. The alteration containing corrosion mechanism of bronze mirrors appears complex, but several types of microbes that possibly altered the bronze mirrors were verified. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MRA2008400]

The evaluation of microbiological quality of some bee honey sorts.

Due to its particular composition, honey has the ability of inhibiting and even destroying microorganisms. However, certain types of micro-organisms persist in honey, usually in latent condition, and some species of yeasts, due to their pronounced osmophilic trait, can multiply and cause fermentation of the product, making him unfit for human consumption. Research has been conducted in 2007 and 2008, being prelevated and examined a total number of 552 samples from 5 sorts (locust tree honey, linden tree honey, sunflower honey, rape honey and polifloral honey). Laboratory analyses have endorsed the determination of the total number of yeasts and moulds, using the colonies counting technique (CFU/g). It was found that the examined honey samples had a minimal contamination, in several ones being detected the presence of pathogenic conditioned bacteria or pathogenic bacteria, and some others presented an yeasts and moulds level higher than 100 CFU/g, the sorts with the highest number of fungi being the sunflower honey and the rape honey

Effectiveness of educational program on fixed orthodontic appliance treatment on patient’s oral hygiene

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether educated dental patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment showing better oral hygiene than dental patients who are not educated. The sample is comprised of 16 orthodontic patients (3 males and 13 females), 11–22 years old chosen randomly among patients at Department of Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Dentistry of College of Dentistry at Mosul University. The sample is divided equally into 2 groups; the first group was educated concerning fixed orthodontic treatment in relation to oral hygiene and given education and instruction to keep good oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment. The second group is not educated. Swabs were taken from supra– gingival plaque of facial surface of upper right and lower left central incisors, and upper left and lower right first molar teeth; one before orthodontic treatment and another (4–6 weeks) later and subjected to bacteriological investigation. Qualitative data about oral microorganisms were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that during treatment records for both educated and non–educated groups show significant difference for certain types of microorganisms and at different locations with the educated group scores the least in comparison with non–educated group

Bacterial sepsis-induced rhabdomyolysis.

To describe the syndrome of rhabdomyolysis during bacterial sepsis with regard to incidence, blood bacteriology and complications and to examine the association between hyperosmolal state and rhabdomyolysis, evaluating the relationship between plasma osmolality (Posm) and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. Prospective study including all patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for sepsis with positive blood culture and rhabdomyolysis over a 3-year period. Seven-bed medical/surgical ICU of a teaching hospital. 35 patients (group 1) with bacterial sepsis-induced rhabdomyolysis (15 males, 20 females; mean age 71+/-13 years) and 122 (group 2) bacteraemic septic patients without rhabdomyolysis (49 males, 73 females; mean age 68+/-15) were studied. Patients with rhabdomyolysis were divided into gram(+) and gram(-) subgroups according to the blood culture growth. From 491 patients recorded, 35 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for bacterial sepsis-induced rhabdomyolysis (7.1%). Gram-positive bacteria predominated in group 1 (69%), while gram-negative predominated (60%) in group 2. There was a correlation between CPK and Posm levels in the rhabdomyolysis Group (r = 0.52, R2 = 0.27, p = 0.003). There was a stronger correlation between these two variables (r = 0.67, R2 = 0.45, p = 0.001) in the gram(+).subgroup. Acute renal failure (68.5%) and electrolyte disorders such as hyperkalaemia (34%) and hypocalcaemia (48.5%) were the major complications in the rhabdomyolysis group. Sixteen (45.7%) patients in group 1 and 49 (40%) in group 2 died during their stay in the ICU from sepsis and multiple organ failure. Rhabdomyolysis was not considered a contributing factor to their death, as none of our patients died during or immediately after the syndrome. Bacterial sepsis-induced rhabdomyolysis results from certain types of microorganisms, mainly gram-positive and to a lesser extent gram-negative. Hyperosmolality is a predisposing mechanism for rhabdomyolysis during bacteraemic sepsis from any type of bacterial microorganism.

Regulation of Chemokine Gene Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils Phagocytosing Microbial Pathogens

Production of chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) by neutrophils is likely to be important in the regulation of inflammation and the control of infection. In this study we show that exposure of human neutrophils to various microbial pathogens leads to the production of both macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and IL-8. The bacterial microbes, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus all strongly induced both IL-8 and MIP-1alpha secretion, whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans were less potent. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and zymosan both induced IL-8 secretion but failed to stimulate that of MIP-1alpha. Coincubation of neutrophils with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and the micro-organisms also led to differential expression of MIP-1alpha and IL-8. Significant enhancement of the induction of both MIP-1alpha and IL-8 by S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and S. pneumoniae as well as by C. albicans was observed. In contrast, while IL-8 production in response to S. cerevisiae and zymosan was enhanced in the presence of TNF-alpha, no MIP-1alpha was produced. These combined results indicate that while neutrophils exposed to some micro-organisms alone or in the presence of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha will produce both MIP-1alpha and IL-8, resulting in generation of signals for the recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and neutrophils, respectively, certain types of microorganisms can skew this response toward synthesis of IL-8.

Microbiota in Surface Films: an Historical Perspective

Research over the past 50 years has revealed the ubiquitous nature of the organic surface film and the significant enrichment of bacteria in it. This enrichment is greater with certain types of microorganisms and is related to the lipid content of the film. Surface films are trapping devices for bacteria and vehicles for the passive dispersion of bacteria into the atmosphere. The secretions of these bacteria and phytoplankton, as well as proteins and lipids liberated from autolyzing microorganisms, may be important for the formation and regeneration of the surface film.

Microbiological Prospecting for Hydrocarbons: ABSTRACT

Microbiological prospecting falls under the broad category of soil analysis and thus involves the use of near-surface samples. Most of the methods are designed to detect certain types of microorganisms or the products of their metabolism. Because these methods are predicated upon the microbial utilization of uprising hydrocarbons, they detect microseeps. Therefore, their utility resides in determining the presence of subterranean hydrocarbon deposits and in roughly defining the aereal extent of the deposits. Various methods have been patented and numerous field trials have been made, including blind tests and tests conducted prior to drilling. End_of_Article - Last_Page 698------------

P-Aminodimethylaniline Monohydrochloride as an Indicator of Microbial Action on Fats

Flooding p-aminodimethylaniline monohydrochloride on fat emulsion agar inoculated with certain types of microorganisms frequently results in marked color changes in the fat globules. It is shown in this paper that the colors result from the increased solubility in fat and fatty acids of this dye as it becomes oxidized. Some of the acids oxidize the dye on contact and therefore color very quickly; fats become colored only when some other agent oxidizes the dye. The characteristic color reactions with certain fats and fatty acids are described for various degrees of oxidation of the dye; this suggests the explanation for the colors observed in the inoculated globules flooded with this dye. A table is included showing the colors in globules of oil that were inoculated with 39 pure cultures of bacteria.

BACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS THERAPY

The use of milk soured by the accidental presence of acid-producing bacteria, or by the intentional addition of certain types of micro-organisms for therapeutic purposes, is not new. It has been recommended by physicians and practiced among the laity for a long time. The question as to whether it brings about any specifically useful effect, and, if so, wherein the advantageous potency may reside, has been the subject of prolonged discussion. To many persons the soured milks are particularly palatable, so that they invite the ingestion of the components of milk by those who might otherwise decline the use of this wholesome food. It has been argued that the digestibility of milk is greatly enhanced by the presence of the fermentation acid which decreases the buffer index of the milk. This is in harmony with the recommendations for the addition to cow's milk, in the feeding of infants, of either