Certain Types Of Events Research Articles

IceCube – Neutrinos in Deep Ice

During the public Kaggle competition “IceCube – Neutrinos in Deep Ice”, thousands of reconstruction algorithms were created and submitted, aiming to estimate the direction of neutrino events recorded by the IceCube detector. Here we describe in detail the three ultimate best, award-winning solutions. The data handling, architecture, and training process of each of these machine learning models is laid out, followed up by an in-depth comparison of the performance on the Kaggle datatset. We show that on cascade events in IceCube above 10 TeV, the best Kaggle solution is able to achieve an angular resolution of better than 5∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document}, and for tracks correspondingly better than 0.5∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document}. These results indicate that the Kaggle solutions perform at a level comparable to the current state-of-the-art in the field, and that they may even be able to outperform existing reconstruction resolutions for certain types of events.

The post-traumatic growth approach to psychological trauma.

The post-traumatic growth approach to psychological trauma.

Monitoring Marketing Sources of Brand Reputation Risk

Abstract Executives consistently rank brand reputation risk among the top three overall risk challenges facing their businesses. This risk is the possible damage to a brand’s overall standing, stature and esteem that derives from negative signals regarding the brand. Successful brand stewardship requires ongoing tracking and monitoring of four marketing-strategy-related sources of reputational risks to brands: brand architecture strategies, digital marketing strategies, person-brand strategies and corporate socio-political activism. The authors provide ideas for metrics that a dashboard to manage brand reputation risk might contain. From the analysis of monitoring data, brands can, among other things, assess the level of severity of a specific brand reputation risk issue, the frequency of certain types of events, alternate response scenarios and the effectiveness of their actions.

Density Compressions at Magnetic Switchbacks Associated With Fast Plasma: A Superposed Epoch Analysis

AbstractMany magnetic field “switchbacks” were detected by the Parker Solar Probe and their origin remains a puzzle. We did a superposed epoch analysis (SEA) to investigate the plasma characteristics in the vicinity of switchbacks and their radial evolution. SEA is good way to get the statistical average features of certain types of events that have obvious boundaries and different durations. For 55 events ranging from 1 to 30 min, the SEA results show that a small parcel of plasma is piling up in front of the reversed field, and that the trailing plasma density enhancement is much lower. This asymmetry can be explained in part by a fast ejecta and plasma piling up around it. The evolution of events at different distances from the Sun also supports that the switchbacks are related to the faster flow near the Sun. However, these features cannot rule out the possibility that these switchbacks and the related fast flows may be caused by the interchange reconnection near the surface of the Sun.

Use of Live Community Events on Facebook to Share Health and Clinical Research Information With a Minnesota Statewide Community: Exploratory Study.

BackgroundCommunity engagement can make a substantial difference in health outcomes and strengthen the capacity to deal with disruptive public health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media platforms such as Facebook are a promising avenue to reach the broader public and enhance access to clinical and translational science, and require further evaluation from the scientific community.ObjectiveThis study aims to describe the use of live community events to enhance communication about clinical and health research through a Facebook platform case study (Minnesota [MN] Research Link) with a Minnesota statewide community. We examined variables associated with video engagement including video length and type of posting.MethodsFrom June 2019 to February 2021, MN Research Link streamed 38 live community events on its public Facebook page, MN Research Link. Live community events highlighted different investigators’ clinical and health research in the areas of mental health, health and wellness, chronic diseases, and immunology/infectious diseases. Facebook analytics were used to determine the number of views, total minutes viewed, engagement metrics, and audience retention. An engagement rate was calculated by the total number of interactions (likes, shares, and comments) divided by the total length of the live event by the type of live community event.ResultsThe 38 live community events averaged 23 minutes and 1 second in duration. The total time viewed for all 38 videos was 10 hours, 44 minutes, and 40 seconds. Viewers’ watch time averaged 23 seconds of content per video. After adjusting for video length, promotional videos and research presentations had the highest engagement and retention rates. Events that included audience participation did not have higher retention rates compared to events without audience participation.ConclusionsThe use of live community events showed adequate levels of engagement from participants. A view time of 23 seconds on average per video suggests that short informational videos engage viewers of clinical and translational science content. Live community events on Facebook can be an effective method of advancing health promotion and clinical and translational science content; however, certain types of events have more impact on engagement than others.

Automated Event Detection and Classification in Soccer: The Potential of Using Multiple Modalities

Detecting events in videos is a complex task, and many different approaches, aimed at a large variety of use-cases, have been proposed in the literature. Most approaches, however, are unimodal and only consider the visual information in the videos. This paper presents and evaluates different approaches based on neural networks where we combine visual features with audio features to detect (spot) and classify events in soccer videos. We employ model fusion to combine different modalities such as video and audio, and test these combinations against different state-of-the-art models on the SoccerNet dataset. The results show that a multimodal approach is beneficial. We also analyze how the tolerance for delays in classification and spotting time, and the tolerance for prediction accuracy, influence the results. Our experiments show that using multiple modalities improves event detection performance for certain types of events.

Open Water Swimming Events, Social Capital, and Sociality

There is strong evidence to suggest that a connection exists between sports participation and the accumulation of social capital. Event research is also beginning to recognize that non-elite mass participation sport events can foster a sense of temporary casual sociality, community, and camaraderie within the event space, and thus, create meaningful social impact for participants. Through analysis of data obtained via semistructured interviews and surveys conducted with open water swimmers and observations undertaken at open water swimming events, this article seeks to contribute to the small (but growing) body of empirical and case specific research on the social capital potential of mass participation sports events. We adopt Putnam's notions of bonding and bridging social capital to interpret the social impact (if any) of open water swimming events on participants. It is the first of its kind to explicitly explore the social capital potential of open water swimming events in the UK. In so being it will develop ideas of whether social connections are temporary, delimited by the duration of the event, or whether they can endure outside of the event space as broader social networks and groups. We argue that events can facilitate meaningful social connections, and we analyze the durability of these social connections. Our data suggest that open water swimming events can facilitate casual social interactions with individuals from outside of already bonded groups. However, evidence of bridging capital was less convincing, in that it tended to be associated with a certain type of event and where participants shared a particular identity.

Fear on the small screen

ABSTRACT Art has always been connected with human emotions, and fear is one of them. What kinds of narrative patterns are used to depict emotions onscreen, for instance fear? This paper explores the emotion of fear, which predominates in a number of recent Russian TV series, by examining the language of fear onscreen in the intricate interaction of real-life schemata and fantasy, as well as the place of so-called ‘fear-narratives’ in broader contexts related to certain types of events and situations. It describes the tendency in recent Russian TV series, that can be called ‘Russian noir’, which plays with the emotion of fear, and seeks to answer the question, whether there are any differences in depicting and inducing the emotion of fear between the small screen and the big one.

The Nature of Feasting at Feltus (and Beyond): A Response to Hayden

My recent article offered a model by which to better classify feasts by distinguishing between archaeological correlates of group size and sociopolitical competition. Applying this model to remains from a precontact mound site, I highlighted feasting's role in promoting group solidarity in the American South. Hayden's comment argues that my scheme does not accommodate certain types of events, and it questions my noncompetitive interpretation. I address both critiques here by citing further data from the Southeast, emphasizing the importance of interpreting feasts within their cultural and historical contexts, and highlighting Hayden's continued reliance on long-standing assumptions about feasting and monumental architecture.

How Events Enter (or Not) Data Sets: The Pitfalls and Guidelines of Using Newspapers in the Study of Conflict

While conflict event data sets are increasingly used in contemporary conflict research, important concerns persist regarding the quality of the collected data. Such concerns are not necessarily new. Yet, because the methodological debate and evidence on potential errors remains scattered across different subdisciplines of social sciences, there is little consensus concerning proper reporting practices in codebooks, how best to deal with the different types of errors, and which types of errors should be prioritised. In this article, we introduce a new analytical framework—that is, the Total Event Error (TEE) framework—which aims to elucidate the methodological challenges and errors that may affect whether and how events are entered into conflict event data sets, drawing on different fields of study. Potential errors are diverse and may range from errors arising from the rationale of the media source (e.g., selection of certain types of events into the news) to errors occurring during the data collection process or the analysis phase. Based on the TEE framework, we propose a set of strategies to mitigate errors associated with the construction and use of conflict event data sets. We also identify a number of important avenues for future research concerning the methodology of creating conflict event data sets.

SOCIO-PRAGMATIC PECULIARITIES OF APOLOGY UTTERANCES IN MODERN ENGLISH

In this article, consideration is given to the utterances of apology in Modern English. The utterances of apology belong to the post-event-acts, i.e. they signal that a certain type of event has already taken place. Moreover, the speaker recognizes the fact that a violation of a social norm has been committed and that the speaker is at least partially involved in its cause. The act of apologizing requires an action or an utterance that is intended to “set things right” between the apologizer and the recipient of the apology. The English language provides a range of accepted formulas for apologizing. Utterances of apology can be very short and direct, or longer and more complex. The expression of apology depends on the seriousness and importance of the thing which has happened, the social and cultural standards, the type of situation (official/non-official), the form of apology (written/oral), social relations of the speaker and the hearer (the degree of familiarity), the speaker’s feelings, and the degree of the speaker’s responsibility for what has happened. There are five possible strategies for making an apology: an expression of an apology, acknowledgement of responsibility, an explanation or account, an offer of repair, and a promise of non-recurrence.

The ABCs of fund finance: credit facilities for secondaries funds and funds of funds

PurposeTo review and analyze the key structural considerations secondaries funds and funds of funds must consider when negotiating credit facilities secured by limited partnership (LP) interests.Design/methodology/approachThis article provides an overview of the primary issues that arise with credit facilities secured by LP interests. These issues include the ability to provide a perfected security interest in LP interests, understanding a credit facility’s borrowing base and advance rates, and the potential impact of certain types of events of default.FindingsSecondaries funds and funds of funds have raised significant amounts of equity capital in recent years. These funds acquire portfolios of LP interests and are increasingly deploying leverage to amplify the returns of these portfolios and provide these funds with a limited degree of liquidity. The leverage is secured by the LP interests. The credit facilities that the funds are structuring and negotiating present a host of issues unique to this type of fund finance. Provided the facilities are properly structured and negotiated, secondaries funds and funds-of-funds borrowers will be able to use these facilities to help meet investment-return objectives and address important portfolio-management needs.Practical implicationsSecondaries funds and funds of funds can benefit from leverage secured by their portfolios of LP interests. This article provides a road map for borrowers when structuring and negotiating these credit facilities.Originality/valuePractical analysis from a premier corporate law firm on the issues presented by the increasing use of credit facilities by secondaries funds and funds of funds.

Economic Development and Sociopolitical Destabilization: A Re-Analysis

Our empirical tests generally confirm the validity of the Olson-Huntington hypothesis suggesting a bell-shaped relationship between the level of economic development and the level of sociopolitical instability. According to this hypothesis, up to certain values of the average per capita income its growth tends to lead to increased risks of sociopolitical destabilization, and only in the upper range of this indicator its growth tends to be associated with the decrease of sociopolitical destabilization risks. Thus, for higher values of per capita income we deal with a negative correlation between per capita income and the risk of sociopolitical instability, and for lower values this correlation is positive. As a result, the maximum values of political instability tend to be observed in the mid-range of the GDP per capita spectrum rather than among the poorest or the richest countries. However, our analysis has shown that for various indices of sociopolitical destabilization this curvilinear relationship can be quite different in some important details. On the other hand, we detect the presence of a very important exception. We show that the relationship between per capita GDP and the intensity of coups and coup attempts is not curvilinear; in this case we are rather dealing with a pronounced negative correlation; a particularly strong negative correlation is observed between this index and the logarithm of GDP per capita. We demonstrate that this fact makes the above mentioned bell-shaped relationship with respect to the integral index of sociopolitical destabilization considerably less distinct and makes a very significant contribution to the formation of its asymmetry (when the negative correlation between per capita GDP and sociopolitical destabilization among the richer countries looks much stronger than the positive correlation among poorer countries). However, our analysis shows that for all the other indices of sociopolitical destabilization we do witness the bell-shaped relationship assumed by the Olson-Huntington hypothesis. On the other hand, for example, in relation to such indices, as political strikes, riots and anti-government demonstrations we deal with such an asymmetry that is directly opposite to that mentioned above - with such an asymmetry, when a positive correlation between GDP and instability for poorer countries is much stronger than the negative correlation for richer countries. An especially strong asymmetry of this kind is found for such an important index of social and political destabilization, as the intensity of anti-government demonstrations. Thus, we arrive at the following conclusions: (1) Different types of political instability events have different functional relationships to changing levels of GDP/capita. Some do have a curvilinear response, others have a monotonic one. They also are more frequent at certain ranges of GDP/capita that are not the same, but rather are particular to certain types of events. (2) These findings show that certain types of events are more common at lower levels of income and political development, while others are more common at mid-levels, and yet others (anti-government protests, strikes) are more common at higher levels. (3) The functional relationships are most often linear in rising stages, but exponential or logarithmic in their declines. There are thus generally strong asymmetries in how such events react to changes in GDP/cap in the lower vs. upper ranges. (4) The overall notion of a curvilinear relationship between instability and GDP/capita is thus too simple, obscuring important patterns that reveal a trajectory of varying kinds of instability developing and peaking at different levels of economic development.

Risk Factors for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Previous Traumas, Peri-traumatic Response, Social Support and Body-image

Objective: In a non-clinical adolescent sample, the present study investigated the predictive and the mediating effects of several rudimentary risk factors for post-traumatic stress. The study had three objectives: 1) to identify predictors of posttraumatic stress, 2) to explore the mediating effect of diverse psychosocial factors on posttraumatic stress, and 3) to explore the mediating effect of body-image on posttraumatic stress across trauma types. Method: A Danish national probability sample of 1083 high school students aged 15-20 were administered a questionnaire survey that included traumatic events, psychosocial variables and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. The current study holds the strength of a relatively large sample size and being based on a nationally representative sample, thus preventing population biased results. Data analysis has been conducted in SPSS version 22. Results: Number of traumas, peritraumatic response, loneliness, body-image and parental support predicted 26% of the variance in post-traumatic stress disorder severity. Trauma exposure was related to posttraumatic stress via intermediate factors; the number of traumas, peritraumatic response and body-image mediated development of the disorder. Body-image acted as a mediator of post-traumatic stress only with respect to certain types of trauma, with post-traumatic stress developing via body-image in physical and non-interpersonal trauma survivors, but not in survivors of sexual traumas. Conclusion: Previous traumas, peritraumatic response and body-image were found to impact the development of posttraumatic stress. The present study additionally indicated that risk factors may influence the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in different ways, following certain types of events. This underlines the importance of considering the type of trauma in combination with other potential risk factors such as body-image. Future research is needed to further investigate factors which may mediate the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, especially about different trauma types.

Two Fighters on Film

587 African American Review 50.4 (Winter 2017): 587-589© 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press and Saint Louis University Greaves_Greaves 2/14/2018 12:50 PM Page 587 588 AFRICAN AMERICAN REVIEW Greaves_Greaves 2/14/2018 12:50 PM Page 588 WILLIAM GREAVES 589 Greaves_Greaves 2/14/2018 12:50 PM Page 589 ...

Shattering Man’s Fundamental Assumptions in Don DeLillo’s Falling Man

The present study addresses effects of traumatic events such as the September 11 attacks on victims’ fundamental assumptions. These beliefs or assumptions provide individuals with expectations about the world and their sense of self-worth. Thus, they ground people’s sense of security, stability, and orientation. The September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S.A. were very tragic for Americans because this fundamentally changed their understandings about many aspects in life. The attacks led many individuals to build new kind of beliefs and assumptions about themselves and the world. Many writers have written about the human ordeals that followed this incident. Don DeLillo’s Falling Man reflects the traumatic repercussions of this disaster on Americans’ fundamental assumptions. The objective of this study is to examine the novel from the traumatic perspective that has afflicted the victims’ fundamental understandings of the world and the self. Individuals’ fundamental understandings could be changed or modified due to exposure to certain types of events like war, terrorism, political violence or even the sense of alienation. The Assumptive World theory of Ronnie Janoff-Bulman will be used as a framework to study the traumatic experience of the characters in Falling Man . The significance of the study lies in providing a new perception to the field of trauma that can help trauma victims to adopt alternative assumptions or reshape their previous ones to heal from traumatic effects.

Filtering revolution

Reporting bias – the media’s tendency to systematically underreport or overreport certain types of events – is a persistent problem for participants and observers of armed conflict. We argue that the nature of reporting bias depends on how news organizations navigate the political context in which they are based. Where government pressure on the media is limited – in democratic regimes – the scope of reporting should reflect conventional media preferences toward novel, large-scale, dramatic developments that challenge the conventional wisdom and highlight the unsustainability of the status quo. Where political constraints on reporting are more onerous – in non-democratic regimes – the more conservative preferences of the state will drive the scope of coverage, emphasizing the legitimacy and inevitability of the prevailing order. We test these propositions using new data on protest and political violence during the 2011 Libyan uprising and daily newspaper coverage of the Arab Spring from 113 countries. We uncover evidence of a status-quo media bias in non-democratic states, and a revisionist bias in democratic states. Media coverage in non-democracies underreported protests and nonviolent collective action by regime opponents, largely ignored government atrocities, and overreported those caused by rebels. We find the opposite patterns in democratic states.

Does the Owl Fly Out of the Tree or Does the Owl Exit the Tree Flying? How L2 Learners Overcome Their L1 Lexicalization Biases

ABSTRACTLearning a language is more than learning its vocabulary and grammar. For example, compared with English, Spanish uses many more path verbs such as ascender (‘to move upward’) and salir (‘to go out’), and expresses manner of motion optionally. English, in contrast, has many manner verbs (e.g., run, jog) and expresses path in prepositional phrases (e.g., out of the barn). The way in which a language encodes an event is known as its lexicalization pattern or bias. Using a written sentence elicitation task, we asked whether adult Spanish learners whose L1 was English adopted Spanish lexicalization biases, and what types of L2 exposure facilitated the learning of lexicalization biases. Results showed that advanced, but not intermediate, adult Spanish learners showed a path bias comparable to that found in native speakers of Spanish. Furthermore, study abroad experience is associated with better acquisition of L2 lexicalization biases when describing certain types of events.

Wavelet analysis of the turbulent flow over the very rough surface

Wavelet analysis is applied to data from PIV measurement in order to recognize a specific structure in the flow. The PIV snaphots achieved on the model of the street canyon was used as a test case. Four flow characteristics that are at disposal from one-point simultaneous two-components measurement (e.g. from 2D LDA) were analyzed by Wavelet method: longitudinal and vertical velocity, momentum flux u’w’ and δS – the difference between momentum fluxes associated with a sweep and an ejection. Each of characteristic is useful for detection of certain type of event. We have focused on the sweep and the ejection that seem to be the most convenient for investigation of a significant inflow or an outflow from the street canyon.

Exit, voice and loyalty as firm strategic responses to institutional pressures

Purpose – The purpose of this study of Google and Baidu in mainland China is to identify the key contingencies to firm strategic responses to technical and institutional pressures. From an institutional logic perspective and Hirschman's model of exit, voice, and loyalty, this research proposes a few propositions which are intended to explain why foreign and local companies adopt different responses to similar institutional requirements or under similar institutional pressures.Design/methodology/approach – This study applies a historical chronological method by the recognition of certain types of events and key strategic activities conducted by two sample organizations from their foundations in mainland China till March 2010 when Google exited from China's internet search market. These activities were identified as the measurement of firm strategic responses to institutional pressures. Data were gathered from various sources, including documents published by sample organizations, online and media reports, ...