Cereal Components Research Articles

Hybrid Meat Sausages with Cereal Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Development Trial with the Assessment of Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes

A number of consumers in developed countries are now reducing the amount of meat in their diets, so the development of novel alternatives for conventional meat products is becoming a challenge for the meat industry. The aim of this study was to analyse the possibility of developing hybrid meat sausages with cereal ingredients, based on a systematic review of the literature, as well as a development trial of a hybrid dry snack stick sausage with groats with an assessment of its physicochemical and sensory attributes. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies about hybrid meat sausages with cereal ingredients, including bibliometric network analysis, was conducted. The development trial was conducted including physicochemical analyses and sensory assessment of the hybrid semi-dry sausages, produced as a ready-to-eat snack (cabanossi) with groats, obtained on an industrial scale. Among the studied hybrid meat products with cereal ingredients, there were patties, frankfurters, salami, and other sausages, while the cereal products added included various components obtained from rice, wheat, chia, and oats. The usefulness of the applied cereal components was emphasised in order to obtain a product of a potential better nutritional value and higher health-promoting properties, as well as being acceptable, or sometimes even better, and described as being products of a good quality. The development trial allowed us to obtain the hybrid semi-dry ready-to-eat cabanossi sausages with groats, which were compared with the hybrid semi-dry ready-to-eat cabanossi sausages with sunflower seeds. Both studied products were characterised by a composition in agreement with requirements, but of a reduced fat content (with hybrid semi-dry ready-to-eat cabanossi sausages with groats being even lower than for those with sunflower seeds; p < 0.0001). Their sensory properties were acceptable, even if the plant-based components were recognisable. The characteristics of the hybrid meat products with cereal ingredients both in the literature and development trial were acceptable, and what is even more important is that they are characterised by a potential to be presented as a product of a better nutritional value and higher health-promoting properties.

Mediterranean diet lowers risk of new-onset diabetes: a nationwide cohort study in China

BackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown promising results in preventing type 2 diabetes, particularly in Mediterranean and European populations. However, the applicability of these benefits to non-Mediterranean populations is unclear, with contradictory findings in the literature.MethodsIn this study, we included 12,575 participants without diabetes at baseline from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Dietary intake was measured by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The Mediterranean diet adherence (MDA) was measured by a score scale that included nine components of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, cereals, fish, red meat, dairy products, and alcohol. New-onset diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes during the follow-up.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 9.0 years, 445 (3.5%) subjects developed diabetes. Overall, there was an inverse association between the MDA score and new-onset diabetes (per score increment, HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.90). Moreover, age, sex, BMI, and energy intake significantly modified the association between the MDA score and the risk of new-onset diabetes (all P interactions < 0.05). Greater fruit, fish, and nut intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of new-onset diabetes.ConclusionThere was an inverse association between Mediterranean diet adherence and new-onset diabetes in the Chinese population.

224 Yield and nutritive values of a polycrop and annual cereal monoculture used in winter swath grazing

Abstract This 3-yr study evaluated a comparative biomass yield and nutritive values of 2 forage systems: 1) a cereal monoculture (CDC-SO1 oats) and 2) a polycrops (PC) consisting of oat, brassicas (turnip and rape) and forage pea (4010) harvested at the hard dough (HD) stage for winter swath grazing purpose. A 12-ha field was divided into six, 2-ha paddocks, where each paddock was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 replicated (n = 3) forage systems. Forages were seeded in June and sampled for biomass yield and nutritive value at the soft dough (SD) and HD stages of oats. The seeding rate of oat monoculture (OM) was 157 kg/ha, while the PC was 45 kg/ha (oat), 11 kg/ha (forage pea) and 6 kg/ha (brassica). Forage samples were collected from a 0.6 m2 area at 24 pre-selected GPS points (4 per paddock), weighed and then oven-dried to a constant weight to determine DM yield. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS and included treatment effects and treatments × stage interactions. Year was treated as a random effect due to climatic variations across years. For OM, there was a significant difference (P = 0.03) in biomass yield between SD (7,762.7 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) and HD (8,902.8 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) stages, while PC biomass yield did not differ (P = 0.94) between SD (5,922.4 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) and HD (6,163.1±1,217.9 kg/ha) stages. The biomass yields between the two forage systems were different (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at the SD and HD stages. Crude protein (CP) concentration did not differ (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between the OM and PC at SD (10.4 vs 10.3%) and HD (8.9 vs 9.6%) stages. At the SD stage, significant differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between OM and the PC were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 50.9 vs 44.1%), calcium (0.2 vs 0.5%), phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.3%), and RFV-relative feed value (120.3 vs 142.2). Similarly, the starch (20.9 vs 16.5%), calcium (0.2 vs 0.5%), and phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.3%) values for OM and PC, respectively, also differed (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at the HD stage. Differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were observed between the SD and HD stages of OM for acid detergent fiber (ADF, 30.1 vs 27.0%), total digestible nutrient (TDN, 65.4 vs 67.9%), and starch (14.9 vs 20.9%) content, respectively. Study results suggest that swathing OM at the HD stage would be beneficial in terms of greater biomass yield without compromising quality, while PC can be harvested at either SD or HD stages based on the annual cereal component. Also, the lack of significant difference in the RFV, CP and TDN values between the PC and OM at the HD stage suggests that PC could be a viable alternative forage system for winter swath grazing.

Prediction of moisture content for a single maize kernel based on viscoelastic properties.

The rapid and accurate detection of moisture content is important to ensure maize quality. However, existing technologies for rapidly detecting moisture content often suffer from the use of costly equipment, stringent environmental requirements, or limited accuracy. This study proposes a simple and effective method for detecting the moisture content of single maize kernels based on viscoelastic properties. Two types of viscoelastic experiments were conducted involving three different parameters: relaxation tests (initial loads: 60, 80, 100 N) and frequency-sweep tests (frequencies: 0.6, 0.8, 1 Hz). These experiments generated corresponding force-time graphs and viscoelastic parameters were extracted based on the four-element Maxwell model. Then, viscoelastic parameters and data of force-time graphs were employed as input variables to explore the relationships with moisture content separately. The impact of different preprocessing methods and featuretime variables on model accuracy was explored based on force-time graphs. The results indicate that models utilizing the force-time data were more accurate than those utilizing viscoelastic parameters. The best model was established by partial least squares regression based on S-G smoothing data from relaxation tests conducted with initial force of 100 N. The correlation coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0.954 and 0.021, respectively. The corresponding values of the prediction set were 0.905 and 0.029, respectively. This study confirms the potential for accurate and fast detection of moisture content in single maize kernels using viscoelastic properties, which provides a novel approach for the detection of various components in cereals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The use of soybeans in the structure of the ration of high-yielding cows

In the conditions of intensive milk production in order to ensure high productivity and at the same time preserve the general functional state of animal health it is impossible to do without the use of protein-rich grain components in the structure of compound feed. These include soybeans, which in the western region of Ukraine began to be widely used in the production of compound feed for cattle. The percentage of introduction of soybeans into the structure of compound feed is different and for high-yielding cows requires additional study, which explains the relevance of conducting research on its influence on milk productivity, quality indicators of milk against the background of assimilation of the main nutrients of feed. The study was conducted on four groups of Simmental cows, seven heads in each. The rations of experimental cows provided for three levels of provision of protein needs at the expense of soybeans and were balanced in terms of basic nutrients in compliance with the requirements of detailed requirements. The analysis of the feeding conditions of experimental cows showed that the use of heat-treated soybeans in the structure of the ration contributed to a significant increase in milk productivity, as well as quality indicators, the content of dry matter, fat, protein, calcium and phosphorus. A similar pattern was observed in terms of indicators of the intensity of metabolic processes of cicatricial digestion. Thus, a positive effect on the percentage of certain volatile fatty acids, in particular acetic as a precursor of milk fat was noted. An increase was noted in the digestibility indicators of the main nutrients (protein, fat, fiber digestibility coefficients). The positive effect of soybeans on the milk productivity of the experimental cows was also noted by the results of the balance experiment. The nitrogen balance was positive and its use for milk production in cows of the fourth group compared to the control group was 27.4 % higher. A similar trend was observed in the balance of calcium and phosphorus. So, the conducted studies on the study of the productive effect of different amounts of soybeans instead of cereal components in the structure of compound feed on milk productivity give reason to recommend that farms use prepared soybeans in the proportion of 10–15 % in compound feed for high-yielding cows.

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

FORMATION OF THE YIELD OF THE ABOVE-GROUND MASS OF WHITE SWEETCLOVER IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Development of taste perception and complementary foods: A review

Breast milk meets the needs of a 6-month-old child in macronutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) almost entirely, while in minerals and trace elements only partially. Complementary feeding is the stage of development of the child's eating behavior when its diet expands due to the introduction of additional products. The model of human eating behavior is formed in infancy and early childhood when stable taste preferences and attitudes to eating (regimen, serving size, table culture) are established. The European and North American Nutrition Committees, in their resolution (2008), noted that the timing of the introduction of complementary foods for breastfed and bottle-fed infants should be the same: no earlier than week 17 and no later than week 26. The age to introduce complementary foods in Russia is 4-6 months and 5.5 months in breastfed infants. Due to the intensive growth and increased physical activity of the child, it is advisable to use milk porridges as one of the main types of complementary foods necessary for children at 4–5 months to provide an additional (relative to human milk or its substitutes) amount of protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins. In recent years, ready-to-use liquid cereals have become popular. Due to the carbohydrate component of cereals, which promotes longer satiety, they can be given to young children before bedtime.

Effects of coarse cereals on dough and Chinese steamed bread - a review.

Chinese steamed breads (CSBs) are long-established staple foods in China. To enhance the nutritional value, coarse cereals such as oats, buckwheat, and quinoa have been added to the formulation for making CSBs. This review presents the nutritional value of various coarse cereals and analyses the interactions between the functional components of coarse cereals in the dough. The addition of coarse cereals leads to changes in the rheological, fermentation, and pasting aging properties of the dough, which further deteriorates the appearance and texture of CSBs. This review can provide some suggestions and guidelines for the production of staple and nutritious staple foods.

Does sourdough bread provide clinically relevant health benefits?

During the last decade, scientific interest in and consumer attention to sourdough fermentation in bread making has increased. On the one hand, this technology may favorably impact product quality, including flavor and shelf-life of bakery products; on the other hand, some cereal components, especially in wheat and rye, which are known to cause adverse reactions in a small subset of the population, can be partially modified or degraded. The latter potentially reduces their harmful effects, but depends strongly on the composition of sourdough microbiota, processing conditions and the resulting acidification. Tolerability, nutritional composition, potential health effects and consumer acceptance of sourdough bread are often suggested to be superior compared to yeast-leavened bread. However, the advantages of sourdough fermentation claimed in many publications rely mostly on data from chemical and in vitro analyzes, which raises questions about the actual impact on human nutrition. This review focuses on grain components, which may cause adverse effects in humans and the effect of sourdough microbiota on their structure, quantity and biological properties. Furthermore, presumed benefits of secondary metabolites and reduction of contaminants are discussed. The benefits claimed deriving from in vitro and in vivo experiments will be evaluated across a broader spectrum in terms of clinically relevant effects on human health. Accordingly, this critical review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the extent to which sourdough bread may result in measurable health benefits in humans.

Forage productivity of combined crops of seed oats, maize, and Sudanese sorghum with white lupine

Research aimed at the accumulation and effective use of nitrogen, its symbiotic fixation from the air by white lupine plants, by selecting the best cereal components, optimizing their ratio and methods of placement when growing in compatible crops under different fertilization systems in the Forest Steppe is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to establish the best cereal components, their ratio and methods of placement with white lupine when sowing in joint crops under different fertilizer systems to produce grass fodder in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The following methods were used: field, laboratory, mathematical-statistical, calculation-comparative. It was established that the highest productivity on the background without fertilizers (4.21-4.86 t∙ha–1 of dry matter) was provided by single-species crops of maize and white lupine, as well as their combined crops, which were formed by continuous row and strip methods, which by 2.60-3.17 t∙ha–1 of dry matter or 1.8-2.6 times more compared to crops of oats and its mixture with white lupine and by 1.13-1.58 t·ha-1 or 1.4-1.5 times more compared to crops of Sudanese sorghum and its mixture with white lupine. Through the accumulation and use of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the productivity of lupine-oat mixtures increased from 1.90 to 2.70-3.21 t∙ha–1 of dry mass or 1.4-1.7 times, and that of lupine-sorghum – from 3.17 to 3.43-3.47 or 1.1 times. The most effective ratio of each cereal component to legume in binary intercropping was 25:75% of the sowing rate in single-species agrocenoses when dry biomass productivity was the greatest. Compared to the variant without fertilizers, the most significant (by 1.3-2.0 times) increase in the productivity of all fodder agrocenoses under study was ensured by the application of N45Р30K50, while the application of P30K50 or humigran organic fertilizer at a dose of 250 kg·ha–1 – only by 1.2-1.3 times. The research results can be used in the development of scientific and methodological recommendations and the education about the formation of highly productive agrophytocenoses for conveyor production of high-quality grass fodder for animal feeding

Effect of oven roasting on major chemical components in cereals and its modulation on flour-based products quality.

Oven roasting (OR) could induce hierarchical structural changes in starch, which is fundamental for altering the pasting and hydration properties of cereal flour. OR makes proteins denatured and peptide chains unraveled or rearranged. OR could alter compositions of cereal lipids and minerals. Although OR may degrade phenolics, their release from bound forms is predominant when mild/moderate conditions are exerted. Hence, some OR-modified cereals even exhibit many physiological functions, such as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, these minor components interplay with starch/protein via physical entrapment, non-covalent interactions, or cross-linking. The structural changes and interactions modulate functionalities of OR-modified cereal flour, its dough/batter property, and related staple food quality. Compared with hydrothermal or high-pressure thermal treatments, proper OR even induces greater enhancement in technological quality and bioactive compounds release. Given the simple operation and low cost, it is worth utilizing OR for the development of sensory-appealing healthy staple foods.

PEAS AS A FACTOR INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROPHYTOCENOSES

The article presents the results of studies of the productivity of annual crops agrophytocenoses with peas depending on the use of different doses of mineral fertilizers and pre-sowing seed treatment with microelements. According to the biological characteristics of growth and development, the cereal components of grass mixtures differ in the duration of the growing season. Thus, the phase of milky ripeness of spring barley occurs 8-10 days earlier than that of spring triticale and 18-20 days earlier than that of oats. It was found that the created two- and three-component agrophytocenoses consisting of spring triticale, peas and white mustard were 19.5-27.6 % higher in green mass yield compared to spring barley in a mixture with peas and white mustard. The yield of dry matter was 8.42-8.93 and 1.132-1.189 t/ha of crude protein, which was 1.6-1.7 times higher than in the agrophytocenosis with spring barley as the dominant crop. The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 60 kg/ha of active ingredient, which provide an increase in the height of field pea plants - by 14.7 and 12.1% of fodder oats, compared to the application of 30 kg/ha on the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer (P30K30), was established. The treatment of seeds of both components of agrophytocenosis with microelements Zn and Mo, which was carried out before sowing, stimulated the growth processes of crops. Thus, the height of plants in fodder oats increased by 3.4-6.7 cm and in field peas - by 4.9-5.5 cm on the mineral background of nutrition. The positive effect of mineral fertilisers in a dose of N60P30K30 and seed treatment with trace elements Zn and Mo on the yield of nutrients in the agrophytocenosis was proved. A binary mixture of field peas with a seeding rate of 40% of the full seeding rate and fodder oats of 60% provided the highest dry matter yield of 10.3 and 2.24 t/ha of crude protein. It can be argued about the agrobiological feasibility of growing fodder oats and spring triticale with high-protein crops, which provide a conveyor supply of plant raw materials for harvesting various types of feed and the efficiency of using agrometeorological resources during the period of harvest formation.

Cultivation of festulolium mixed with alfalfa foraging purposes in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Festulolium is a promising but little-studied fodder crop. The authors found that in the year of laying the herbage of Festulolium in mixtures, the height of plants increased by 6–11% compared with singlespecies sowing. However, the number of shoots per plant decreased from 3 to 2, and the root length decreased by 20%. The survival rate of plants was 84.9–97.4% after winter, depending on the year of sowing. Survival decreased to 46–92% for alfalfa in mixtures, and it was as low as 46–84% when sown with mixture seeds. This was affected by a decrease in reserve nutrients - sugars in the roots of plants. The sugar content decreased by 26%, from 5.14% to 3.77%. No positive effect was observed when sowing with alternating 1–3 rows of festulolium and 1 row of alfalfa. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha increased the efficiency of skip-row planting and sowing with a mixture of seeds by 21% due to the positive responsiveness of the components to fertiliser. An increase in the nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha harmed alfalfa, reducing its share in the herbage to 7% by the third year of use. This decrease was due to the displacement of the more nitrogen-responsive festulolium. The efficiency of crops increases with a reduction in the share of the cereal component and an increase in the percentage of legumes with an alternation of rows of 1:3. The yield was 35.7–42.7 t/ha of green mass, which is higher than that of the single-species sowing of festulolium by 19–53%. The increase is due to an increase in the leaf coverage of alfalfa plants up to 46–49% (against 44% in control) due to the optimisation of layering in the herbage. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg/ha contributes to an increase in yield by 14% (0.43–5.0 t/ ha) due to the increased share of the cereal component in the mixture, an increase in the number of shoots on the plant by 11.1% and their mass by 12.5–17.8%. The introduction of N60 in the joint crops of festulolium and alfalfa is not advisable since it does not give a significant increase in yield and does not pay off the costs incurred.

Efficiency and competitive ability of festulolium mixed with alfalfa when grown for feed

The results of yield analysis and biological efficiency of joint cultivation of festulolium and alfalfa with different methods of sowing and nitrogen fertilizers in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. The joint sowing of festulolium with alfalfa at different alternation of rows reduces the yield of green mass by 8.9-15.1% compared to the single-seeded festulolium sowing. Nitrogen application at a dose of 30 kg/ha significantly increased the yield of festulolium mixtures with alfalfa in the variants of inter-row sowing by 21.2% and in the variant of sowing by seed mixture by 20.2% due to the increase of shoots on festulolium plant by 11.1%, and the shoot weight - by 12.5-17.8%. An increase in nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha significantly increased the yield of festulolium 16.13 t/ha green mass (74.1%) compared with unfertilized background due to an increase in the number of shoots on the plant by 26.6% and an increase in weight per shoot by 30.1%. There was a 21.0-30.2% decrease in the number of shoots of the cereal component in the mixtures and a 76.7-82.1% decrease in the number of shoots of the legume component. At the same time, the shoot mass of festulolium increased by 8.3-42.5%, while that of alfalfa decreased by 54.3-81.5%, indicating its depression. Land equivalent ratio (LER) is higher in the variants with the application of fertilizers. With no nitrogen use, the major share of the factor belongs to festulolium. With the application of small doses of nitrogen, the impact of the legume component increases through increased competitive ratio (CR). At the same time, a positive value of the coefficient of aggressivity (CA) was noted in the cereal component, which characterizes it as the dominant species.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF MELILOTUS ALBUS IN SINGLE-SPECIES AND COMBINED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

There is a significant shortage of high-protein feed in all regions of Ukraine. One of the ways to solve this problem and a powerful reserve for reducing the cost of livestock production is the cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses, among which Melilotus albus deserves special attention - a valuable fodder crop that, even under extreme hydrothermal conditions, forms stable and high yields of vegetative mass, each kilogram of which contains 34-44 g of digestible protein. Today, there is insufficient scientific information about the high fodder and agrotechnical value of Melilotus albus, regarding the peculiarities of its cultivation for fodder in mixed crops with cereal crops. Photosynthetic activity of crops belongs to the main factors of formation of productivity of fodder agrophytocenoses. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of technological factors of cultivation on the photosynthetic productivity of Melilotus albus in single-species and crops compatible with cereal components. The research was conducted during 2015-2018 at the experimental fields of the Department of Fodder Production, Land Reclamation and Meteorology in the conditions of the SS NULES of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station" on typical low-humus chernozem. It was established that under the investigated rates of mineral fertilizers and grass mixture models, the most developed photosynthetic apparatus was formed by crops with a Melilotus albus seeding rate of 16 kg/ha. As it increased, the leaf surface of fodder agrophytocenoses decreased. Before the onset of harvest maturity, the largest leaf area in the experiment was formed by binary crops of Melilotus albus with Sorghum drummondii against the background of - N60P90K90 application - 52.5 thousand m2/ha. Sowings of the indicated variant of the experiment also provided the maximum photosynthetic potential - 1279.7 thousand m2×day/ha and the maximum productivity in the experiment in terms of dry matter yield – 7.94 t/ha.

Xylan Prebiotics and the Gut Microbiome Promote Health and Wellbeing: Potential Novel Roles for Pentosan Polysulfate.

This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal husbandry, prebiotic xylans aid in the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. This prevents the colonization of the gut by pathogenic organisms obviating the need for dietary antibiotic supplementation, a practice which has been used to maintain animal productivity but which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are passed up the food chain to humans. Seaweed xylan-based animal foodstuffs have been developed to eliminate ruminant green-house gas emissions by gut methanogens in ruminant animals, contributing to atmospheric pollution. Biotransformation of pentosan polysulfate by the gut microbiome converts this semi-synthetic sulfated disease-modifying anti-osteoarthritic heparinoid drug to a prebiotic metabolite that promotes gut health, further extending the therapeutic profile and utility of this therapeutic molecule. Xylans are prominent dietary cereal components of the human diet which travel through the gastrointestinal tract as non-digested dietary fibre since the human genome does not contain xylanolytic enzymes. The gut microbiota however digest xylans as a food source. Xylo-oligosaccharides generated in this digestive process have prebiotic health-promoting properties. Engineered commensal probiotic bacteria also have been developed which have been engineered to produce growth factors and other bioactive factors. A xylan protein induction system controls the secretion of these compounds by the commensal bacteria which can promote gut health or, if these prebiotic compounds are transported by the vagal nervous system, may also regulate the health of linked organ systems via the gut–brain, gut–lung and gut–stomach axes. Dietary xylans are thus emerging therapeutic compounds warranting further study in novel disease prevention protocols.

Recent Developments in Fermented Cereals on Nutritional Constituents and Potential Health Benefits.

Fermentation is one of the most economical and safe methods to improve the nutritional value, sensory quality and functional characteristics of raw materials, and it is also an important method for cereal processing. This paper reviews the effects of microbial fermentation on cereals, focusing on their nutritional value and health benefits, including the effects of fermentation on the protein, starch, phenolic compounds contents, and other nutrient components of cereals. The bioactive compounds produced by fermented cereals have positive effects on health regulation. Finally, the future market development of fermented cereal products is summarized and prospected.

Modelling the Relationship between Climate Change and Rice Yield: Evidence from Indian Agriculture

Crop production and global food insecurity are threatened by climate change, which is expected to worsen in the coming decades. The present study demonstrated the relationship between the climatic variables and rice, a major component of cereals that occupies an important place in Indian food consumption. The essential climatic requirements for the cultivation of the crop are high temperature, humidity, and adequate rainfall coupled with the availability of irrigation facilities. However, with the variation in climatic conditions (Fluctuating temperature and rainfall patterns), the crop yield is affected to a greater extent. The present study attempted to analyze the impact of climate change on rice yield. The study used climatic variables, namely average annual temperature in °C, annual average precipitation in mm, and CO2 emissions in Kilotons as the independent variables, while the rice yield (kg/hectare) was a dependent variable. After analysing the impact of the climatic variables on the rice yield, using the ARDL method and it was found that all the selected climatic variables significantly affect rice yield. The estimated result of the study revealed a significant negative effect of rising temperature on rice yield, whereas precipitation and CO2 emission had a significant positive effect on rice yield. The study recommends the development of stress-tolerant varieties of crops, implementing crop insurance, and making metrological information available to farmers to overcome the adverse impact of climate change.

Association of the Mediterranean Dietary Quality Index with handgrip strength and muscle endurance: A cross-sectional study.

Mediterranean diet is a healthy eating pattern associated with various health advantages. Different scoring methods of adherence to this diet have been used to investigate the association between the Mediterranean diet and muscle outcomes. The present study aimed to investigate the association of the Mediterranean Dietary Quality Index (Med‐DQI) with handgrip strength (HS) and muscle endurance (ME). The current cross‐sectional study involved 268 Iranian adults aged 18–70 years. Anthropometric measures were evaluated. We used the 168‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to develop the Med‐DQI score. The Med‐DQI score ranges from 0 to 14 (lower score suggests higher adherence to Mediterranean diet). HS was measured by a digital handgrip dynamometer, and ME was the amount of time to reach a maximum of 50% of grip strength. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the association of Med‐DQI and its components with HS and ME. Med‐DQI score was not associated with mean handgrip strength (MHS) (p = .34) and mean muscle endurance (MME) (p = .69) in the crude model. The associations remained insignificant after the adjustment of covariates (p = .16, .31, respectively). Among the components of Med‐DQI, cholesterol, meats, fish, and cereals were positively correlated with MHS (p < .001 for all). Meats (p = .02), olive oil (p < .001), cereals (p = .04), fruits and vegetables (p < .001 for all) were also positively correlated with MME. According to our findings, Med‐DQI score is not associated with MHS and MME in a population of Iranian adults. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Кормова продуктивність люцерно-злакових агроценозів з різними злаковими компонентами

Goal. To select the best perennial grasses for lucerne-cereal mixtures on different agricultural backgrounds to increase their productive longevity to produce high-quality grass fodder. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical, computational and comparative. Results. The results are given of research (2019–2021) in the formation of forage productivity of lucerne, lucerne-cereal with various cereal components and cereal forage agro phytocoenoses on different backgrounds of fertilizers and liming on dark gray podzolic soils. The best forage agro phytocoenoses, change of their productivity under the influence of fertilizers and liming, distribution of yield on hay crops and features of increase of productivity at the formation of a crop of biomass in the 1st slope are established. Conclusions. The inclusion of lucerne in legume-cereal grass mixture, as well as its single-use for forage purposes, compared to cereals herbage on the background without mineral nitrogen on average for the first three years of life and use increased the productivity of sown grass from 3.24–3.31 to 7,92–10.34 t/ha of dry weight, from 2.37–2.58 to 6.91–9.99 t/ha of fodder units, or 1.4–3.8 times. The most productive were agro phytocoenoses formed based on single-species sowing of lucerne and its mixtures with late-ripening meadow timothy (Phleum pratense) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), as well as medium-ripe awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis) and eastern fescue (Festuca orientalis), where the share of legume component (1%) was the largest. The introduction of 1.5 t/ha of lime into pre-sowing cultivation or P45K90 annually increased the productivity of lucerne and lucerne-cereal grasses by 5–9%, and with their combined use — by 12–14%. The best distribution of yield by slopes on different fertilizer backgrounds was characterized by lucerne and lucerne-cereal herbage with a share of 1st hay crop 45–50%, 2nd — 29–31%, and 3rd — 20–25%, and unevenness 23–28%. At the formation of the yield of the 1st hay crop, the increase in productivity of sown grasslands occurred before the flowering phase of the dominant components, the largest daily increases in dry weight (66–96 kg/ha), as well as net productivity of photosynthesis (2.58–3.52 g/m2 per day) achieved during the branching-budding phase of lucerne.