Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Levels Research Articles

QUANTIFICATION OF CSF Aβ1-38, TOGETHER WITH APOLIPOPROTEINS E, CAN IMPROVE THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY FOR AD OF THE CSF TAU AND Aβ ASSAYS

Background: Neuroinflammation contributes to several neurodegenerative diseases and might play an important role in early stages of the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study analyzed cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and investigated their relation to established diagnostic markers of AD. Methods: CSF samples and neuropsychological data were obtained from the Clinical Neuroscience Unit. Commercial customized multiplex enzyme‘linked‘immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to quantify standard amyloid and tau markers and the cytokines IL‘6, IL‘18, TNF‘a, MCP‘1, MIF, MIG and IP‘10. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and linear correlation analysis adjusted for multiple testing. Results: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients were clearly distinguished from other neurological patients using the standard AD markers. TNF‘a was significantly elevated in the group of MCI patients. Other cytokines did not differ between patient groups, but in part correlated to age, amyloid, tau or neuropsychological markers of dementia. Conclusions: The elevation of TNF‘a in MCI indicates an involvement of this cytokine in early stages of AD. Further, several cytokines appear to correlate to disease progression and cognitive decline. It has been hypothesized that the expression of proinflammatory cytokines peaks in MCI, possibly at the point of MCI to AD turnover. Our data support this theory and indicate a need for longitudinal analysis of cytokines in CSF of individuals at risk of dementia in order to evaluate the exact time course of neuroinflammation in AD.

Higher CSF interleukin-6 and CSF interleukin-8 in current depression in older women. Results from a population-based sample.

The literature regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines in geriatric depression is sparse. The aim of this study was to examine associations between CSF interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and depression in a population-based sample of older women who were followed for 17 years. 86 dementia-free women aged 70-84 years who participated in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden took part in a lumbar puncture in 1992-3. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 were measured. Psychiatric symptoms were rated with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale at baseline and at three subsequent face-to-face examinations. Depression (major or minor) was diagnosed in accordance with DSM-IV/DSM-IV research criteria. At baseline, women with ongoing major (n=10) or minor depression (n=9) had higher levels of CSF IL-6 (p=0.008) and CSF IL-8 (p=0.007) compared with those without depression (n=67). Higher CSF IL-8 was related to higher MADRS score (p=0.003). New cases of depression were observed in 9 women during follow-ups. No associations between CSF cytokine levels and future depression could be shown in women without depression at baseline. Higher levels of CSF IL-6 and IL-8 were associated with current depression in this population-based sample. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 may play a role in depression in late life.

Normal serum levels of immune complexes in postpolio patients

ObjectiveThe pathophysiology of the postpolio syndrome is not fully understood. Increased cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood indicate a systemic inflammatory process. Decreased cytokine levels and the clinical effect of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment further indicate an inflammatory/immunological pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether an autoimmune process follows the initial infection, by means of analyzing immune complexes. Patients and methodsCirculating immune complexes were analyzed from blood samples of 20 postpolio patients and 95 healthy controls. To compensate for differences in age between patients and controls, a sub-analysis was performed using only the 30 oldest controls. Tumor necrosis factor-inducing properties of polyethylene glycol-precipitated immune complexes were compared between the postpolio patients and 10 healthy controls. ResultsWhen comparing levels in postpolio patients to the whole control group, including the 30 oldest investigated, there were no statistically significant differences. No difference was found in tumor necrosis factor levels induced by immune complexes when comparing patients and controls. ConclusionsThere was no increase in circulating immune complex or in tumor necrosis factor-inducing effects of circulating immune complex between postpolio patients and healthy controls, indicating that the postpolio syndrome is not due to an autoimmune reaction.

Increased Levels of Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Aseptic Meningitis Caused by Mumps Virus and Echovirus 30

We measured levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with mumps meningitis, enteroviral echovirus 30 meningitis and children without central nervous system infection to investigate whether these molecules were involved in the pathogenesis of viral meningitis. The CSF was obtained from 62 children suspected with meningitis. These patients were classified to the mumps meningitis (n = 19), echovirus 30 meningitis (n = 22) and non-meningitis (n = 21) groups. The concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1 soluble receptor type 2 (IL-1R2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), human interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined by immunoassay. A significant increase was noted in the levels of IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1R2 in the CSF of both meningitis groups as compared to controls. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-1 differed significantly only between the mumps group and control. The levels of IL-1, IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in mumps meningitis when compared to the echovirus 30 group. Of all cytokines examined, only IFN-γ correlated with pleocytosis (r = 0.58) in the mumps meningitis group. The increased CSF cytokine levels are markers of meningeal inflammation, and each virus may cause a specific profile of the cytokine pattern.

Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels and the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients

BackgroundAging and neurodegenerative disease predispose to delirium and are both associated with increased activity of the innate immune system resulting in an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the brain. We examined whether hip fracture patients who develop postoperative delirium have altered levels of inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to surgery.MethodsPatients were 75 years and older and admitted for surgical repair of an acute hip fracture. CSF samples were collected preoperatively. In an exploratory study, we measured 42 cytokines and chemokines by multiplex analysis. We compared CSF levels between patients with and without postoperative delirium and examined the association between CSF cytokine levels and delirium severity. Delirium was diagnosed with the Confusion Assessment Method; severity of delirium was measured with the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98. Mann–Whitney U tests or Student t-tests were used for between-group comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used for correlation analyses.ResultsSixty-one patients were included, of whom 23 patients (37.7%) developed postsurgical delirium. Concentrations of Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (P=0.021), Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (P=0.032) and Interleukin-6 (P=0.005) were significantly lower in patients who developed delirium postoperatively.ConclusionsOur findings fit the hypothesis that delirium after surgery results from a dysfunctional neuroinflammatory response: stressing the role of reduced levels of anti-inflammatory mediators in this process.Trial registrationThe Effect of Taurine on Morbidity and Mortality in the Elderly Hip Fracture Patient.Registration number: NCT00497978. Local ethical protocol number: NL16222.094.07.

Diagnostic Value of Cytokines and Chemokines in Lyme Neuroborreliosis

The aims of the present study were to assess the concentrations of different cytokines and chemokines in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis and to identify the possible marker(s) that would enable a distinction between clinically evident and suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis, as well as between Lyme neuroborreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Our additional interest was to evaluate the relationship between cytokine and chemokine concentrations and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolation from CSF, as well as intrathecal synthesis of specific borrelial antibodies. We found that higher concentrations of CXCL13 and lower concentrations of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in serum were associated with higher odds for clinically evident Lyme neuroborreliosis compared to suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis, as well as to TBE. The concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and CXCL13 in the CSF were higher in patients with evident Lyme neuroborreliosis than in those who were only suspected to have the disease. A comparison of CSF cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with and without intrathecal synthesis of specific borrelial antibodies revealed that CXCL13 CSF concentration is significantly associated with intrathecal synthesis of borrelial antibodies. A comparison of the cytokine and chemokine CSF concentrations in patients with clinically evident Lyme neuroborreliosis according to CSF culture results revealed that higher concentrations of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were associated with lower odds of Borrelia isolation. Although several differences in the blood serum and CSF concentrations of various cytokines and chemokines between the groups were found, the distinctive power of the majority of these findings is low. Further research on well-defined groups of patients is needed to appraise the potential diagnostic usefulness of these concentrations.

Inflammasome activation mediates inflammation and outcome in humans and mice with pneumococcal meningitis

BackgroundInflammasomes are multi-protein intracellular signaling complexes that have recently been hypothesized to play a role in the regulation of the inflammation response. We studied associations between inflammasome-associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial meningitis and clinical outcome, and pneumococcal serotype. In a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis we examined the pathophysiological roles of two inflammasome proteins, NLRP3 (Nod-like receptor protein-3) and adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein).MethodsIn a nationwide prospective cohort study, CSF cytokine levels were measured and related to clinical outcome and pneumococcal serotype. In a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis using Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3, we examined bacterial titers, cytokine profiles and brain histology at 6 and 30 hours after inoculation in wild-type (WT), Asc and Nlrp3 deficient mice.ResultsIn patients with bacterial meningitis, CSF levels of inflammasome associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 were related to complications, and unfavorable disease outcome. CSF levels of IL-1β were associated with pneumococcal serotype (p<0.001). In our animal model, Asc and Nlrp3 deficient mice had decreased systemic inflammatory responses and bacterial outgrowth as compared to WT mice. Differences between Asc−/− and WT mice appeared sooner after bacterial inoculation and were more widespread (lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in both blood and brain homogenate) than in Nlrp3-/-mice. Nlrp3 deficiency was associated with an increase of cerebral neutrophil infiltration and cerebral hemorrhages when compared to WT controls.ConclusionsOur results implicate an important role for inflammasome proteins NLRP3 and ASC in the regulation of the systemic inflammatory response and the development of cerebral damage during pneumococcal meningitis, which may dependent on the pneumococcal serotype.

Changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in response to non-neurological surgery: an observational study

BackgroundSurgery launches an inflammatory reaction in the body, as seen through increased peripheral levels of cytokines and cortisol. However, less is known about perioperative inflammatory changes in the central nervous system (CNS).Our aim was to compare inflammatory markers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after surgery and evaluate their association with measures of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity.MethodsThirty-five patients undergoing knee arthroplastic surgery with spinal anesthesia had CSF and serum samples drawn before, after and on the morning following surgery. Cytokines and albumin in serum and CSF and cortisol in CSF were assessed at all three points.ResultsCytokines and cortisol were significantly increased in serum and CSF after surgery (Ps <0.01) and CSF increases were greater than in serum. Ten individuals had an increased cytokine response and significantly higher CSF/serum albumin ratios (Ps <0.01), five of whom had albumin ratios in the pathological range (>11.8). Serum and CSF levels of cytokines were unrelated, but there were strong correlations between CSF IL-2, IL-10 and IL-13, and albumin ratios (Ps <0.05) following surgery.ConclusionCytokine increases in the CNS were substantially greater than in serum, indicating that the CNS inflammatory system is activated during peripheral surgery and may be regulated separately from that in the peripheral body. CSF cytokine increase may indicate sensitivity to trauma and is linked to BBB macromolecular permeability.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Dynamics Differ Between Alzheimer Disease Patients and Elderly Controls

The time courses of levels of multiple plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and in age-matched control subjects were compared. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were measured 7 times over a 24-hour period in plasma and CSF using a lumbar catheter. Baseline plasma and CSF cytokine levels were found to be similar in AD and control subjects. However, the CSF levels of all measured cytokines, except IL-6 and IL-8, diverged over time between AD and control subjects, such that CSF cytokine levels in AD subjects were higher than in controls. This difference was greatest at 24 hours after the insertion of the lumbar catheter. In contrast, no differences in cytokine trajectories were seen in plasma. These data suggest that the neuroinflammatory response to lumbar catheter placement differs between AD and control subjects.

The Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Children with Refractory Epilepsy: An Exploratory Study

Objectives: The vagus nerve has important immunological and anti-inflammatory actions that might be relevant to the beneficial effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Therefore, we conducted an exploratory study on VNS effects on cytokine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of children suffering from refractory epilepsy. Moreover, as predictors of the response are lacking, we also aimed to determine if cytokine changes predict the clinical response. Methods: VNS was performed according to a randomized double-blind design: plasma levels were compared between patients who received 20 weeks of high output (therapeutic) (n = 21) or low output (active control) stimulation (n = 20). Thereupon, all patients received high output stimulation for another 19 weeks; levels during this period were compared to baseline. Interictal interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 were determined by ELISA. Results: No significant changes were found between high and low output groups and between the last 19 weeks of stimulation and baseline. Changes in interleukin-1β correlated with improved IQ (τ = 0.42, p < 0.01). Lower baseline plasma levels of interleukin-6 were associated with more seizure frequency reduction [R2 = 0.105 (1, 35), p = 0.050]. Conclusion: Interictal cytokine levels were not altered by VNS but baseline interleukin-6 predicted the clinical response. In the future, patient selection may be aided by determination of the cytokine profile of the patient.

Cytokine levels in CSF and neuropsychological performance in HIV patients

HIV-associated dementia and its precursors are frequently observed complications of HIV infection, even in the presence of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). The development, surveillance and treatment of this condition are still not completely understood. Cytokines, as immunological transmitters, may be one key to gaining a deeper understanding of the disease. A total of 33 HIV-positive male patients were evaluated by neuropsychological testing, lumbar and venous puncture, neuroimaging and neurological examination. The cytokine content in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) was examined by a solid-phase protein array. The Digit-Symbol Test, contraction time analysis, Rey-Osterrieth Figure and Grooved-Pegboard Test showed inferior results in the presence of an inflammatory CSF environment, whereas neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory conditions were correlated to better results in contraction time analysis. Higher CSF levels of cytokines were independently correlated with the duration of HIV infection. The study showed a correlation of cytokine levels in the CSF of HIV patients with test results of their neuropsychological functioning. The effect was pronounced with regard to the more complex executive tasks. Determining CSF cytokine levels may be a useful supplement to the assessment of HIV patients and contribute helpful information to predict neurocognitive performance. Therapeutic strategies to ameliorate a negative impact of an altered cytokine milieu may aid in slowing the evolution of neurocognitive dysfunction.

Systematic Review of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Several studies have examined levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and plasma serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in IL-1β levels in OCD. No significant difference in plasma levels of IL-6 or TNF-α was demonstrated. Stratified subgroup analysis revealed possible moderating effects of age and medication use on IL-6 levels. Studies including children on psychotropic medication had lower plasma IL-6 levels. Stratified subgroup analysis revealed a moderating effect of comorbid depression on TNF-α levels. Elevated TNF-α levels were reported in studies that included individuals with comorbid depression. Future studies examining immune function in OCD should adjust for potential confounding due to medication use and comorbid depression. Further studies assessing cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in OCD are also needed.

Characterization of a pneumococcal meningitis mouse model

BackgroundS. pneumoniae is the most common causative agent of meningitis, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to develop an integrated and representative pneumococcal meningitis mouse model resembling the human situation.MethodsAdult mice (C57BL/6) were inoculated in the cisterna magna with increasing doses of S. pneumoniae serotype 3 colony forming units (CFU; n = 24, 104, 105, 106 and 107 CFU) and survival studies were performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, blood, spleen, and lungs were collected. Subsequently, mice were inoculated with 104 CFU S. pneumoniae serotype 3 and sacrificed at 6 (n = 6) and 30 hours (n = 6). Outcome parameters were bacterial outgrowth, clinical score, and cytokine and chemokine levels (using Luminex®) in CSF, blood and brain. Meningeal inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, parenchymal and subarachnoidal hemorrhages, microglial activation and hippocampal apoptosis were assessed in histopathological studies.ResultsLower doses of bacteria delayed onset of illness and time of death (median survival CFU 104, 56 hrs; 105, 38 hrs, 106, 28 hrs. 107, 24 hrs). Bacterial titers in brain and CSF were similar in all mice at the end-stage of disease independent of inoculation dose, though bacterial outgrowth in the systemic compartment was less at lower inoculation doses. At 30 hours after inoculation with 104 CFU of S. pneumoniae, blood levels of KC, IL6, MIP-2 and IFN- γ were elevated, as were brain homogenate levels of KC, MIP-2, IL-6, IL-1β and RANTES. Brain histology uniformly showed meningeal inflammation at 6 hours, and, neutrophil infiltration, microglial activation, and hippocampal apoptosis at 30 hours. Parenchymal and subarachnoidal and cortical hemorrhages were seen in 5 of 6 and 3 of 6 mice at 6 and 30 hours, respectively.ConclusionWe have developed and validated a murine model of pneumococcal meningitis.

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokine levels in severe traumatic brain injury patients

Inflammatory response following brain injury begins with brain tissue injury triggered neuroinflammation, which induces a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We investigated the characteristics of the acute inflammatory response following severe traumatic brain injury through changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum cytokine levels.

PROINFLAMMATORY AND “RESILIENCY” PROTEINS IN THE CSF OF PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION

A number of studies have shown that elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines may promote depression and suicidal ideation and that neuroprotective peptides may decrease the response to stress and depression. In this study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of three inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)) and two putative "resiliency" neuropeptides (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)) were compared between patients with depression and healthy controls. Eighteen patients with major depression and 25 healthy controls underwent a lumbar puncture; CSF samples were withdrawn and assayed for IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, BDNF, and NPY levels. Patients with depression were then entered into an 8-week treatment protocol and had repeated lumbar puncture procedures post-treatment. Contrary to prediction, we found that at baseline depressed patients had higher CSF NPY concentration compared to the normal comparison group. Within the depressed patients, we found several statistically significant correlations between elevated CSF cytokine levels and clinical severity. Despite the small sample size, given the challenges in obtaining CSF from patients with depression these data are of interest in confirming some aspects of the inflammatory hypothesis of depression.

Selected acute phase CSF factors in ischemic stroke: findings and prognostic value

BackgroundStudy aimed at investigation of pathogenic role and prognostic value of several selected cerebrospinal fluid acute phase factors that can reflect the severity of ischemic brain damage.MethodsNinety five acute ischemic stroke patients were investigated. Ischemic region visualized at the twenty fourth hour by conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stroke severity evaluated by National Institute Health Stroke Scale. One month outcome of disease was assessed by Barthel Index. Cerebrospinal fluid was taken at the sixth hour of stroke onset. CSF pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were studied by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Nitric Oxide and Lipoperoxide radical were measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. CSF Nitrate levels were detected using the Griess reagent. Statistics performed by SPSS-11.0.ResultsAt the sixth hour of stroke onset, cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels were elevated in patients against controls. Severe stroke patients had increased interleukin-6 content compared to less severe strokes (P < 0.05). Cerebrospinal fluid Electron Paramagnetic Resonance signal of nitric oxide was increased in patients against controls. Severe stroke group had an elevated Electron Paramagnetic Resonance signal of lipoperoxiradical compared to less severe stroke. Cerebrospinal fluid nitrate levels in less severe stroke patients were higher than those for severe stroke and control. Positive correlation was established between the initial interleukin-6 content and ischemic lesion size as well as with National Institute Health Stroke Scale score on the seventh day. Initial interleukin-6 and nitrate levels in cerebrospinal fluid found to be significant for functional outcome of stroke at one month.ConclusionAccording to present study the cerebrospinal fluid contents of interleukin-6 and nitrates seem to be the most reliable prognostic factors in acute phase of ischemic stroke.

Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy With Elevated Antibody Titers to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza

Pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) has been associated with encephalopathy, but the role of adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. A child presented with seizures 5 days after onset of respiratory symptoms with pH1N1, with no detectable virus in cerebrospinal fluid. The authors compared her serum cytokines and pH1N1 antibody titers to those of 22 children with pH1N1, seasonal influenza, or other respiratory viral infections. They also compared her cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to those of 20 children with confirmed or probable central nervous system infection or viral infection without central nervous system involvement. Her serum antibody titers were several-fold higher, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were lower than those of controls. Antibody titers in cerebrospinal fluid were undetectable. The delayed onset of neurologic manifestations, normal cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, markedly elevated hemagglutinating and neutralizing antibody titers, and absence of virus and antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid raise the possibility of a post-infectious autoimmune-mediated process.

Repeated courses of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Clinical and biological results from a prospective multicenter study

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces a transient mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood. Our aim was to evaluate safety of repeated courses of G-CSF in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), assessing disease progression and changes in chemokine and cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Twenty-four ALS patients entered an open-label, multicenter trial in which four courses of G-CSF and mannitol were administered at 3-month intervals. Levels of G-CSF were increased after treatment in the serum and CSF. Few and transitory adverse events were observed. No significant reduction of the mean monthly decrease in ALSFRS-R score and forced vital capacity was observed. A significant reduction in CSF levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) was observed. G-CSF treatment was safe and feasible in a multicenter series of ALS patients. A decrease in the CSF levels of proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-17 was found, indicating a G-CSF-induced central anti-inflammatory response.

CSF levels of cytokines in neuro-Behçet's disease

Background Neurological manifestations of Behçet's disease (neuro-Behçet's disease) present in 5–30% of patients. Although cytokines play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of Behçet's disease, published studies about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cytokines in neuro-Behçet's disease are scanty. Methods Nine patients with active parenchymal, one patient with non-parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease, six patients with headache attributed to Behçet's disease, 13 patients with viral meningitis, and 19 healthy controls were recruited. Interleukin 6, 8, 10, tumor necrotic factor-α, and interferon-γ were measured in the CSF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results Patients with viral meningitis had significantly higher levels of all investigated cytokines except for interferon-γ in comparison with the patients with parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease, headache attributed to Behçet's disease and controls ( P values <0.05). CSF interleukin 6 was significantly higher in patients with parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease in comparison with the controls ( P = 0.025). CSF levels of investigated cytokines had no significant difference between patients with headache attributed to Behçet's disease and controls ( P values >0.05). Patients with headache attributed to BD and patients with parenchymal NBD had no significant difference in measured cytokines ( P values >0.05). Conclusion In contrast to some previous studies, our investigation showed loss of analogy between CSF cytokine profiles of patients with parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease and viral meningitis. Also we postulated a crucial role for interleukin 6 in immunopathogenesis of neuro-Behçet's disease.

Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of cytokines after seizures: the role of IL‐6 and glutamic acid

European Journal of NeurologyVolume 16, Issue 4 p. e75-e75 Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of cytokines after seizures: the role of IL-6 and glutamic acid K. A. Lehtimäki, K. A. Lehtimäki Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorT. Keränen, T. Keränen Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Palmio, J. Palmio Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorS. Rainesalo, S. Rainesalo Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorP. Saransaari, P. Saransaari Brain Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Peltola, J. Peltola Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this author K. A. Lehtimäki, K. A. Lehtimäki Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorT. Keränen, T. Keränen Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Palmio, J. Palmio Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorS. Rainesalo, S. Rainesalo Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this authorP. Saransaari, P. Saransaari Brain Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Peltola, J. Peltola Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University HospitalSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02557.xCitations: 3 Kai Lehtimäki, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, PL 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland (tel.: +358 3 31169412; fax: +358 3 31169369; e-mail: kai.lehtimaki@pshp.fi). Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume16, Issue4April 2009Pages e75-e75 RelatedInformation