Certain Number Of Hours Research Articles

Personal Therapy for Future Therapists: Reflections on a Still Debated Issue

The issue of therapy in training of counsellors and counselling psychologists has long been debated and is still being discussed. Although some people believe that trainees’ processing of issues helps increase their self-understanding, they do not consider it mandatory. Others argue that therapy is an integral part of training for future therapists revealing characters and personalities of those who are fit or unfit to practice this profession. In most European countries a certain number of hours of therapy are mandatory to qualify for admission to profession. In other countries, only certain training programs require it. What are arguments for or against therapy in training? What does research indicate? What is meant by personal development and what by “personal therapy”? How is necessary breadth and depth of the work with oneself which is contained in good educational training programs ensured? The present article reviews some of relevant research in an effort to answer questions raised and discuss arguments developed.

Privacy, Private Property, and Collective Property

Privacy, Private Property, and Collective Property

Supervised hours requirements in graduated driver licensing: Effectiveness and parental awareness

Most states require teens to complete a certain number of hours of supervised driving practice to obtain a license to drive unsupervised. Although widely implemented, the effect of requiring supervised practice is largely unknown. Using auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) interrupted time-series analysis, we found no change in fatal and injury crash involvement of 16–17-year-old drivers in Minnesota following enactment of a 30h supervised driving requirement. To supplement and provide insight into these findings, we conducted telephone interviews with parents of newly licensed teenage drivers in five states with varying amounts of required supervised driving, including Minnesota. Interviews revealed awareness of supervised driving requirements was limited. Only a third of parents (32%) overall could correctly identify the number of hours their state required. In Minnesota only 15% of parents could identify the amount of supervised driving their teen was required to complete. Awareness of the number of hours required was substantially higher (55%) in Maryland. Unlike the other states, Maryland requires submission of a driving log detailing the hours of supervised driving. The findings suggest states need to develop more effective mechanisms to ensure parents are aware of supervised hours requirements.

An efficient method to reduce relative capacity shortage using annualised hours planning

Annualised hours (AH) is a method for meeting seasonal demand which involves irregular distribution of working hours. This paper considers an AH scenario where different category of workers are contracted to work for a certain number of hours per year and each category has different efficiencies for different types of task. The number of workers required is estimated based on the forecasted hours considering the same efficiency for all types of task by a worker. In a number of cases, tasks are too difficult to be performed by temporary workers. In situations where overtime or hiring temporary workers are not considered, capacity shortage is possible during certain weeks as a result of the relative efficiency. The relative capacity shortage, which is defined as the capacity shortage related to the required capacity, has to be minimised. This paper proposes an AH planning problem using linear programming model to minimise relative capacity shortage in which workers are considered to be cross trained. The computational demonstration shows the effectiveness of the model.

Adults with cardiovascular disease who help others: a prospective study of health outcomes.

Little is known about the health impact of helping behaviors among individuals with high-risk chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using a nationally representative, longitudinal survey, we examined the subsequent health of adults with CVD (n=4,491) who spent time providing non-paid assistance to family and friends outside of their households compared with those who had provided no assistance. After both adjusting for baseline characteristics and using propensity score matching methods, spending up to 200h over the prior 12months helping others was associated with lower odds of experiencing a new CVD event or dying in the subsequent 2years. Providing up to 100h of assistance was associated with reporting fewer depressive symptoms. This threshold effect raises the question of whether assistance beyond a certain number of hours may impose a burden that mitigates health benefits from helping others. Health care providers could play an important role exploring ways that patients with CVD can provide beneficial levels of assistance to others in their own social networks or communities, thereby possibly also improving their own health.

A propósito de la educación médica: propuesta para estandarización de un sistema de créditos para programas de especializaciones médicas

This article analyzes the concept of an academic credit system and proposes a way to systematize medical specialization programs. The credit system is a way to recognize and standardize the total time that a student must devote to their training. Thus, a credit equal to a certain number of hours of classroom training and independent activities is proposed. An educational program is expressed in the number of credits needed for the whole training process to achieve the competencies expected. A review of the concept of competition in education is also performed. The introduction of the term and its relation to the need to measure performance in future professionals according to labor market needs is identified. A critical discussion about skills defining the different types of skills in the educational field is later discussed. Subsequently, the Colombian regulatory framework is presented concerning the powers, in particular, Decree 1295 of 2010, which defines one academic credit equal to 48 hours in a semester, of which 16 hours are classroom and 32 hours are independent study. A tor of the major milestones in the history of medical education is later made. The structure of credits and contact hours, independent of postgraduate psychiatry in the country is reviewed showing the heterogeneity in their approach. The proposal is presented, defining the types of classroom activities and how to calculate the hours of independent study by type of classroom activity.

Adaptation, Groundwater Recharge and Livelihood Enhancement: Experiences from Saurashtra Groundwater Recharging Movement

An innocuous diversion of rainwater into their farm wells by a few farmers two decades ago has triggered a water-centric social movement popularly known as the Saurashtra groundwater recharging movement in the southwestern part of Gujarat, India. Since irrigation is a socio-technical phenomenon, this paper attempts to capture the social and technical factors that influenced and shaped the demands and responses, and the shaping of the irrigation technology on the livelihood canvas. Apart from income as a key indicator, as a part of the socio-technical approach, the paper also examines several evidences that contributed to the total income, including agricultural income. These include crops and cropping decisions, changes in cropping intensity, shift from unirrigated land to irrigated land, changes in the number and composition of pump sets, well structuration in terms of depth, radial horizontal bores and depth limitations. The paper also analyzes the quantum of recharge estimated at the village level with the stage of groundwater development. The agrarian livelihood decisions reflect farmers’ wisdom of adaptive techniques. The movement also got a boost due to the Gram Jyoti Yojana that provided an assured supply of energy for a certain number of hours every day.

Development of the three-dimensional Numerical Generation of Response Factors (NGRF) method of conductive temperatures in passive cooling earth-contact components

This paper reports on the development and application of a method for the numerical prediction of temperatures within passive cooling components. In previous studies the basic idea was presented in an alternate form for the prediction of earth-contact heat transfer. The new method is demonstrated to be fast, accurate and flexible as a result of incorporating elements of the response factor method into a finite volume technique based numerical model. Initially, a ‘ pre-processing’ procedure is required to generate a certain number of hours for use as a time series by the response factor technique in the second stage of the method. It is here shown that even a reduced number of temperature response factors, e.g. 50 h, is sufficient to obtain accurate predictions of the component’s hourly temperature profile up to 1 year ahead. This study develops the equations addressing temperature profiles in structural components. The ‘state of the art’ of the presented method corresponds in the way that the conductive temperature response factors are calculated being numerically in the three-dimensional space. The method solves the three-dimensional earth-contact temperature profiles, which interact with indoors and outdoors temperature profiles. Once the numerical temperature response factors time series of an earth-contact component’s grid node have been generated then its future thermal performance due to any surrounding temperature variation can be predicted fast and accurately. The structural earth-contact passive cooling components’ response factors are generated by a three-dimensional numerical model, with no need of past experimental data and stored to be used at any time in future. The method is given the name NGRF (Numerical Generation of Response Factors). The way that the temperature response factors are determined in the three-dimensional space targets in the improvement of the prediction of earth-contact temperature profiles.

Selecting and adapting weekly work schedules with working time accounts: A case of a retail clothing chain

A case of selection and adaptation of weekly work schedules is presented. Weekly work schedules in two franchises of an important retail clothing chain have to be established. Working time accounts are used: each week, an employee can owe the company a certain number of hours or vice versa. Nevertheless, over a certain threshold, the hours have to be paid for by the company and the account balance returns to zero. A minimum and desired level of capacity of employees is contemplated. Hierarchically, the planned capacity must attempt to reach the minimum level; then it must fit a desired level as much as possible. At present, the task of allocation and the final adjustment of schedules is done manually, which is difficult, ineffective and often inaccurate. The procedure proposed is divided into two phases. Firstly, a work schedule, selected from a list, is assigned to each worker; a mixed linear program, followed by a local optimization process, is used. In the second phase, the work schedules are modified according to predefined rules: if there is a surplus of capacity, work schedules are reduced, and if there is a shortage, work schedules are extended. The company considers the results to be satisfactory.

Adaptive restoration of complex geometry parts through reverse engineering application

After a certain number of hours of running, no two mechanical components are completely the same due to normal wear or foreign object damage. A nominal CAD model from a component designer is different from its corresponding worn one and therefore cannot be directly used for tool path generation for build up and machining repair processes. This is the main reason that most repair process used for complex geometry parts, such as gas turbine blades, is currently carried out manually and is called the “Black Art”. This paper proposes a defects-free model-based repair strategy to generate correct tool paths for build up process and machining process adaptive to each worn component through the reverse engineering application. Based on 3D scanning data, a polygonal modelling approach is introduced in this paper to rapidly restore worn parts for direct use of welding, machining and inspection processes. With this nominal model, this paper presents the procedure to accurately define and extract repair error, repair volume and repair patch geometry for the tool path generation, which is adaptive to each individual part. The tool paths are transferred to a CNC machine for the repairing trials. Further research work is performed on repair geometry extraction algorithm and repair module development within the reverse engineering environment.

Mesure de résultats des travaux communautaires chez les jeunes contrevenants : l’I.É.R.T.C.

The community work program is designed for young offenders between the ages of 12 and 17. Participants are allowed to make restitution for their delinquent acts by working a certain number of hours in a neighborhood organization. Aside from this work aspect, the program also aims at arriving at various short-term results that serve as indications of the program's impact on participants. The lack of instruments able to systematically collect data for this purpose led to the creation of the Community Work Evaluation Tool (CWET). Grounded in the objectives of the community work program, the CWET measures the process by which its 13 items were arrived at, its validation and its psychometric properties. The CWET is argued to be a valid tool for evaluating the effects of such a program. These effects fall along four areas: (1) the personal evolution of each participant; (2) the participant's commitment to the completion of the program; (3) relationships between participants; and (4) the participant's attitude and openness toward the community.

Earth-contact heat transfer: improvement and application of a novel simulation technique

This paper reports on the improvement and application of a new method for the prediction of earth-contact heat transfer. In previous studies the new method was claimed to be fast, accurate and flexible as a result of incorporating elements of the response factor method into a finite volume technique based numerical model. Initially, a ‘pre-processing’ procedure is required to generate a certain number of hours for use as a time-series by the response factor technique in the second stage of the method. This paper shows that, it is possible to further improve the speed and accuracy of the ‘pre-processing’ procedure without losing the advantage of flexibility that the numerical models provide in the design of such cases. The improvement of the new method is presented which makes use of a ‘time-stepping control scheme’. A simple ‘extrapolation’ technique has been demonstrated previously. This method proved to be accurate and fast in solving the three-dimensional earth-contact heat transfer, which may involve a certain number of heating zones (rooms) interacting with several different temperature profiles. A multi-room configuration is utilised in this study and simulations are performed over one or more years according to the initial ground domain temperature conditions.

Annualized hours as a capacity planning tool in make-to-order or assemble-to-order environment: An agricultural implements company case

Capacity planning is one of the most important elements for an efficient production planning and control system. It is even more important when the main strategies to fulfil sales requirements are make-to-order (MTO) or assemble-to-order (ATO). Neither MTO or ATO companies keep finished products in stock which means that production level is driven by actual sales figures. Therefore, it is very important to have an available capacity as flexible as possible to meet sales requirements. Annualized hours (AH) is a work time control system that helps in increasing the flexibility of available capacity. The main rule of the AH system is to hire employees to work a certain number of hours on a yearly basis. Following some other pre-defined rules and limits, the AH system allows a company to adjust weekly available time in order to reduce idle capacity or to fulfil requirements that could mean overtime. This paper proposes a linear programming model to plan the operations using AH. This model has been implemented in a company that produces agricultural implements, showing that it is very simple to use. It is producing excellent practical results.

A probabilistic analysis of decision-making about trip duration by Strait of Georgia sport anglers

Since 1984, an access-point creel survey of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, sport fishery has generated data on catch, effort, and attributes of effort from thousands of interviews of salmon anglers completing a daily boat-trip. I present a maximum-likelihood model for this daily bag limit (DBL) constrained fishery that estimates catch rate and variance for various angling fleets (as defined by boat-trip attributes such as the number of angling lines), estimates the probability that a boat-trip ends after a certain number of hours angling, and measures how angling success influences that probability. Most anglers targeting either chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) or coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) became more likely to end a boat-trip in response to angling success, i.e., they were satiated by angling success before reaching a DBL. However, autumn and winter chinook salmon anglers tended to extend a boat-trip in response to angling success, i.e., they were motivated by angling success. Variability in angling success could not be attributed to variability in angler skill. Coho salmon catch rates increased by about 42% with each additional angling line per boat-trip up to three. The model can be used to judge the effectiveness of a DBL in reducing daily catch.

The Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem

Federal aviation regulations require that all aircraft undergo maintenance after flying a certain number of hours. To ensure high aircraft utilization, maintenance is done at night, and these regulations translate into requiring aircraft to overnight at a maintenance station every three to four days (depending on the fleet type), and to visit a balance-check station periodically. After the schedule is fleeted, the aircraft are routed to satisfy these maintenance requirements. We give fast and simple polynomial-time algorithms for finding a routing of aircraft in a graph whose routings during the day are fixed, that satisfies both the three-day maintenance as well as the balance-check visit requirements under two different models: a static infinite-horizon model and a dynamic finite-horizon model. We discuss an implementation where we embed the static infinite-horizon model into a three-stage procedure for finding a maintenance routing of aircraft.

The Four-Day Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem

Federal aviation regulations require that all aircraft undergo maintenance after flying a certain number of hours. Most major U.S. airlines observe the maintenance regulations by requiring that aircraft spend a night at a maintenance station after at most three or four days of flying. In addition, some airlines require that every aircraft goes through a special maintenance station for what is commonly called a balance check. Airlines usually schedule routine maintenance only at night so as not to cut into aircraft utilization. The maintenance routing problem is to find a routing of the aircraft that satisfies the short-term routine maintenance requirements. In Gopalan, R. and Talluri, K. T. (“The Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem,” Opns. Res. in press) we modeled this problem as one of generating an appropriate directed graph (called a line-of-flight-graph), and of finding a special Euler Tour called the k-day Maintenance Euler Tour (k-MET, for k = 3, 4, …) in that directed graph—for finding a maintenance routing in which the aircraft would spend at most k days of flying before overnighting at a maintenance station and have an opportunity for a balance-check. In the same paper we gave a polynomial-time algorithm for finding a 3-MET, if one exists, in the directed graph. In this paper we consider the routing problem when the requirement is to overnight at a maintenance station after at most four days of flying and to undergo the balance check every n days, where n is the number of planes in the fleet of the equipment type under consideration. We show that this problem is NP-complete; in fact, that the k-MET problem is NP-complete for all k ≥ 4. When the number of maintenance stations is exactly one, we show that the 4-MET problem can be solved by solving an appropriate bipartite matching problem; and hence in polynomial time. As a corollary to this result, we show that when there is no balance check station visit requirement, the four-day routing problem, in a given LOF-graph, can be solved (without any restrictions on the number of maintenance stations) in polynomial time. We show how our polynomial-time algorithms for the 3-MET problem and the restricted 4-MET problem can be used to design effective heuristics for the 4-MET problem.

The Effects of Mandatory Delay Laws on Abortion Patients and Providers

As of August 1994 legislation had been passed and signed into law in fifteen states requiring women to delay abortion for a certain number of hours or days after receiving state-mandated information and being offered information on fetal development and lists of agencies which provide prenatal care or other services for women who decide to carry their pregnancies to term. In states in which mandatory delays are being enforced the required waiting period is generally 24 hours except for Kansas which requires an eight-hour delay. The authors examine how these laws have affected providers and women seeking abortions in Ohio Pennsylvania and Mississippi. Enforcement of the laws did not begin in the two former states until March 1994 but enforcement in the latter state extends back to August 1992. Even after only four months in Ohio and Pennsylvania it is clear that the restrictions have lengthened the time needed to obtain an abortion especially for women who do not live near a provider and those who must make more than one trip. The lack of abortion providers in many of these states counties makes mandatory delays in obtaining services a real obstacle for some women. Women who must make two visits may incur substantial expenses for transportation accommodations or child care as well as time lost from work school or other responsibilities. It is estimated that the 24-hour delay in Mississippi during the last part of 1992 and 1993 prevented approximately 11-13% of the women who would have had abortions from doing so. Their failure to follow through with abortions however does not appear to be due to the receipt of mandated information. Moreover the legislation is causing women to have their abortions later in the course of pregnancy and have increased clinic operating costs which may be passed onto clients. The authors also explain that the lack of disproportionate effects upon minors nonwhite women and women who live long distances from a provider may be due to these womens need to overcome substantial barriers to obtain abortion services even before the law went into effect.

On the Function, Content, and Accuracy of Graven Images

Can the ACTFL/ETS Proficiency Guidelines' be used not just for testing purposes, but as a guide for curricular innovation? This question, along with its positive and negative responses, is regularly found in the current pedagogical literature.2 By casting our votes this way or that, we uphold or reject the suitability of an abstract (even one based on exhaustive real-world testing experience) for planning lessons, course materials, even entire curricula. We state-and quite properly so-that it is misleading to promise students that they will reach a certain proficiency level after a certain number of hours of language learning. And yet there does seem to be than a little predictive validity in suggesting that, by and large, a class taught according to certain principles should be able to perform certain linguistic tasks within given contextual environments with a certain degree of accuracy. Now, those who have been teaching with the Proficiency Guidelines in mind might be outraged at all the academic qualifiers attached to that last statement: seem, more than a little, suggesting, the flurry of certains. Do the Guidelines really help or do they not? Fortunately we can use the Guidelines to design course materials without throwing in with one camp or another, and we can do so with some satisfying, even impressive, results in student performance. As an example, I have applied the lessons of the Guidelines to a topic that fascinates us, whether we want it to or not: death.

New Type of Drilling Contract Minimizes Well Costs by Guaranteeing Performance (includes associated paper 18724 )

Most current drilling contracts are either (1) daywork, where the operator assumes all risks; (2) turnkey, where the contractor assumes all risks; or (3) footage, where the operator assumes most risks and the contractor is paid on the basis of the length of hole drilled. In a new type of contract, ''shared risk,'' each party assumes the risk it is best qualified to accept. The operator assumes the risk of geology, location-dependent factors, and weather, while the contractor assumes the risk of drilling performance. The shared-risk drilling contract provides a tangible incentive for the contractor to provide better-than-average performance, while the operator is allowed to retain full control over the parameters that result in a well drilled to desired specifications at the lowest possible cost.

Design Hourly Volume from Road Users' Perspective

The tradition of selecting the 30th highest hourly volume or what is known as the ``knee-of-curve'' approach for road design is based mainly on the facility utilization because it permits a given road facility to be congested for a certain number of hours during the year. This note reexamines the design hour volume concept from the users' perspective. Alberta's highway system is investigated and the users' perspective is considered by classifying the road sites into several types according to trip characteristics, such as trip purpose and trip length distribution. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the type of road use is a significant variable that should be considered for appropriate design hour volume; and (2) to provide a more uniform service to the users of various road facilities, it is better to use different highest volume hours for designing different types of roads.