Certain Amount Of Freedom Research Articles

Representations of Trauma in Narratives of Goli Otok

Representations of Trauma in Narratives of Goli Otok Radmila Gorup The year 1948 holds a special place in the history of former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, ranging from political to personal, the ruling Communist Party, headed by Josip Broz Tito, broke off from Stalin and the Communist family of nations to embark on an independent road to build socialism. A great number of Yugoslav Communists and non-Communists alike paid dearly for this break, Communists at the hands of their own comrades. Fearing an invasion from the Soviets, a threat that may have been unfounded but nonetheless seemed psychologically real, the Communist leadership imprisoned and persecuted thousands of those who refused to change their ideological affiliations overnight and denounce Stalin as an enemy or in any way expressed doubt that an outright interruption of relations with the first country of socialism should be avoided. Among those imprisoned there was a large number of those who were completely innocent of the charges. They were never made aware of their guilt and they spent years in prison guessing what their transgression might be. They were subjected to a process of "reeducation" that amounted to a reign of terror not seen before. A vast majority of prisoners gave in to torture and psychological pressure and made false confessions, denouncing friends and foes, including family members. Even though Tito's camps did not aim at the liquidation of prisoners, thousands died as a result of harsh treatment, starvation and diseases in prison and from the consequences of these after their release. The precise numbers are still not available. In persecuting those who disagreed with them, the Yugoslav Communists had learned their trade from the masters, organizers of the Nazi concentration camps and Stalin's gulags. For some, what happened to the inmates in these camps paled in comparison with what was happening in Tito's camps. Writing about his prison experiences, author Dragoslav Mihailović observes: "What Solzhenitsyn describes in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was a picnic, brother, compared to what happened here."1 [End Page 151] Of a number of Yugoslav camps in existence the one on Goli Otok, a desolate island off the Adriatic coast, stands out as an embodiment of evil. Now, sixty years later, when the last surviving prisoners are succumbing to old age and the realities of Goli Otok are passing out of living memory, scholars are looking at Goli Otok as a site of memory and asking a number of questions: What does it mean today to remember Goli Otok? Can this past be narrated and what power does it hold over the present? Should we worry that the passage of time will obliterate this horrendous experience? How has the memory of the tortured and the dead been preserved and how can it be used to prevent a re-occurrence? Without trying to answer these questions or name the guilty party, this essay looks at the aftermath of Goli Otok, at the ravages of the camp in those who passed through its system and suffered the powerful destructive effects on their psyche. In particular, I will focus on the perpetrators of the crimes. The historical dispute between Tito and Stalin transformed the literary scene in Yugoslavia. As the country abandoned the Soviet model, it established contacts with the West, opening up Yugoslav literatures to contemporary modern trends. Belgrade became a neutral capital and Yugoslavia an interesting buffer zone from which to observe the Cold War. Literature became freer and more profound, yet still found itself in the shadow of socialist ideology. Political reasons more than aesthetic ones made this "freedom" possible. Searching for its own way and interpreting the theory of Marxism-Leninism more freely, the Yugoslav Communist Party created an alliance with the intellectual elite by allowing a certain amount of freedom as long as the writers reconciled, as much as possible, their aesthetic principles to the ideological views of the Party. Reaffirming the autonomy of art, Yugoslav writers tried to lessen the effects of ideology by turning away from the present, which allowed them to steer from sensitive issues. As a result, the freedom of expression exhausted itself primarily in terms...

Taking Liberties

Taking Liberties Stan Krohmer (bio) I spent the summer of 2004 in Ireland as part of the Writing in Ireland program sponsored by the Padnos International Study Center at Grand Valley State University in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Trinity College in Dublin. Early on in our stay, I’d written down what one of our tour guides, an art historian from the Republic, had said. “In order to know and to understand Irish culture and history, from the premodern to postmodern, one must look at the Tribal, the Familial, the Hierarchical, and the Rural.” That notion stuck with me. And, in some ways, it guided my search for a deeper understanding of the culture. Yet it wasn’t until several months later, after returning to Michigan and processing hundreds of rolls of film, that I would finally begin to discover what my work there had really been about. My previous experience doing camera work on bustling urban streets had taught me to trust my intuition and vision. But after six weeks of restlessly walking and photographing the social landscape of Dublin, and taking over 3,000 on 120 and 35mm films, I still wasn’t satisfied with my photos. * * * At the time, I wasn’t sure what I was searching for. But I began to get a sense of it toward the end of our stay as I was wandering around in the Liberties district of west Dublin. “The Liberties,” as it is called by Dubliners, derives its name from medieval Dublin, when the area south and west of Christ Church Cathedral (built in A.D. 1038) lay outside the city’s walls. Those living outside the walls were “free” and had “liberty,” or at least a certain amount of freedom from the taxes, the rule of the king, and the [End Page 151] city laws. They were also “free” to be attacked by vandals, predators, and invaders. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. The Liberties had traditionally attracted people from the fringes of society—the poor, the criminal, the alcoholic, the mentally ill, along with other kinds of social outcasts. Over time the district had become a destination for the youth culture with its shops, dance clubs, and old pubs alongside trendy bistros and Internet cafes. All proof of how urban renewal—with its inevitable social problems—can infiltrate and even transform an urban landscape. This contemporary mix of past and present intrigued me. Just as I was about to wrap up the day’s shooting, I inadvertently wandered into a back street that had no pedestrian or oncoming auto traffic to disrupt my attention. Maybe in my subconscious, I was recalling fragments from the art historian’s earlier talk. In any case, I began panning the camera over a wall that contained abstract forms and parts of graffiti tags that [End Page 152] seemed visually interesting. But something was still nagging at me. As I was leaving the alleyway there on my left I saw a graffiti-strewn mural that featured three stark cartoon-like television sets. The mural’s authenticity and simplicity literally stopped me in my tracks. Using a German-made 3.5 E Rolleiflex Twin Lens camera, I took the photo during the first week of August at around 11:30 a.m., under a constantly changing, partly cloudy sky. I made two exposures calculated with a Zone VI Studios-modified Pentax Digital Spot meter, handheld, on Tri-X Professional 320 Film, one at 1/60 and another at 1/125 of a second at f8, with no filter. I later chose the 1/125 at f8 negative because its rich, textured blacks highlighted and intensified the wall inscriptions. The final result was a black-and-white image with some rendering of rough texture and spray-painted lines. Without a closeup lens attachment, the Rolleiflex TLR doesn’t allow one to focus any closer than a distance of about three feet. And so, it was a technical challenge to render everything on the wall mural in sharp focus. By utilizing the entire design of the wall (and a bit of what was above and below it for scale and depth of field...

Moral Reasoning, Moral Pluralism, and the Classroom

In this essay I focus on a fundamental aspect of moral reasoning — the application and revision of a comprehensive moral framework. This is not the only type of moral reasoning nor, perhaps, the most important. It is, however, the most general and pervasive, marking the broad contours within which other types of moral reasoning are employed. After characterizing this kind of reasoning, I turn to moral pluralism. So long as individuals and groups enjoy a certain amount of freedom to think and act for themselves, there will be conflicts between good and important moral values and principles that cannot be resolved by reason. This is a fact, the fact of reasonable moral pluralism, that must be incorporated into the application and revision of our comprehensive moral frameworks. I conclude by discussing the implications of my accounts of moral reasoning and moral pluralism for the classroom.

The Structure of Vagueness

Around the beginning of the 1990s, Frei Otto and his team at the Institute for Lightweight Structures in Stuttgart studied what they called “optimized path systems.” Previously, similar to the chain modeling technique Gaudi used for the Sagrada Familia, they had experimented with material systems for calculating form. Each of these material machines was devised so that, through numerous interactions among its elements over a certain time span, the machine restructures, or as Frei Otto says, “finds (a) form.” Most of them consist of materials that process forces by transformation, which is a special form of analog computing. Since the materials function as “agents,” it is essential that they have a certain flexibility, a certain amount of freedom to act. It is also essential however, that this freedom is limited to a certain degree set by the structure of the machine itself. In classic analog computing most of the movement is contained in gears, pistons or slots, or often in liquids held by rigid containers, but in the case of Frei Otto’s machines mostly all materials are mixtures of liquids and solids, or start out as liquid and end up as rigid. The material interactions frequently result in a geometry that is based on complex material behaviour of elasticity and variability. Sand, balloons, paper, soap film (including the famous minimal surfaces for the Munich Olympic Stadium), soap bubbles, glue, varnish, and the ones I will be referring to here: the wool-thread machines. This last technique was used to calculate the shape of two-dimensional city patterns, but also of three-dimensional cancellous bone structure or branching column systems. They are all similar vectorized systems that economize on the number of paths, meaning they share a geometry of merging and bifurcating.

The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessThe Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and PsychoanalysisNancy Glimm, C.S.W.Nancy GlimmSearch for more papers by this author, C.S.W.Published Online:1 May 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.5.635-aAboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail This volume is a collection of previously unpublished or uncollected essays by the esteemed psychoanalyst Karen Horney. Its editor, Bernard J. Paris, is a scholar of Horney's work and author of the biography Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding (1). He also compiled and edited The Therapeutic Process (2), a collection of clinically focused essays.The Unknown Karen Horney is organized into two parts. The first contains unpublished essays written between 1927 and 1946 on feminine psychology and the nature of male-female relations. The second part is made up of papers written between 1930 and 1952 on psychoanalytic theory, some unpublished and some never collected and organized together. Paris provides substantive introductory essays for each section.The 11 essays and lectures in part 1 address a wide range of issues, as the following sampling of titles suggests: "The Masculinity Complex in Women," "On the Psychological Determinants of the Choice of a Marriage Partner," "Behavioral Patterns of Repressed Homosexual Women," "Psychogenic Factors in Menstrual Disorders," and "Enslavement in Marriage." These writings provide an enormously rich look into Horney's thinking. Her openness and willingness to tolerate and incorporate new ideas are in full view. Her humanity comes through clearly as she engages the complexity of the human condition with a steadfast fairness. We can sense the deep and abiding respect Horney has for the struggles of her patients as we witness how her clinical work informs her theory.These essays also provide an opportunity to examine, from the perspective of what we know today, some inaccuracies in Horney's theory building. The limitations of the biological science and neuroscience of her time affected some of her theories, as the essay on menstrual disorders illustrates.The limitations of the era's scientific knowledge also afforded Horney a certain amount of freedom for creative thinking. Her ideas would lead to developments in clinical theory building, research on and understanding of human suffering, interpersonal theory in psychoanalysis, family therapy theory, couples therapy, and the impact of culture on psychopathology. Her openness to her own experience as a woman, mother, wife, divorcée, immigrant, analysand, psychoanalyst, clinician, teacher, writer, and advocate of mental hygiene all contribute to these writings, directly and indirectly. Horney's humanness makes this material all the more fascinating, even if some of the theory and science are outdated.The second part, which is more varied in content than the first, begins with a helpful introduction by Paris. The range and scope of these essays are illustrated in this sampling of titles: "Culture and Aggression: Some Thoughts and Doubts About Freud's Theory of Instinctual Drives Toward Death and Destruction," "Children and War," "The Value of Vindictiveness," "On Feeling Abused," and "The Paucity of Inner Experience." This section contains several lectures Horney gave at the New School for Social Research as well as a number of brief items.In these essays Horney reviews her ideas about culture and aggression and distances herself from Freudian orthodoxy—a stance that would lead to her ousting from the New York Psychoanalytic Society. She and a group of colleagues then courageously—and successfully—formed the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. The new paradigm she embraced was open to the role of culture in the formation of neurotic defenses and conflicts.This intellectually rich book will appeal to a broad readership. Anyone interested in the corpus of Horney's work will find this volume an important addition. Historians of psychoanalytic theory will find the essays in this collection of great value. Bernard Paris has done more than simply give us a collection of previously unpublished work. He ensured that the essays received outstanding translations, and the result is exceptional clarity and accessibility. The material is presented in an organized and thoughtful manner. Paris' informative essays demonstrate a long and devoted interest in his subject. The reader is thus given the opportunity to roam deeply and intensely with Dr. Horney, guided by skillful scholarship and editing; it is a rewarding experience. Paris could not have done a more masterly job of presenting Horney's previously unknown work.Ms. Glimm works on the child and adolescent team at the Bronx HIP Mental Health Center.by Karen Horney; edited by Bernard J. Paris; New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 2000, 384 pages, $40

On the time-frequency analysis based filtering

Efficient processing of nonstationary signals requires time-varying approach. An interesting research area within this approach is time-varying filtering. Since there is a certain amount of freedom in the definition of time-varying spectra, several definitions and solutions for the time-varying filtering have been proposed so far. Here we will consider the Wigner distribution based time- varying filtering form defined by using the Weyl correspondence. Its slight modification will be proposed and justified in the processing of noisy frequency modulated signals based on a single signal realization. An algorithm for the efficient determination of the filters ’region of support in the time-frequency plane, in the case of noisy signals, will be presented. In the second part of the paper, the theory is applied on the filtering of multicomponent noisy signals. The S-method is used as a tool for the filters’region of support estimation in this case. This method, combined with the presented algorithm, enables very efficient time-varying filtering of the multicomponent noisy signals based on a single realization of the signal and noise. Theory is illustrated by examples.

Cultural Control and the `Culture Manager': Employment Practices in a Consultancy

This article explores the use of `company culture' as a means of management control. It reports on research conducted in a consultancy that aimed to secure loyalty from its employees through a conscious policy of organised `play' at company socials. Employees were given a certain amount of freedom over their working lives in exchange for accepting company regulation of their social time. Here it is argued that this normative control differs from historical attempts to ensure that employees were of good moral character. In earlier interventions social and community obligations were emphasised, now every `virtue' encouraged is designed to be exercised in the workplace, often at the expense of the individual or the community. Further, that while control through organisational culture does have some of the advantages claimed for it in the prescriptive literature, it also extends the employment contract to areas previously outside the managerial prerogative.

Dr. Henri Béland: Nobody's Darling

In May 1918, in the middle of a debate on the civil service bill, Rodolphe Lemieux interrupted the proceedings in the House of Commons to announce that Dr. Henri Beland, Member of Parliament for Beauce and a former Laurier cabinet minister, had been freed from detention in Germany. Jacques Bureau, the member for Trois-Rivieres and St. Maurice, called for three cheers for Beland and led the House in a rousing chorus of For He's a Jolly Good Fellow, after which Lemieux praised Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden and his government for having done their utmost to secure Beland's release.(1) Yet despite Lemieux's congratulations, the doctor's imprisonment and the long campaign to secure his release had been a source of some embarrassment to the Borden administration for much of the war. Furthermore, his homecoming occurred at a time when Canada was emerging from one of the most bitter political controversies in its history. The rancor of the conscription debate of 1917-1918 poisoned relations between French and English Canada, setting citizen against citizen and sweeping up even those people who tried hardest to avoid it. One of those unfortunate casualties was Henri Beland. Henri Severin Beland was born in Louiseville in October 1869 and began his schooling at the classical college at Trois-Rivieres before studying medicine at Laval University. He practiced for some years in New Hampshire but returned to Canada to settle in St. Joseph de Beauce, and was soon elected mayor of the community. Beland was successful in a bid to enter the Quebec legislature in 1897, but moved into federal politics in a 1902 by-election to represent Beauce after Aurele Godbout was appointed to the Senate. The doctor was not a conspicuous figure in the House of Commons. A fairly typical backbencher, he rarely took part in the debate, speaking only two or three times each session until he was raised to the cabinet. Nevertheless, he was a popular figure on Parliament Hill, and umpired the occasional baseball game on the parliamentary lawn between the House of Commons and the press gallery. He was also known to be particularly sensitive to the spirit of rural Quebec and soon came to be regarded as a solid, reliable party man; Laurier's biographer called him one of the old Liberal fighters, while the Ottawa Journal declared him to be one of Laurier's three great Quebec lieutenants.(2) Perhaps as a reward for such services, Beland was appointed Postmaster-General under Laurier in 1911, but held the post only until the government fell. He retained his seat in the 1911 election, but left Canada a few years later for an extended tour of Europe with his second wife.(3) When the war broke out, Beland and his Belgian-born wife were in Middelkerke, a resort town on the English Channel, but returned immediately to Madame Beland's birthplace near Antwerp, where the doctor offered his services to the Belgian Army. He was wounded in the defense of the city, but declined to leave Belgium when a German occupation appeared imminent. By April 1915, the Beland family had resolved to depart Antwerp for Holland but the German authorities withheld permission until the doctor paid a tenfold taxation on all properties owned by the family in Belgium. He remained in Antwerp attempting to sort out the matter but the authorities grew more inflexible as the weeks passed and, on 2 June 1915, Beland was informed that he would be interned immediately. Four days later, he was moved to Stadtvogtei prison in Berlin. Conditions in the prison were marginal at best. The doctor was confined in a small, whitewashed cell with three other civilian internees, and lived on a ration of black bread and two helpings of thin soup each day. Some months later, food parcels began arriving from England, so that Beland and his cell-mates had just enough food to keep them in a reasonable state of health. There was little in the way of recreation, though Beland was luckier than his fellow prisoners because he acted as unofficial jail physician, a position which allowed him a certain amount of freedom within Stadtvogtei. …

Elise Bürger (1769-1833) and the Gothic Imagination

By challenging the limits of the natural, predictable, and reasonable, the Gothic offered a certain amount of freedom from the referentiality of realist texts, creating an unconventional vision of reality through conventional narrative. This article explores the productive tensions between Gothic elements and realist narrative forms, which were predominantly influenced by developmental novels in the sentimental, moralistic, and didactic traditions. Bürger's use of the Gothic not only allowed for the creation of unconventional female protagonists; it reacted against the obsessive focus on the domestic sphere and its value system and expressed formal displeasure with the increasing staleness of the possibilities of realistic writing conventions at the end of the century. (KAW)

Some intuitions behind realizability semantics for constructive logic: Tableaux and Läuchli countermodels

We use formal semantic analysis based on new constructions to study abstract realizability, introduced by Läuchli in 1970, and expose its algebraic content. We claim realizability so conceived generates semantics-based intuitive confidence that the Heyting Calculus is an appropriate system of deduction for constructive reasoning. Well-known semantic formalisms have been defined by Kripke and Beth, but these have no formal concepts corresponding to constructions, and shed little intuitive light on the meanings of formulae. In particular, the completeness proofs for these semantics do not generate confidence in the sufficiency of the Heyting Calculus, since we have no reason to believe that every intuitively constructive truth is valid in the formal semantics. Läuchli has proved completeness for a realizability semantics with formal concepts analogous to constructions. We argue in some detail that, in spite of a certain inherent inexactness of the analogy, every intuitively constructive truth is valid in Läuchli semantics, and therefore the Heyting Calculus is powerful enough to prove all constructive truths. Our argument is based on the postulate that a uniformly constructible object must be communicable in spite of imprecision in our language, and that the permutations in Läuchli's semantics represent conceivable imprecision in a language, while allowing a certain amount of freedom in choosing the particular structure of the language. We give a detailed generalization of Läuchli's proof of completeness for the propositional part of the Heyting Calculus, in order to make explicit constructive and algebraic content. In our treatment, we establish several new results about Läuchli models. We show how to extend the sconing and gluing constructions familiar from Kripke and Frame semantics and Topos theory, to Läuchli models, and use them to give an algebraic approach to countermodel construction. In particular, the Läuchli arguments are given without the restriction to the integers, Z, as a group of permutations, which makes much of the coding scheme used in Läuchli's original paper transparent. We also make use of a new propositions-as-types syntax for the Heyting calculus, with limited nondeterminism, in which validity of formulae can be decided without loop-detection.

Overview: The next step

If we are going to reform our healthcare system, we will have to start by providing access to basic care for everyone. This can be done through embracing a strategy that is built around integrated healthcare delivery systems. Payment should be via a universal tax for the basic plan, and there should be ways in which to pursue options beyond the basic plan, to be paid for by individuals. What is provided by way of care will need to be evaluated through a central technology assessment institute. The system will have to slow the rate of growth of spending in an intelligent way, not using price controls, caps, or repressive methodologies. The trick will be to still preserve a certain amount of freedom and flexibility, and include the capacity for change. There will have to be a significant reorientation of what has been our traditional approach to malpractice. Through the course of this symposium there has not been a great deal to be positive about. There are many physicians today who are well described by the English poet A. E. Housman's line, "A stranger and afraid in a world I never made." Change is inevitable; it is here and more is coming. The great medical historian Henry Sigerist noted that: "The physician's position in society, the task assigned to him, and the rules of conduct imposed on him changed in every period. They were determined primarily by the social and economic structure of society and by the technical and scientific means available to medicine at the time."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Diagnosis, Destruction, and Creation

Many years of domination by the administrative-command system in all spheres of life in the Soviet Union have not only led to a crisis in the economy but have almost totally eliminated such qualities in our people as entrepreneurship, business acumen, and initiative. For many of us, unfortunately, these losses are irreversible in character. Our brief experience in the economy of the transitional period—from rigid centralization to a certain amount of freedom in market relations and entrepreneurship—reflects an ambiguous picture. On the one hand, the first results of the work of certain stock-company, lease-based, cooperative, joint, and outright private enterprises have graphically demonstrated the possibility of reviving entrepreneurship. On the other hand, any expansion of economic freedom is accompanied by a strengthening and spread of such negative phenomena as fraud, poor business practices, deterioration in interpersonal relations, aggressiveness, and rapid exhaustion of the physical and mental potential of the entrepreneurs.

The Structuring of the Man-Nature Relationship as the Guiding Theme of a Pedagogical Quest

There is no theory of ecological education, a fact which both impedes and facilitates a paper on this topic. On the one hand, one strays into a hopeless mesh of terms and fragmentary conceptions, in constant danger of becoming entangled. (Volume 2, Environmental Education, of the CALLIES/LOB handbook of environmental and peace education [7], for example, contains over 700 pages with contributions from seventy authors.) On the other hand, this very lack of theory gives me a certain amount of freedom to shape the theme myself.

Thinking about Jesus

Perhaps I’d better make two preliminary remarks. One is that, inevitably, I am speaking out of tradition which is quite clearly marked in a confessional sense, that is to say quite definitely in the Roman Catholic tradition, and so some of the problems which vex me may be peculiarly Roman Catholic problems. I mention that because certainly I shall not only be looking at thought that has been located in our Roman Catholic continuum, yet at the same time there is no doubt that for various reasons (in the way I have been philosophically brought up, and so on) this particular tradition will be exerting pressures, even of an unconscious kind, on me.The second preliminary remark is of a rather different kind. I understand that I am supposed to open this discussion — that is to say to talk for twenty minutes or half an hour, but not more than that, so I think I can allow myself a certain amount of freedom. I would like to raise questions, rather than get answers.So, two preliminary remarks. One to protect myself against seeming over-confessionally characterised, on the other hand I want to protect myself against being thought too questioning altogether.The title has been quite definitely chosen as “Thinking about Jesus Christ”. I mean that title fairly strictly, because I wouldn’t like the title to be “Jesus Christ”. Obviously, thinking about Jesus Christ can’t ignore the object of the thinking! But I would like to stand back a bit from actually thinking about Jesus Christ, and think about thinking about Jesus Christ, because at the moment it seems to be a most difficult area.

The Unity in the Universe, According to Alfred N. Whitehead

THE THOMIST A SPECULATIVE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY EDITORS: THE DoMINICAN FATHERS oF THE PROVINCE oF ST. JosEPH Publishers: Sheed and Ward, Inc., New York City VoL. VI JULY, 1943 THE UNITY IN THE UNIVERSE, ACCORDING TO ALFRED N. WHITEHEAD INTRODUCTION No. 2 PROFESSOR Whitehead has made a large contribution to the field of modern philosophy in the several works which he has published. In the series of books which have appeared, he preserves the general outline of his theories, although he makes certain changes in the detailed explanations. In his latest work, Modes of Thought, one may note a further transition in his doctrine, still within the general trend of his earlier thought. For the purpose of this study the most systematic presentation of his cosmology may be found in Process and Reality. It is easily understood that, while he is presented as a philosopher in the general sense of that term, he has come to philosophy by way of mathematics and mathematical physics. Hence, he is especially interested in the cosmological rather than ontological aspects of philosophy. At the same time, his philosophy is organic, founded on principles which pertain as much to biology and psychology as to cosmology. His doctrine of prehension or prehensive experience as it is 135 186 EDWAIID J" LINTZ presented in Process and Reality is an extension of a fact which is verified concerning living things, to the inorganic world" First of aU, the world must be conceived as composed of monadic actual entities" Each entity becomes-it never is-and it is nothing but the process of its own becoming" This process of becoming resolves itself into the ingression of eternal objects which constitute the potentialities of definiteness any actual existence. Not only do eternal objects enter into the composition , but other actual entities may be prehensively gathered into the unity of one new entity. The eternal objects are similar to universals or Platonic forms, and have an eocistence separate from that which they possess when they are a part of the constitution of an actual entity" A rather disconcerting example of eternal object is a definite shade of green. Mr. Whitehead does not employ the term " greenness " but we may assume that the term is not alien to his idea an eternal object. In this manner of ingression or " participation," the eternal objects are the source of the temporal actual entities of which the actual world is formed. The part of "creativity" in the system is not very clear. It will be treated more fully in the section on creation. For the present, we may say that it is used at times as a synonym for the word " creation " considered as the act of creating; at other times it is that which results from the act of creation, the created world. At all events it is to be conceived as an element to be found throughout the world. All existing things, including God, are characterizations of The two groups, actual entities and eternal objects, are mediated by a thing which combines the two. The mediating element is the divine element in the world, " by which the barren inefficient disposition of abstract potentialities or eternal objects obtains primordially the efficient conjunction of ordering ." This ordering is said to be the "ideal realization" of all eternal objects. "The ideal realization of potentialities in the primordial nature of God constitutes the stability by which the actual process exemplifies general principles of metaphysics and attains the ends proper to specific types of emergent order"" THE UNITY IN THE UNIVERSE 187 By reason of the actuality of the primordial valuation, or ordering, or realization, of eternal objects, each eternal object has a definite, effective relevance to· each concrescent process. The ordering amounts to a plan which is realized only approximately in the concrescent process which constitutes a given actual entity. The concrescing entities enjoy a certain amount of freedom in the process, and therefore the primordial aim is attained only more or less. The process does not cease at the completion of a given actual entity. It begins with data, eternal objects, actual entities or both. These data are prehended by the actual entity...

Form in the Instrumental Music of the Seventeenth Century

There are periods in the history of music when the problems of musical form seem to have been solved once and for all. At such times, there are fixed formal schemes, there are species each of which has its average length, and with each of which the musical world of the particular time can associate something definite, familiar and often apparently unchangeable that has always been and always will be. With a perfectly safe tradition behind them, the composers of such a period see no need to strive for new and ever new forms, and are content to demand a certain amount of freedom or variety within the established tradition. Such a time was, for instance, the age of Mozart, Beethoven and the Romantics, which had its Sonata form with three or four movements each of which was a type that meant something more or less well known to everybody, which had also the Rondo form, Aria form, Opera and Lied form, and so on.

AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA

Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Under the primitive conditions obtaining almost up to the time of the revo lution, the two main classes in agriculture were the land-owning class and the peasant. Until 1861, the lot of the peasant in Russia was exactly comparable with that of the bondman under the feudal system in Britain. In that year the peasants gained a certain amount of freedom, but the conditions of life and work changed but slightly. Only to a very small extent was the peasant master of his own destiny. The land-owners in some cases were genuinely interested in the welfare of their small tenants and peasants, but the large majority was interested only in the revenue which could be obtained from the land. The peasant had to do a certain amount of work for his master, and be generally managed to farm a small patch which would keep him and his family during the year. In some places, the village owned or rented a large area, which was divided up among the villagers and run on the three or five-field system. Here, the villagers had to pay the rent for the land either in money or in kind, the landlord taking no interest in agriculture.

THE TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASE OTHER THAN BY DRUGS

Often the most important effects in the treatment of heart disease are through agents other than drugs. Rest and recreation, both physical and mental, exercise in proper amounts, climate, diet, physical therapy, psychotherapy, venesection and surgical intervention come into consideration, though at times brief, in the discussion of the subject. REST AND RECREATION Most important of all are rest and recreation, applicable in some degree at least to almost every cardiac patient. Although rest is occasionally abused by being carried out too long or too completely, it is generally not sufficiently employed. Sometimes a certain amount of freedom of choice must be left to the patient, as to how much he should rest, after full explanation of his physical condition has been given him, provided he is an intelligent and reasonable individual, provided his family is protected and acquiescent, and provided his associates and the public are not likely to

Political Plays of the Restoration

THE political and religious enthusiasm that reigned in the period of the Restoration is possibly unrivalled throughout the whole of our literary history. The writers were of the court or of the Parliament: they were Catholics or they were Puritans: and they were enabled, as they had not been previously, to express their thoughts with a certain amount of freedom on the subjects that lay near their hearts. No book produced in England between 1660 and 1698 can be understood without a reference, and a full reference, to the course of political events: for the religious and civil enthusiasm of the courts of Charles and of James was the intellectual aftermath of the emotions aroused

XII. The oscillations of a rotating ellipsoidal shell containing fluid

In a paper published in 'Acta Mathematica,’ vol. 16, M. Folie announces the fact that the latitude of places on the earth’s surface is undergoing periodic changes in a period considerably in excess of that which theory has hitherto been supposed to require. This result has been confirmed in a remarkable manner by Dr. S. C. Chandler, in America ( vide ‘ Astronomical Journal,’ vols. 11, 12), who, as the result of an exhaustive examination of almost all the available records of latitude observations for the last half-century, has assigned 427 days as the true period in which the changes are taking place. The old theory, based on the assumption that the earth was rigid throughout, led to a period of 305 days, and M. Folie proposes to account for the extension of this period by attributing a certain amount of freedom to the internal portions of the earth. The earth he supposes to be composed of “a solid shell moving more or less freely on a nucleus consisting of fluid at least at its surface.” The argument advanced by M. Folie in favour of this constitution of the earth, namely, the independence of the motions of the shell and the nucleus, appeared to me to be unsatisfactoiy, and I therefore proposed to myself to test the validity of it by examining a particular case which lent itself to mathematical analysis, namely, that in which the internal surface of the shell is ellipsoidal and the nucleus consists entirely of homogeneous fluid. The principal axes of the shell and of the cavity occupied by fluid are assumed to be coincident, and the oscillations are considered about a state of steady motion in which the axis of rotation coincides with one of these axes. It is clear that a steady motion will be possible in this case, and that such a motion will be secularly stable in the event of the axis of rotation being the axis of greatest moment for both the shell and the cavity.