Certain Amount Of Money Research Articles

Simulation of transmission quality classification in Pay&Require multi-agent managed network by means of Machine Learning techniques

The assurance of transmission quality in computer networks appears to be an important issue, particularly from the perspective of rapid development of computer networks. In the previous research there were many attempts to implement various Quality of Service (QoS) techniques. Unfortunately, QoS parameters are not always assured - most frequently user pays certain amount of money for transmission parameters which will never be achieved. This paper presents simulation of a new concept, which is determining the transmission quality with the application of Machine Learning (ML). In general, transmission quality is described by means of four parameters, i.e. bandwidth, delay, jitter and packet loss ratio. Pay&Require was suggested as a solution, which allows the assurance of transmission quality in computer networks. This purpose was achieved by the use of multi-agent system which monitors the transmission parameters and checks if they meet the customer’s expectations. The transmission quality rating is a significant factor of Pay&Require. ML was applied in the process of simulation and for the research purpose the assessment system of the transmission quality was implemented. It enabled the test users to assess the quality of transmission. Data obtained in such way was then used in ML classification. Simulations were performed for nine classifiers: Nu-Support Vector Classifier (Nu-SVC), k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (kNN), Random Forest Classifier, C-Support Vector Classifier (C-SVC), Radius Neighbors Classifier, Nearest Centroid Classifier, Extra Trees Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier and Linear Support Vector Classifier (Linear SVC). Simulations were also performed for two variants of Stacking Classifier. The first variant was a combination of Linear SVC, C-SVC, Nearest Centroid and kNN as estimators and Logistic Regression as the final estimator. In the second variant Random Forest, Extra Trees and kNN were used as estimators and Logistic Regression was applied as the final estimator. The best classification result with respect to the tested data, was achieved by variant 1 Stacking Classifier, it had 89% sensitivity (overall accuracy), with 11/100 incorrect classifications.

Pauseang-Gift Tradition for Daughter in Batak Toba Common Law

Batak Toba people are formed from kinship patrilineal systems which follow men side in lineage. Therefore, the position of men is more important than women. Traditional marriage of Batak Toba people is honest marriage where men relative has to pay certain amount of money or it usually called as bride-price to women relative. People of Batak Toba explained that honest marriage is a principal, beliefs and an attitude of magis religious (relationship between spiritual thing and their beliefs). The most important requirement for pauseang-field is honest marriage and giving bride-price (sinamot/tuhor). Bride-price must be fully paid by men relatives to women relatives. There is a consequences if men’s relative are not fully paid the money, men’s relative will have customary debt and must be done as traditional duty. Therefore, pauseang-field cannot be given to daughter and her husband. Tanah pauseang-field from parent (father) will be managed by her husband, because in Batak Toba, daughter could not own any inheritance.

Do Languages Generate Future-Oriented Economic Behavior?

Languages vary in the ways in which they encode time. In some languages, like German, the same grammatical tense is used for the present and the future (weak FTR languages), while in other languages, like English, the marking of the present and the future are distinct (strong FTR languages). Studies based on survey data have shown that the usage of languages that grammatically associate the future and the present tends to be correlated with more future-oriented behavior. In this current study, we take an experimental approach to go beyond correlation and to identify the causal effect of language on future-oriented behavior which has not been identified yet. We let bilingual people who are fluent in two languages that vary in the way in which they encode time make a future-oriented economic decision: specifically, we ask participants in one of the two languages in which they are fluent to make a set of binary choices about whether they wish to be paid a certain amount of money earlier (today), or a larger amount of money later (in the following week). We then test whether the people who are randomly assigned to be asked in a strong FTR language require more future compensation than those asked in a weak FTR language. We find that being addressed in the strong-FTR language generates a higher time discount rate compared to being addressed in the weak-FTR language. In other words, participants who are addressed in languages in which the present and the future are marked more distinctly tend to value future events less than participants who are addressed in languages in which the present and the future are similarly marked.

Law and Technology (Study on The Use of Online Application Based on Electronic Information and Transaction Law)

Developments and advances in the world of technology that are supported by unlimited Internet access have succeeded in providing convenience in various aspects of life, one example of the convenience that is presented in the development of technology is the existence of the application of Online-based Funds Loans (Fintech) which can be downloaded by various parties / Debtors. The presence of this application does not all provide benefits to the debtor or to the people who need it because if there is a delay in debt repayment, the debtor gets psychological, verbal, and threat threats from the Debt collector. The presence of law during society as a set of rules governing peoples lives in all respects without exception, including the delivery of transactions in terms of finances between customers as Debtors and Lenders online. The method used in writing this article is an empirical normative approach that is analyzed qualitatively, legal protection is needed for people who feel aggrieved due to the terror interest that exceeds the maximum limit by making a report to the police and at the same time to the financial services authority to immediately curb loan applications online that can upset the public and also provide administrative sanctions in the form of written warnings, fines, obligations to pay a certain amount of money, restrictions on business activities, and revocation of licenses as listed in article 47 paragraph (1) of the Financial Services Authority Regulation. 77 / POJK.01 / 2016 concerning Information Technology-Based Money Lending and Borrowing Services

Oxytocin modulates responsibility attribution and hypothetical Resource allocation during cooperation

Reasonable responsibility attribution and resource allocation in intragroup contexts benefit the evolution of group cooperation. Oxytocin (OT) has been shown to promote prosocial behavior; however, it remains unclear whether OT affects responsibility attribution and hypothetical resource allocation. In the present study, participants were intranasally administered OT or placebo (PLC) before a response task with a partner. The participant could win a certain amount of money depending on the group’s performance, which was determined by the faster player. The contribution was manipulated to be similar in the first phase, while the participants could individually contribute more in the second phase. Our results show that both groups attributed more credit to the player who performed better in a trial. Moreover, reward magnitude only enhanced effort-based attribution in the OT group. Although both groups proposed to distribute money based on individual efforts, the PLC group increased their effort-based allocation when they contributed more, regardless of the fact that the money was eventually equally distributed. Our study demonstrates that OT modulates responsibility attribution and hypothetical resource allocation in different manners, suggesting that OT has different effects on a participant’s perception of individual contribution and fairness when allocating a reward during social cooperation in a real effort task.

Теория и практика базового дохода в ряде северных стран

The article describes development of the idea of unconditional basic income in some Nordic countries. There were active discussions in the early 1980s and in 1992–1994 in Denmark and experiment was conducted on the introduction of unconditional basic income in Finland in 2017–2018. Basic income has never been seriously considered in Denmark on a practical level. For the first time, interest in basic income arose in Denmark in the 1980s. Once again, the issue of basic income was on the official policy agenda in 1992–1994, when there was extensive discussion on this issue. In many ways, these debates were associated with the development of the system of unemployment benefits in the country at that time and a number of economic, institutional and political circumstances. The idea of basic income was considered as a fatal blow, either too controversial or unrealistic, showing that it would require considerable money. Thus, by the mid-1990s, this idea was categorically rejected and disappeared forever from the agenda in Denmark. The unconditional basic income in Finland has been discussed for the last 10 years. It was believed that due to the mass robotization and the introduction of artificial intelligence, a huge number of people would lose their jobs in the future, and the universal basic income will force people to accept temporary contract work which ultimately will increase labor mobility and efficiency. By the classical definition unconditional basic income is the regular payment of a certain amount of money to each member of the community without checking the financial situation or the need to do work. The experiment with unconditional basic income in Finland did not fully meet this definition. First, only the unemployed could take part in it. Secondly, the experiment participants continued to receive benefits from other support systems. The authorities decided to focus on the unemployed in order to understand whether unconditional basic income encourages employment. The 2 000 citizens selected by lottery were unemployed, poor, and were between the ages of 25 and 58 years old. They received 560 euros per month, while the payment did not stop even after they found a job. Intermediate results of the experiment were almost completely opposite to the expected. Requests of recipients of basic income to the labor market have only increased. They said they were not ready to grab any job, and made more and more demands. Both for employers and for trade unions such an outcome was an unpleasant surprise. The preliminary results of the experiment with an unconditional basic income showed that in the first year participants in the experiment were looking for a little more actively than other unemployed people. Although the Finnish authorities did not officially comment on anything, all the experts said that the two-year tests showed the project’s inconsistency. First, the “free” money was in fact an unconditional unemployment benefit, that is, there was nothing new in the proposed version of the universal basic income. Secondly, the government did not conceal that the experiment with the basic income was not aimed at reducing the number of the poor or fighting inequality – its main task was “promoting employment”. If all citizens received unconditional basic income, additional social spending would be about 5% of GDP. This is a lot, even taking into account the fact that Finland spends about 30% of GDP on social spending. A universal basic income can only be successful if provided on a continuous and universal basis. But it requires a lot of money and higher taxes which most people disagree with.

Assessing Private Equity Performance

Assessing the performance of private equity (PE) investments is a challenging task. It starts with the fact that the assets are privately held and illiquid. By contrast, public equity valuations are determined in a vast open market populated largely by disinterested investors acting on publicly available information. Therefore, to make an informed assessment about PE performance, investors should be aware of the areas where general partners' discretion can most influence fund performance. As PE has grown as an asset class, investors have pushed for greater disclosure and more standardization of performance metrics and benchmarks. Although this has resulted in greater standardization of the reported information, considerable opportunity remains for general partners to influence fund returns. This note summarizes the key metrics used in assessing PE performance and discusses important areas of general partners' influence on reported returns. Excerpt UVA-F-1895 Rev. Jan. 17, 2020 Assessing Private Equity Performance Assessing the performance of private equity (PE) investments is a challenging task. It starts with the fact that the assets are privately held and illiquid. What little information is available about the assets is typically controlled by the general partners (GPs) of the PE firms, who have a vested interest in making themselves look good in the eyes of their limited partners (LPs). GPs can affect the reported performance of their funds by influencing the timing of cash flows (CFs), determining net asset values, and selecting the benchmarks to be compared against. By contrast, public equity valuations are determined in a vast open market populated largely by disinterested investors acting on publicly available information. Therefore, to make an informed assessment about PE performance, investors should be aware of the areas where GP discretion can most influence fund performance. As PE has grown as an asset class, investors have pushed for greater disclosure and more standardization of performance metrics and benchmarks. Although this has resulted in greater standardization of the reported information, considerable opportunity remains for GPs to influence fund returns. This note summarizes the key metrics used in assessing PE performance and discusses important areas of GP influence on reported returns. Valuation and Performance Measurement Most individuals are familiar with investing in stocks, where a certain amount of money is invested in a stock, and then after some interval returns are measured relative to the price of the stock at purchase. The returns are the same for everyone who purchased the stock and holds it over the same interval. In PE, capital calls arrive at different points within the fund's life. The returns on the investments require GPs to monetize the assets through initial public offerings (IPOs) or sales, and prior to monetization, GPs must estimate the value of the assets. This process can create substantial variation in the reported values for the same asset. For example, in November 2002, the Wall Street Journal highlighted this issue by noting that Series A shares in Santera Systems were carried on the books of the Sequoia Fund at $ 0.46 per share, whereas the same investment was valued at $ 4.42 per share at Austin Ventures. . . .

Contact Heterogeneity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Social Class and Altruistic Giving

Research on the relationship between social class and altruistic giving has provided inconsistent evidence. Using the dictator game, in which one participant is endowed with a certain amount of money and has to allocate this amount between herself and another individual, several studies found that higher-class actors have a lower tendency toward altruistic giving than lower-class actors; other studies found the opposite pattern. We show that social class has a positive effect on altruistic giving in the dictator game with a sizeable sample of residents of the United States using both an objective measure of social class—that is, a composite of income, education, and occupational prestige—and a subjective measure. Shedding more light on the mechanisms underlying the positive effect of social class, it is demonstrated that class affects altruistic giving not so much by differences in empathic concern but by differences in the marginal utility of money and contact heterogeneity. It is argued that the latter effect can be derived from Collins’s theory of interaction rituals and class cultures.

Имуществената санкция по чл. 83 от Закона за административните нарушения и наказания

The subject of this article is the property sanction under article 83 of The Law for the administrative offences and sanctions. The text presents a detailed analysis of the different statements of the legal nature of the property sanction, the function of the institute during passing the law and nowadays. The author states its opinion on this also. The property sanction is compared with the administrative penal liability by the subjects and the grounds for its imposition. The question of the function of the property sanction in The Bulgarian legislation is raised keeping in mind that this sanction nowadays is mainly about paying a certain amount of money and it looks like too much of a fine.

ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES OF THE EIGHTS AND EXTENSION OF CAR (Study of Decision Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk Year 2018)

One of the crimes concerning the misuse of car vehicles is the crime of embezzling cars as the crime is rampant in Indonesia, one of which is in case Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk in 2018. The problem in research is why the perpetrators commit criminal acts embezzlement and imposition of cars based on Decision Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk and how the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of criminal acts of embezzlement and detention of cars is based on Decision Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach, the normative juridical approach is carried out by studying legal norms or rules, legal principles, while the empirical approach is carried out by direct interviews with informants who will relate to research problems, data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that the factors causing the perpetrators to commit criminal acts of embezzlement and car detention are based on Decision Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk opportunity factors and economic needs factors. This factor is due to the defendant's desperate need for a certain amount of money at a fast time so that the defendant made a shortcut by making embezzlement and overcoming the car. The criminal liability of the defendant who commits a crime of manipulating and imposing a car based on Case Number 839/Pid.B/2018/PN.Tjk Year 2018 is that the sentence of imprisonment for 8 (eight) months is reduced as long as the defendant is temporarily detained. detained. Suggestions, for the Judges in carrying out the consideration prioritize a sense of justice for victims, defendants and the public. In addition, judges should carefully pay attention to matters that can alleviate or incriminate defendants other than judges who have also been given the freedom to make decisions in order to enforce law and justice so that judges do not have to depend on public prosecutors' demands in determining crimes for defendants. To the Public Prosecutor in applying the criminal or in giving a claim to the defendant must be appropriate or in accordance with the actions of the defendant because this is the judge's reference in making his decision. In addition, the Public Prosecutor should also have material legal knowledge so that there are no more errors or nonconformities in applying the crime against the accused.

THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN PERFORMANCE BONDS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE BANK'S COMMITMENT IN JORDAN

As the wide range of international trade out-turn and diversity of the parties, causing banks have to create a new credit service, that is bank guarantees, to enhance the trust between the parties. By providing the security and ease, the beneficiary will obtain a certain amount of money from the bank and being independent from the other party. While the committed party provides insurance to the beneficiary as a guarantee for the implementation or good performance in accordance with agreed terms, in this situation, performance bonds are crucial to be considered as this tool has the principle of independence regarding the bank’s commitment, as such, could clarify one party obligation to provide money, services or goods to another party. Taking performance bonds as solution whereby accompanied the Guaranty (<em>Al Kafala</em>) and subordination imposed by the legal system, the lacunae of legal rules which govern performance bonds has created difficulties and may lead Judges to create the new relevant law. This article is aimed at studying how the Jordanian Judiciary deals with performance bonds, since there is no previous legal rules governing such bank contract.

Exposure to pictures of natural landscapes may reduce cigarette smoking.

Reducing temporal discounting may help smokers to reduce their smoking by improving inhibitory control. This study aimed to assess whether viewing pictures of natural versus urban scenes would cause participants to smoke fewer cigarettes mediated by lower temporal discounting. A single-factor (natural scene, urban scene and control) between-subjects design was employed. Laboratory at Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan. A community sample of 93 daily smokers. Participants were exposed to pictures of natural or urban scenes or no images (control). The discounting measure was implemented after the landscape exposure manipulation. Participants expressed their preferences related to winning a lottery by answering a series of nine binary choice questions, opting either to receive a certain amount of money immediately or varying amounts of money 1year in the future. The dependent measure was cigarette consumption during an ostensible survey. Participants exposed to pictures of natural scenes smoked fewer cigarettes [mean=1.1 cigarettes, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.7, 1.6] than did those exposed to pictures of urban scenes (mean=2.1 cigarettes, 95% CI=1.7, 2.6, 0.002) and control participants (mean=1.8 cigarettes, 95% CI=1.4, 2.3, 0.029). The discounting rate mediated the association between exposure to nature and the amount of smoking (B=-0.62, 95% CI=-1.07, -0.20, P<0.01). Exposing smokers to pictures of natural landscapes may lead to reduced smoking by lowering temporal discounting.

PERTANGUNGG JAWABAN NOTARIS PPAT DALAM MELAKUKAN PELAYANAN PEMBAYARAN PAJAK BEA PEROLEHAN HAK ATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN (BPHTB)

Notary Services as a part of the service to the community, should walk parallel to the development of society in the present and future. One of notary services conducted in his position as PPAT is Payment service for land and building Rights (BPHTB) in terms of buying and selling of land rights. BPHTB payment is one of the conditions for the registration of land rights transitional in the provisions of Article 103 of the regulation of the Minister of Agrarian state/head of National Land Agency number 3 year 1997. Due to the existence of the BPHTB payment obligation resulted in the time period between the purchase and sale agreement carried out in front of the notary, with the implementation of the sale/turnover of land rights carried out in front of the authorized PPAT has a distance For a relatively long period of time, and usually buyers who conduct buy and sell rights to the land have handed over a certain amount of money for the cost of BPHTB by giving it to the notary public that makes the transitional deed. On the one hand, due to the relatively long period between the trade and Sale Alliance carried out before the notary with the sale and purchase carried out in the presence of the authorized PPAT, while the cost of BPHTB is deposited by the client to the notary public as the official The makers of Land deed (PPAT), allowing the opportunity of misappropriation by means of unpaying or embezzlement of BPHTB funds deposited

Undian Berhadiah Alfamart di Kota Bengkulu dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syari�ah

This study aims to examine the issue of lucky draw that has been held by the management of Alfamart in the city of Bengkulu for the marketing interests of a produk. In order to reap maximum profits from consumers, the management of Alfamart in City of Bengkulu did not hesitate to give gifts to lucky consumers. But the problem is, sometimes this lucky draw still contains gambling ( Maisyir ). This research is included in the field research category, while in analyzing the data obtained, researchers use normative approaches. Data collection techniques used are interview techniques and documentation. After an in-depth study obtained a conclusion that law of the Alfamart lucky draw in the city of Bengkulu is divided into two, namely: First, the law is halal if the lucky draw is made into prizes without financial requirements to buy certain products or pay a certain amount of money. This gift is purely a form of ta'dhiman (Respect) or Mahabah (affection). The second, the law is haram, if the lucky draw uses a lottery system or gambling, that is, someone can take part in the lucky draw if you have purchased a certain produk or after paying money with a certain amount of money.

Rastin Swap Card (RSC): A Financial Instrument of Rastin Banking

Rastin Swap Card is defined in Rastin Banking. This card is issued based on the Swap Contract in Rastin Banking or principle of sovereignty rights of contracts. In Rastin Swap Card there are two periods. In the first period card issuer lends money to the cardholder, and in the second period borrows money from card holder instead. At the first stage card issuer credits a certain amount of money for specific time duration to the card of cardholder and requests the cardholder to deposit the same amount for the same period at the end of the cited time duration (first maturity) in the issuer's deposit account. Card issuer and cardholder can agree for a combination of amount and duration for which the product of them (amount by the duration) be equal for both operations of lending money by the issuer and depositing by the cardholder.Rastin Swap Card (RSD) has no interest rate and is different from conventional debit and credit cards, but considering the ICT-based systems, RSD is being processed and managed through electronic banking systems. Rastin Swap Card can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. Bank receives a fee by offering Rastin Swap Card service.&#x0D; JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63&#x0D; &#x0D;

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ В РОССИИ

The article touches upon the problem of financing health care in the world today, which is carried out mainly at the expense of budget funds, employers, population and enterprises in different proportions. The share of each of these sources in the total amount of funds allocated by society to health care determines the model of financing this economic sector. The budget model of financing the health care does not fully cover the needs of the population in the guaranteed volume of free medical care. In recent years, such sources as direct payment for medical services and voluntary health insurance programs have brought a certain amount of money to the Russian health care system. The conducted analysis of the financial support of the health care system in Russia proved that the cost of the program of state guarantees increases throughout the whole period. Means of compulsory medical insurance as well as budgetary allocations of the entities of the Russian Federation are used to finance the program of State guarantees. The volume of compulsory health insurance funds is increasing, the growth rate of compulsory health insurance in 2017 outpaced the rate assigned by the program. In 2016 revenue growth and spending cuts brought the Federal Fund of compulsory medical insurance to a deficit-free budget, but in 2017 the growth of spending outpaced revenue growth, which leads to a deficit. There can be seen the positive dynamics of growth rates of insurance premiums for voluntary health insurance. Currently, underfunding of territorial programs is compensated by the population independently through the use of voluntary health insurance and paid medical services. The main objective of the further transformation of compulsory medical insurance system is stated to increase the volume of financing of the system. In the process of adjusting state obligations the deficit of financial provision of territorial programs of state guarantees should be taken into account, which has already been redistributed due to its insecurity, but without legislative consolidation. The reserve of redistribution will be the increase in payments under contracts of voluntary medical insurance and funds received by medical organizations from the provision of paid medical services.

Criteria for Investing in the Market of Visual Arts

The market for the visual arts carries out a complex activity, which requires identifying key variables to establish valid investment criteria and obtain reasonable profits. This calls for differentiating the purpose of the purchase as either an investment or a collection. Then, focusing on the work and the artist, the trajectory of iconic and emerging elements is investigated and compared to identify the criteria that the buyer should consider when acquiring a piece of visual art. Accurate parameters are needed to invest considering this economic activity has clearly defined segments. For this reason, the claimed characteristics of the artwork, the artist and the market must be assessed as well as the need for the art piece or the added value that an artwork offers to the market and the reason why a certain amount of money must be paid to obtain it. The aim of the present research is to identify key variables to establish valid investment criteria, taking the case of the contemporary Venezuelan Art Market as basis. To achieve this objective, the documentary research methodology was applied and, in addition, interviews with some market agents were carried out, which revealed the presence of many agents with various interests within the market. As a conclusion, the study revealed that the visual arts market is a complex market, which requires different actors to handle accurate and reliable information when making purchasing or sales decisions.

Trends in agricultural development and its state regulation

The problems of development and implementation of state regulatory policy in agriculture of Ukraine are considered. An attempt is being made to bring it closer to the principles applied in economic of developed countries. Such an approximation for all years of reforms was carried out without taking into account the initial stages of the formation of market relations in Ukraine. The release of levers of state regulatory influence without a prevailing market regulation mechanism only intensified the problems. In economically developed countries, market relations have been developing for a long time in an evolutionary way in conjunction with state regulation of the agrarian economy to solve problems that have arisen from time to time. The quantitative relations characteristic of economically mature systems cannot be extended to the domestic economic system. An indication of the blind spread of approaches to the state regulatory policy of Ukraine that characterize quantitative ratios in mature economic systems is the implementation of monetary policy. A prerequisite for monetary policy and appropriate macroeconomic analysis is the balance of the economy, in which the need for a certain amount of money is formed. Such an approach is acceptable for sustainable market systems, where certain trends and patterns are formed, but it cannot be applied for economies where market trends are only emerging. Therefore, the monetary policy in agriculture could not provide the expected results. Proposed commonly accepted in foreign publications factors that determine the need for state regulation of agriculture, taking into account the state of the domestic agricultural sector to complement such as the creation of identical starting conditions, activation of entrepreneurial activity. Without this, in Ukraine, high-growth entities of a holding type of a large size are formed at a high pace. They use the most advanced technical equipment, involve narrow-profile specialists, they form large commodity batches, which can enter the foreign markets without intermediaries. All agroholdings, however, deprive rural inhabitants of the opportunity to create farms, increase unemployment and social problems in villages. Objective competitive advantages of domestic agriculture, which are determined by fertile black earth, are used by a limited number of persons.

Harmonizing Parking: A Spatial Analysis of Parking System in Ikorodu Metropolis, Lagos Nigeria

This study examines the parking situation in Lagos megacity, Nigeria with the aim of suggesting possible solutions and provide pertinent information for non-governmental organizations’, government department, ministries, and agencies. The study adopts mixed approached in the collections of data. The study found that although parking lots and spaces were adequately provided in most activities areas and center in Lagos mega city, but were not well utilized, why some have been converted to other uses that the area was not zoned for. It also exposed that parking areas prerequisite to be improved upon in terms of acceptable provision of shoppers’ corner. The strategy similarly to put into deliberation the features of the well-being of the parking areas such as decrease of direct and prolonged sun glare as the foremost users of the parking areas (commuters, trader and shoppers), constituting up to 83 percent of users, exercises average parking duration of over 2 hours. The result discloses that the average peak accumulation of the purposive picked parking lots is 1,052 vehicles. Explanations are also shown that most the parking area is an open expanse of bitumen surfaces, scarcely with trees to offer shade from the sun. The study further revealed that the environmental and sanitation offices in the megacity were corrupt, collect a certain amount of money for street vendors which turn the parking lots to trade arena. However, this study recommends that since parking is a necessity, applicable parking demand administration policy needs to be set in place to check disorganized design and use of parking and on-street parking on-press. This will uphold cost-effective, efficiency and guarantee sustainable built urban environment.

Both Rewards and Moral Praise Can Increase the Prosocial Decisions: Revealed in a Modified Ultimatum Game Task.

Unlike other creatures, humans developed the ability to cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers and a tendency to comply with social norms. However, humans deviate from social norms in various situations. This study used the modified ultimatum game to explore why humans deviate from social norms and how their prosocial behavior can be promoted. In Study 1, participants were asked to imagine working with an anonymous counterpart to complete a task and obtain a certain amount of money (e.g., ¥10). The computer divided the money randomly in favor of the participant (e.g., 9:1 or 8:2). Participants should decide whether to accept or reject such a self-benefiting division. In the non-risk condition, an absolutely fair redivision of money would take place if participants reject self-benefiting division (e.g., 5:5 or 6:4). By contrast, in the risk condition, other-benefiting redivision of money (e.g., 1:9 or 2:8) would take place if participants rejected the self-benefiting division. Results involving 40 college students showed the main effect of condition. The frequency of accepting self-benefiting division in the risk condition was higher than that in the non-risk condition. As such, compliance with social norms is based on the preservation of material resources. In Study 2, we used economic or moral rewards to compensate for economic loss following compliance with the norm. Results involving 28 college students revealed a significant effect of compensation. The rewards, including moral praise, effectively decreased selfish choices. These findings extend previous studies on social norm compliance by emphasizing the importance of internal, fairness-based balance between material and moral needs, as well as the role of moral praise in promoting prosocial behavior.