Emerging research in non-human animals implicates cerebellar projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in appetitive behaviors, but these circuits have not been characterized in humans. Here, we mapped cerebello-VTA white-matter connectivity in a cohort of men and women using probabilistic tractography on diffusion imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. We uncovered the topographical organization of these connections by separately tracking from parcels of cerebellar lobule VI, crus I/II, vermis, paravermis, and cerebrocerebellum. Results revealed that connections between the cerebellum and VTA predominantly originate in the right cerebellar hemisphere, interposed nucleus, and paravermal cortex, and terminate mostly ipsilaterally. Paravermal crus I sends the most connections to the VTA compared to other lobules. We discovered a medial-to-lateral gradient of connectivity, such that the medial cerebellum has the highest connectivity with the VTA. Individual differences in microstructure were associated with measures of negative affect and social functioning. By splitting the tracts into quarters, we found that the socio-affective effects were driven by the third quarter of the tract, corresponding to the point at which the fibers leave the deep nuclei. Taken together, we produced detailed maps of cerebello-VTA structural connectivity for the first time in humans and established their relevance for trait differences in socio-affective regulation.Significance Statement This is the first study in humans to identify the white matter connections between each deep cerebellar nucleus and the VTA in an anatomically detailed manner. Our findings are highly consistent with the rodent literature, showing strong conservation across species. This provides a foundation for direct translational research using chemogenetic and optogenetic methods in rodents to study neuropsychiatric disorders associated with this pathway. We identify a double dissociation of socio-affective functioning and cerebellar deep nuclei and sagittal segments, hinting at a medial-to-lateral hierarchy of cerebellar function based on cerebellar phylogeny.