Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Research Articles

Republished: Primary intraventricular haemorrhage due to rupture of giant varix of the basal vein of Rosenthal in a patient with long-standing direct CCF: angiographic features and treatment considerations

Direct carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) are often detected early and treated promptly resulting in a paucity of literature regarding its long-term evolution. We present a case of high flow post-traumatic...

Significance of Quantitative Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement in the Acute Stage after Revascularization Surgery for Adult Moyamoya Disease: Implication for the Pathological Threshold of Local Cerebral Hyperperfusion

Objective: Superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis is a standard surgical procedure for adult patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) and plays a role in preventing ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral hyperperfusion (CHP) syndrome is a potential complication of this procedure that can result in deleterious outcomes, such as delayed intracerebral hemorrhage, but the exact threshold of the pathological increase in postoperative cerebral blood flow (CBF) is unclear. Thus, we analyzed local CBF in the acute stage after revascularization surgery for adult MMD to predict CHP syndrome under modern perioperative management. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine consecutive adult MMD patients, aged 17–66 years old (mean 43.1), underwent STA-MCA anastomosis with indirect pial synangiosis for 65 affected hemispheres. All patients were perioperatively managed by strict blood pressure control (systolic pressure of 110–130 mm Hg) to prevent CHP syndrome. Local CBF at the site of anastomosis was quantitatively measured using the autoradiographic method by N-isopropyl-p-[¹²³I] iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography 1 and 7 days after surgery, in addition to the preoperative CBF value at the corresponding area. We defined CHP phenomenon as a local CBF increase over 150% compared to the preoperative value. Then, we investigated the correlation between local hemodynamic change and the development of CHP syndrome. Results: After 65 surgeries, 5 patients developed CHP syndrome, including 2 patients with delayed intracerebral hemorrhage (3.0%), 1 with symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.5%), and 2 with focal neurological deterioration without hemorrhage. The CBF increase ratio was significantly higher in patients with CHP syndrome (270.7%) than in patients without CHP syndrome (135.2%, p = 0.003). Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, the cutoff value for the pathological postoperative CBF increase ratio was 184.5% for CHP syndrome (sensitivity = 83.3%, specificity = 94.2%, area under the curve [AUC] value = 0.825) and 241.3% for hemorrhagic CHP syndrome (sensitivity = 75.0%, specificity = 97.2%, AUC value = 0.742). Conclusion: Quantitative measurement of the local CBF value in the early postoperative period provides essential information to predict CHP syndrome after STA-MCA anastomosis in patients with adult MMD. The pathological threshold of hemorrhagic CHP syndrome was as high as 241.3% by the local CBF increase ratio, but 2 patients (3.0%) developed delayed intracerebral hemorrhage in this series that were managed following the intensive perioperative management protocol. Thus, we recommend routine CBF measurement in the acute stage after direct revascularization surgery for adult MMD and satisfactory blood pressure control to avoid the deleterious effects of CHP.

Postoperative Transcranial Doppler after Carotid Endarterectomy is Optimal for the Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome

Introduction - Transcranial Doppler (TCD) plays a crucial role in the INTRA-operative detection of patients at risk for cerebral hyperperfusion (CH) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) under general anesthesia. However, cerebral perfusion patterns in the POST-operative phase may lead to different cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) risk assessment.1 The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of additional postoperative TCD measurements after CEA for the prediction of CH and CHS.

Impact of cerebral blood flow changes due to arterial bypass surgery on cognitive function in adult patients with symptomatic ischemic moyamoya disease.

Some adult patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) undergoing revascularization surgery show an improvement or decline in cognition postoperatively. Revascularization surgery for ischemic MMD augments cerebral blood flow (CBF) and improves cerebral oxygen metabolism. However, cerebral hyperperfusion, which is a short-term, major increase in ipsilateral CBF that is much greater than the metabolic needs of the brain, sometimes occurs as a complication. Cerebral hyperperfusion produces widespread, minimal injury to the ipsilateral white matter and cortical regions. The aim of the present prospective study was to determine how changes in CBF due to arterial bypass surgery affect cognitive function in adult patients with symptomatic ischemic MMD and misery perfusion. Thirty-two patients with cerebral misery perfusion, as determined on the basis of 15O gas positron emission tomography, underwent single superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (M4 in the precentral region) anastomosis. Brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies were performed preoperatively, on the 1st postoperative day, and 2 months after surgery. Neuropsychological tests were also performed preoperatively and 2 months after surgery. Postoperative neuropsychological assessments demonstrated cognitive improvement in 10 cases (31%), no change in 8 cases (25%), and decline in 14 cases (44%). Based on brain perfusion SPECT and symptoms, 10 patients were considered to have cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, and all of these patients exhibited a postoperative decline in cognition. Relative precentral CBF on the 1st postoperative day was significantly greater in patients with postoperative cognitive decline (167.3% ± 15.3%) than in those with improved (105.3% ± 18.2%; p < 0.0001) or unchanged (131.4% ± 32.1%; p = 0.0029) cognition. The difference between relative precentral CBF 2 months after surgery and that before surgery was significantly greater in patients with postoperative cognitive improvement (17.2% ± 3.8%) than in those with no postoperative change (10.1% ± 2.4%; p = 0.0003) or with postoperative decline (11.5% ± 3.2%; p = 0.0009) in cognition. Cerebral hyperperfusion in the acute stage after arterial bypass surgery impairs cognitive function. An increase in CBF in the chronic stage without acute-stage cerebral hyperperfusion improves cognitive function in adult patients with symptomatic ischemic MMD and misery perfusion.

Color-coded Quantitative Digital Subtraction Angiography For Short-term Effectiveness Evaluation of Carotid Artery Stenting and Predictive Evaluation for Cerebral Hyper-perfusion Syndrome After Carotid Artery Stenting

Color-coded Quantitative Digital Subtraction Angiography For Short-term Effectiveness Evaluation of Carotid Artery Stenting and Predictive Evaluation for Cerebral Hyper-perfusion Syndrome After Carotid Artery Stenting

Remote ischemic postconditioning as well as blood plasma from double-conditioned donor ameliorate reperfusion syndrome in skeletal muscle

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of preparation and effectiveness of the use of blood plasma containing an effector of ischemic tolerance activated by applying two sublethal stresses to a donor. As sublethal stresses, two periods of 20-minute hindlimb ischemia were used with a two-day interval between them. Active plasma was isolated six hours after the second hindlimb ischemia. The effectiveness of active plasma as well as remote postconditioning was tested after three hours of tourniquet-induced ischemia on the gastrocnemius muscle. The wet/dry ratio of gastrocnemius muscle (degree of tissue oedema), nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (tissue necrosis), and CatWalk test (hind limb functionality) were evaluated 24 h after the end of ischemia. Three hours of ischemia increased muscle oedema and necrosis in comparison to control by 26.72% (p < 0.001) and 41.58% (p < 0.001) respectively. Remote ischemic postconditioning as well as injection of conditioned blood plasma significantly prevented these changes, even when they were applied one or three hours after the end of ischemia. Equally effective double-conditioned plasma appears to have better prospects in life-threatening situations such as stroke and myocardial infarction.

Application research on carotid arterial shunting during simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy

Objective: The optimal operative strategy in patients with asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unknown. We sought to investigate the safety of carotid arterial shunting during simultaneous CABG and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods: The clinical data of patients undergoing synchronous combined CEA and CABG in the First Hospital of China Medical University between March 2017 and July 2019 was retrospectively studied. Patients with asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis ≥70% according to NASCET (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial) were required CABG surgery. During conventional CEA, carotid arterial shunting was used in all cases. Results: Ten patients were recruited. The average clamping time of carotid artery was 5 minutes. The average follow-up time was 10 months. We did not observe stroke, cerebral hyper perfusion syndrome, death and carotid restenosis. Conclusions: Carotid arterial shunting during synchronous combined CEA and CABG was helpful for obtaining good curative effect.

Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Revascularization: A Brief Review

AbstractCerebral hyperperfusion (CHS) syndrome is a relatively rare but potentially devastating event that can complicate carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting. It is associated with increased cerebral perfusion usually more than 100% from the baseline along with ipsilateral headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits, encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Various risk factors have been identified but most important risk factor is preprocedure evidence of reduced cerebral vasoreactivity with or without contralateral severe carotid stenosis or occlusion. Although diagnosis is suspected in patients with clinical suspicion, it can be radiologically demonstrated with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and by dynamic imaging of cerebral perfusion such as transcranial Doppler (TCD), CT, and MR perfusion, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Management is usually centered around prompt recognition and active regulation of blood pressure in perioperative and postoperative periods to limit the rise of cerebral blood flow. Prognosis depends on the early detection and prompt management of CHS. If detected early, coupled with intensive blood pressure management, almost all patients will recover over a period of time. For those patients who are diagnosed late and those progressing to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), the prognosis is not nearly as good.

Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive and Treatment Interventions for Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Bypass Surgery

Abstract INTRODUCTION Although cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) remains a major complication of bypass surgery that can lead to severe neurological morbidity and mortality, data regarding its prevention and treatment have not been assorted until date. Thus, we systematically reviewed the literature, to assess available data and evaluate whether any conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of utilized interventions on either preventing or treating bypass related CHS. METHODS We systematically reviewed PubMed &amp; Cochrane Library from September 2008 to September 2018 according to PRISMA, to collect data regarding the effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions on the prevention (PRE) and treatment (TRE) of bypass-related CHS. We categorized interventions regarding their class of drugs and their combinations and calculated overall pooled estimates of the proportions of CHS development or improvement through random-effects meta-analyses of proportions using a Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. RESULTS Our search yielded 646 studies of which 40 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of PRE included 23 studies/2041 cases. In group [A] (BP control) 202 out of 1174 pretreated cases developed CHS (23.3% pooled estimate; 95% CI 9.9-39.4), in group [B] (BP control + Free Radical Scavenger (FRS)) 10/263 pretreated cases developed CHS (0.3%; 95% CI 0.0-14.1), in group [C] (BP control + antiplatelet) 22/204 pretreated cases developed CHS (10.3%; 95% CI 5.1-16.7), and in group [D] (BP control + Postoperative sedation) 29/400 pretreated cases developed CHS (6.8%; 95% CI 4.4-9.6)]. Meta-analysis of TRE included 29 studies/144 cases that developed CHS. Pooled estimates of improvement ranged from 92.1% to 100.0%. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that BP control alone as a pretreatment has not been proven effective in preventing CHS. However, BP control along with either postoperative sedation or an FRS or an antiplatelet agent seem to reduce the incidence of CHS. Once CHS has developed, BP control and/or FRS administration may ameliorate symptoms.

Cerebral hyper perfusion syndrome after carotid artery stenting

To explore the risk factors, clinical characteristics, precaution and treatment of hyper perfusion syndrome (HPS) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). From September 2014 to March 2018, the clinical data of 226 patients with severe carotid stenosis (70%-99%) treated with carotid artery stenting (CAS)at Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, were analyzed retrospectively．Five of them developed HPS after CAS．The relationship between the clinical baseline data, imaging characteristics, perioperative management and HPS were assessed. In this group, 5 patients of them (2.21%, 5/226) developed HPS after CAS, and 2 patients of them (0.88%, 2/226) were hyper perfusion induced intracranial hemorrhage (HICH). The 5 patients consisted of 4 men and 1 woman whose age ranged from 58 to 74 years. The symptoms of HPS occurred within 4 hours to 3 days after CAS. Among the 5 cases, the clinical manifestations were that 2 cases with headache, 1 case with delirium,1 case with hemiparesis of left limbs, and 1 case with coma(died ultimately).The main manifestations of case 1 and case 2 were headache in the frontal parietal temporal region of the operative side, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The symptoms were relieved after blood pressure lowering treatment and mannitol dehydration. The main manifestations of case 3 were excitement and delirium. The symptoms were relieved by a small dose of sedatives, also with blood pressure lowering treatment and mannitol dehydration. The initial symptoms of case 4 were excitement and delirium, accompanied by mild headache of the operative side, and hemiplegia of the contralateral limb occurred within a short time. The main manifestation of case 5 was severe headache and went into deep coma within a short time. This patient died of massive cerebral hemorrhage ultimately. HPS is an uncommon but serious complication after CAS. Improving our understanding and heightening vigilance of HPS is necessary. The earlier diagnosis, the earlier treatment.

Sentinel Angiographic Signs of Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Angioplasty and Stenting of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis: A Technical Note.

Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a serious complication of endovascular angioplasty and stent placement for long-standing intracranial stenosis, resulting in neurologic dysfunction, seizure, or reperfusion hemorrhage. Rigorous control of blood pressure is commonly used in the perioperative period to prevent cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, but the optimal blood pressure is often arbitrary. We describe the angiographic features that reflect impaired cerebral autoregulation and microvascular transit abnormality, which may be used to gauge the optimal blood pressure parameters in the immediate postintervention period for prevention of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome.

Transcranial Doppler 24 Hours after Carotid Endarterectomy Accurately Identifies Patients Not at Risk of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome

Intra-operative transcranial Doppler (TCD) is the gold standard for prediction of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) in patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) under general anaesthesia. However, post-operative cerebral perfusion patterns may result in a shift in risk assessment for CHS. This is a study of the predictive value of additional post-operative TCD measurements for prediction of CHS after CEA. This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in patients undergoing CEA with available intra- and post-operative TCD measurements between 2011 and 2016. The mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAVmean) was measured pre-operatively, intra-operatively, and post-operatively at two and 24h. Intra-operative MCAVmean increase was compared with MCAVmean increase two and 24h post-operatively in relation to CHS. Cerebral hyperperfusion (CH) was defined as MCAVmean increase≥100%, and CHS as CH with the presence of headache or neurological symptoms. Positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of TCD measurements were calculated to predict CHS. Of 257 CEA patients, 25 (9.7%) had CH intra-operatively, 45 (17.5%) 2h post-operatively, and 34 (13.2%) 24h post-operatively. Of nine patients (3.5%) who developed CHS, intra-operative CH was diagnosed in two and post-operative CH in eight (after 2h [n=5] or after 24h [n=6]). This resulted in a PPV of 8%, 11%, and 18%, and a NPV of 97%, 98%, and 99% for intra-operative, 2h and 24h post-operative TCD, respectively. TCD measurement of the MCAVmean 24h after CEA under general anaesthesia is most accurate to identify patients who are not at risk of CHS.

Treatment Strategy for Progressive Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Under Restriction of the Use of Antiplatelet Drugs

Acute ischemic stroke caused by cervical internal carotid artery stenosis (ICS) with altered consciousness and progressive paralysis leads to a poor neurologic prognosis. When such a patient is brought to the hospital in the hyperacute phase, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is first administered. However, when an indwelling carotid artery stent is required after administration, physicians often hesitate to use antithrombotic drugs. In this report, we propose performing staged angioplasty (SAP) for such cases. Four patients were retrospectively investigated. In all 4 patients, we immediately performed only percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) without antiplatelet drugs. If both cerebral perfusion on angiography and neurologic findings improved, no additional treatment was provided; otherwise, emergency carotid artery stenting (eCAS) was performed. In PTA-successful cases, eCAS or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was performed with single or dual antiplatelet drugs at a later date. The success rate of PTA was 50% (2 of 4), and the overall treatment success rate was 100% (4 of 4). Three patients had favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-2), but unfortunately, 1 patient had severe disability (mRS score >3) on discharge. The PTA-successful patients had no perioperative complications. On the other hand, 1 of the 2 patients who underwent eCAS experienced embolic complications, including distal embolization. In this investigation, both eCAS and SAP could be performed safety. However, performing SAP first without antiplatelet drugs to avoid hemorrhagic complications and cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome appears to have considerable validity.

Microbleeds after Carotid Artery Stenting: Small Embolism May Induce Cerebral Microbleeds

Background: Since the advent of magnetic resonance imaging technology, cerebral microbleeds can be diagnosed in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism of cerebral microbleed formation is not fully understood. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with cerebral microbleeds after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Method: We retrospectively examined 125 patients who underwent CAS for carotid stenosis. Cerebral microbleeds were investigated using T2*-weighted gradient-echo (GRE) imaging before and after CAS. We analyzed the possible association of new microbleeds with the following risk factors: the number of baseline microbleeds and ischemic cerebral lesions, the occurrence of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, and new ischemic cerebral lesions after CAS. Results: Baseline cerebral microbleeds were detected in 53 patients (42.4%). New cerebral microbleeds after CAS were observed in 13 of 125 patients (10.4%) and were exclusively associated with new ischemic lesions but not with other risk factors. No patient showed a merged image of a new cerebral microbleed on GRE imaging or a new ischemic lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging. Lobar and deep microbleeds were noted in 12/13 (92.3%) and 1 patient (7.7%), respectively. Of 12 patients with new microbleeds, 10 (76.9%) and 2 (15.4%) had a new microbleed in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres, respectively. Conclusions: We found that new cerebral microbleeds developed after CAS and that these might be associated with new ischemic lesions, mostly in the territory of the treated carotid artery. We speculate that these microbleeds result from the deoxygenation of hemoglobin in the embolus or, alternatively, small hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic lesions.

Clinical Effectiveness of Cardiocytoprotective Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronar Syndrome (ACS) – Myocardial Infarction (MI), Who Were Performed Balloon Angioplasty and Coronary Artery Stenting

The aim of the study was to increase the efficiency of restorative treatment of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (Miocardial Infarction) by incorporating the protocol therapy for the course of parenteral use of L-arginine and L-carnitine (Tivorel).&#x0D; It has been determined that patients with ACS (MI) after percutaneous coronary intervention often develop reperfusion syndrome with manifestations of left ventricular insufficiency and rhythm disturbances. Substantial clinical and functional improvement was noted under the influence of standard medical treatment in patients of control group. At the same time postinfarction remodeling with systolic and diastolic function of the heart, with the development of heart failure syndrome and endothelial dysfunction of blood vessels, and also remained resistant to extrasystole therapy, progressed.&#x0D; Patients in the experimental group under the influence of complex medical treatment with the inclusion of L-arginine and L-carnitine marked a significant decrease in the frequency of violations of rhythm and conduction for the second day of observation, as well as a decrease in the manifestations of post-infarction remodeling of LV, which ultimately manifested a significant improvement in myocardial contractility (EF increased by 13%) and decreased diastolic dysfunction. Improvement of the inotropic function of the heart and a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias was achieved precisely due to cardiometabolic effects of L-carnitine. In addition, in patients undergoing additional treatment with L-arginine and L-carnitine after 10 days of treatment, the activity of ET-1 was significantly lowered and the concentration of nitrogen oxide metabolites in the blood plasma increased and reach the level of healthy subjects (p&gt;0.05). So, they recovered the endothelial function of the vessels.

In Reply to ”Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drainage”

In Reply to ”Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drainage”

Contralateral Occlusion and Concomitant Procedures Drive Risk of Non-ipsilateral Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy

Stroke after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been assessed widely. However, factors enhancing non-ipsilateral stroke risk are poorly defined. The aim of this study was to identify drivers of 30 day non-ipsilateral stroke after CEA in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) and assess long-term survival based on laterality of post-operative stroke. The VQI was queried between April 1, 2003, and March 31, 2017, for all CEA. Bilateral carotid procedures within 30 days were excluded. Thirty day non-ipsilateral strokes were identified. Factors were examined to discriminate between patients with and without non-ipsilateral stroke. Univariable analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression was performed. Kaplan–Meier and log rank methods were used to estimate and compare survival. During this 14 year period, 80,230 CEA in 74,928 patients met the criteria. The average age was 70.3 ± 9.3 years. Most were male (48,506; 60%), Caucasian (73,967; 92%), smokers (60,543; 76%), and asymptomatic (43,074; 54%). Contralateral stenosis ≥70% was present in 8033 (10%) with 2239 (3%) having contralateral occlusion. In 491 (0.6%) patients, peri-operative non-ipsilateral stroke occurred. After characterising univariable associations, logistic regression identified independent drivers of non-ipsilateral stroke after CEA. Operative urgency (p = .001), symptomatic disease (p < .001) and contralateral occlusion (p = .001) were pre-operative drivers. Operative predictors included shunt use (p = .008), CEA with cardiac surgery (p = .013), and CEA with concomitant proximal ipsilateral endovascular intervention (p = .01). Use of dextran (p = .005) and anti-angiotensin therapy (p = .03) were protective. Reperfusion syndrome (p < .001), re-exploration (p < .001), myocardial infarction (p < .001), and intravenous treatment of hypotension (p < .001) or hypertension (p < .001) were post-operative correlates. Non-ipsilateral stroke 30 day mortality was less than ipsilateral stroke (6.1% vs. 10.3%; p = .007). Five year survival after non-ipsilateral stroke was 73%, and no different from ipsilateral stroke 76% (p = .16). Both were worse than without stroke (88%; p < .001). Non-ipsilateral stroke after CEA is rare. Features driving risk surround global disease burden, combined procedures, and haemodynamic fluctuations. Contralateral occlusion independently increases non-ipsilateral stroke risk. Regardless of laterality or location, effects of stroke after CEA on long-term survival are similar.

Effectiveness of Staged Angioplasty for Avoidance of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Revascularization

A multicenter, retrospective review was performed from October 2007 to March 2014. During this period, 523 patients (8%) from 44 Japanese centers were considered at high risk of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome by the findings from single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or other studies. Of 530 atherosclerotic lesions, 428 were treated by single-stage carotid artery stenting (CAS) and 102 by carotid artery angioplasty using a 3-mm-diameter balloon, followed by delayed, or staged, CAS (SAP) 2 to 4 weeks later. The preoperative mean carotid artery stenosis and SPECT parameters were worse in the SAP group than in the single-stage CAS group. All cases were performed via the transfemoral approach and embolic protection devices. The rate of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome was significantly less in the SAP group (4%) compared with the single-stage CAS group (10%; P = .47). Multivariate analysis showed that SAP was negatively related to hyperperfusion syndrome. The composite rate of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke was about the same in both groups (9%). Carotid angioplasty followed by staged CAS might be effective for preventing hyperperfusion syndrome.

PC072. Innominate Artery Revascularization: Long-term Outcomes and Comparison of Open and Endovascular Approach

Atherosclerotic disease of the innominate artery (IA) is rare and can lead to cerebral and upper extremity ischemia symptoms. Nonocclusive lesions can be treated with endovascular interventions, often with a hybrid approach while performing a right carotid endarterectomy (RCEA). Occlusive lesions usually require treatment through a median sternotomy and bypass. The purpose of our study was to review the short- and long-term outcomes of IA revascularization in our institution. Our section’s operative database was used to identify patients who underwent IA revascularization between January 1998 and December 2018. Patients who underwent IA stenting (IAS), combined RCEA and IAS, and aorta-innominate bypass (AIB) were collected. Our primary end points were freedom from neurologic event, all-cause mortality, and need for reintervention. Thirty-three patients (18 female [55%]) who underwent IA revascularization were identified. Average age was 67 ± 8 years, and mean clinical follow-up was 51 ± 21 months. Most patients (30 [91%]) were taking a statin and antiplatelet therapy. Twenty-one patients (64%) were symptomatic. Twelve patients (36%) were asymptomatic and underwent combined RCEA with retrograde IAS for critical right carotid stenosis and IA stenosis. Preoperative imaging included carotid duplex ultrasound and computed tomography angiography. Eighteen patients (55%) underwent RCEA and IAS, 11 patients (33%) underwent IAS in a retrograde approach through right carotid exposure, and 4 patients (12%) underwent AIB. Patients who underwent AIB had chronic IA occlusions with failed endovascular interventions. All patients were followed up with carotid duplex ultrasound intraoperatively and at 1-month and 6-month intervals after the procedure. Perioperative stroke rate of 3% involved one patient who developed reperfusion syndrome after RCEA and IAS. Perioperative mortality was 0%. Long-term stroke rate was 0%, and long-term mortality was 15% (5/33) due to cardiac disease (Fig 1). Overall restenosis rate was 9% involving three patients who required secondary interventions for IA in-stent restenosis (Fig 2). IA interventions through a hybrid or open approach are safe with acceptable perioperative stroke and mortality rates. Long-term durability of these interventions seems acceptable. Patients undergoing IAS appear to have a higher rate of restenosis compared with AIB; therefore, close follow-up with noninvasive imaging is recommended.Fig 2Innominate artery (IA) interventions. IAS, Innominate artery stenting; R CEA, right carotid endarterectomy.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Clinical Predictors of Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Stenting: Results From a National Prospective Multicenter Study

ObjectivesThe aim of the HISPANIAS (HyperperfusIon Syndrome Post-carotid ANgIoplasty And Stenting) study was to define CHS rates and develop a clinical predictive model for cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). BackgroundCHS is a severe complication following CAS. The presence of clinical manifestations is estimated on the basis of retrospective reviews and is still uncertain. MethodsThe HISPANIAS study was a national prospective multicenter study with 14 recruiting hospitals. CHS was classified as mild (headache only) and moderate-severe (seizure, impaired level of consciousness, or development of focal neurological signs). ResultsA total of 757 CAS procedures were performed. CHS occurred in 22 (2.9%) patients, in which 16 (2.1%) had moderate-severe CHS and 6 (0.8%) had mild CHS (only headache). The rate of hemorrhages was 0.7% and was associated with high mortality (20%). Pre-operative predictors of moderate-severe CHS in multivariate analysis were female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 3.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11 to 9.47; p = 0.03), older patients (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.17; p = 0.02), left carotid artery treated (OR: 4.13; 95% CI: 1.11 to 15.40; p = 0.03), and chronic renal failure (OR: 6.29; 95% CI: 1.75 to 22.57; p = 0.005). The area under the curve of this clinical and radiological model was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.92; p = 0.001). ConclusionsThe rate of CHS in the HISPANIAS study was 2.9%, with moderate-severe CHS of 2.1%. CHS was independently associated with female sex, older age, history of chronic kidney disease, and a treated left carotid artery. Although further investigations are needed, the authors propose a model to identify high-risk patients and develop strategies to decrease CHS morbidity and mortality in the future.