Cereal-based Fermented Products Research Articles

Novel Millet-Based Flavored Yogurt Enriched With Superoxide Dismutase.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme with different physiological functions, which can be used as a nutritional fortifier in food. Cereal-based fermented products are becoming popular worldwide. In this study, novel millet-based flavored yogurt enriched with SOD was developed. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum was screened, which manufactured SOD activity of 2476.21 ± 1.52 U g−1. The SOD content of millet yogurt was 19.827 ± 0.323 U mL−1, which was 63.01, 50.11, and 146.79% higher than that of Bright Dairy Yogurt 1911, Junlebao and Nanjing Weigang, respectively. Fifty-four volatile flavor substances and 22,571 non-volatile flavor substances were found in yogurt. Compared to traditional fermented yogurt, 37 non-volatile metabolites in yogurt with millet enzymatic fermentation broth were significantly upregulated, including 2-phenyl ethanol, hesperidin, N-acetylornithine and L-methionine, which were upregulated by 3169.6, 228.36, 271.22, and 55.67 times, respectively, thereby enriching the sensory and nutritional value of yogurt. Moreover, the manufacture of unpleasant volatile flavor substances was masked, making the product more compatible with consumers' tastes.

Gelation and microstructural properties of a millet‐based yogurt‐like product using polymerized whey protein and xanthan gum as thickening agents

Cereal-based fermented products are becoming popular in the world. A millet-based yogurt-like product (MYP) using polymerized whey protein (PWP) and xanthan gum (XG) as thickeners was developed. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PWP (0.3 to 0.5%, w/v) and XG (0 to 0.2%, w/v) on the gelation properties and microstructure of MYP. All samples were analyzed for rheological properties, textural properties, microstructure, and pH value during fermentation. The MYP Ⅲ (0.4% PWP and 0.1% XG) registered the highest elastic modulus (G') throughout the fermentation and cooling steps (P < 0.05), but MYP Ⅳ (0.35% PWP and 0.15% XG) had the highest apparent viscosity compared with the other samples. No significant differences in the pH values among the samples were observed during the fermentation process (P > 0.05). The hardness value of MYP Ⅳ reached a maximum after 4 hr and then stabilized during fermentation. Scanning electron microscopy showed a compact and uniform network for the MYP with PWP and XG. MYP Ⅳ had the best texture properties (hardness, springiness, and gumminess). Overall, PWP (0.35%, w/v) and XG (0.15%, w/v) were the best combination for MYP as a thickening system. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Cereal-based fermented products have attracted much attention in the food industry. However, due to absence of a natural protein network, it is hard to produce a set-type millet-based yogurt with a firm texture under the studied conditions without adding any thickening agents. In this study, PWP (0.35%, w/v) and XG (0.15%, w/v) can be used for fermentation of millet-based yogurt-like products. The new cereal-based fermented product would be a promising food in the market.

Fermented Cereal-based Products: Nutritional Aspects, Possible Impact on Gut Microbiota and Health Implications.

Fermentation, as a process to increase the security of food supply, represents an integral part of food culture development worldwide. Nowadays, in the evolving functional food era where new sophisticated technological tools are leading to significant transformations in the field of nutritional sciences and science-driven approaches for new product design, fermentation technology is brought to the forefront again since it provides a solid foundation for the development of safe food products with unique nutritional and functional attributes. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to summarize the most recent advances in the field of fermentation processes related to cereal-based products. More specifically, this paper addresses issues that are relevant to nutritional and health aspects, including their interrelation with intestinal (gut) microbiome diversity and function, although clinical trials and/or in vitro studies testing for cereal-based fermented products are still scarce.

Evaluation of the Fermentation Dynamics of Commercial Baker’s Yeast in Presence of Pistachio Powder to Produce Lysine-Enriched Breads

The present work was carried out to evaluate the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of fortified pistachio breads. Pistachio powder (5% w/w) was added to flour or semolina and fermented by a commercial baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Pistachio powder did not influence the biological leavening of the doughs. The kinetics of pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) during dough fermentation showed that the leavening process occurred similarly for all trials. The concentration of yeasts increased during fermentation and reached levels of 108 CFU/g after 2 h. Pistachio powder decreased the height and softness of the final breads and increased cell density of the central slices. The amount of lysine after baking increased in pistachio breads and this effect was stronger for semolina rather than flour trials. Sensory evaluation indicated that fortified breads processed from semolina were those more appreciated by the judges. This work clearly indicated that the addition of pistachio powder in bread production represents a promising strategy to increase the availability of lysine in cereal-based fermented products.

Guava, orange and passion fruit by-products: Characterization and its impacts on kinetics of acidification and properties of probiotic fermented products

This study aimed at characterizing guava, orange and passion fruit by-products and investigating the effect of adding these fruit by-products to probiotic fermented goat milk and cereal-based fermented products. Fruit by-products showed total fiber content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity varying from, respectively, 58.20–89.80%, 253.14–420.89 mg GAE/100 g, and 11.38–17.37 μmol TE/g. Most carotenoids were represented by β-carotene, which ranged from 7.91 to 56.07 μg/g. The presence of fruit by-products did not affect the fermentation time of fermented oat beverage and fermented goat milk; however, a significant increase (ranging from 0.28 to 0.91 h) in fermentation time of fermented rice beverages was observed after the addition of by-products. Fruit by-products also resulted in an increase in acidification throughout storage; however, they did not affect the counts of probiotic bacteria. A decrease in probiotic survival during in vitro gastrointestinal simulation was observed in all treatments. Nonetheless, the presence of orange and passion fruit by-products enhanced the resistance of the probiotics to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and resulted in population 2 log CFU/mL higher than the control treatment. Fruit by-products can be considered relevant sources of bioactive compounds useful in raising the functional attributes of probiotic fermented products.

A potential of brown rice polish as a substrate for the lactic acid and bioactive compounds production by the lactic acid bacteria newly isolated from cereal-based fermented products

This work aims to evaluate the fermentability of brown rice polish for the growth of eleven Lactobacillus spp. and Pediococcus spp. strains in a single step process at a solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. In addition, technological and functional properties of the tested lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were assessed. The brown rice polish was a suitable substrate for the cultivation of newly isolated LAB without supplements. The acidification rate, lactic acid (LA) production ability, endo-xylanase and protease activities significantly (p < 0.001) depended on the bacterial strain and fermentation time. Some of the tested lactobacilli were the best producers of LA (up to 116.51–160.97 g/L) with higher contents of L(+)-LA (L/D ratio 1.05–4.70). In many cases, rice polish medium as a nutrient source was comparable to MRS medium for the production of metabolite with antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. nivale. The L. brevis LUHS173, L. uvarum LUHS245 and P. pentosaceus LUHS100 strains show the potential for the technological applications due to their antifungal, xylanolytic and protein degrading capacity.

Lactobacillus plantarum with broad antifungal activity: A promising approach to increase safety and shelf-life of cereal-based products

Cereal-based fermented products are worldwide diffused staple food resources and cereal-based beverages represent a promising innovative field in the food market. Contamination and development of spoilage filamentous fungi can result in loss of cereal-based food products and it is a critical safety concern due to their potential ability to produce mycotoxins. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have been proposed as green strategy for the control of the moulds in the food industry due to their ability to produce antifungal metabolites. In this work, eighty-eight Lactobacillus plantarum strains were screened for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium culmorum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium spp. The overlayed method was used for a preliminary discrimination of the strains as no, mild and strong inhibitors. L. plantarum isolates that displayed broad antifungal spectrum activity were further screened based on the antifungal properties of their cell-free supernatant (CFS). CFSs from L. plantarum UFG 108 and L. plantarum UFG 121, in reason of their antifungal potential, were characterized and analyzed by HPLC. Results indicated that lactic acid was produced at high concentration during the growth phase, suggesting that this metabolic aptitude, associated with the low pH, contributed to explain the highlighted antifungal phenotype. Production of phenyllactic acid was also observed. Finally, a new oat-based beverage was obtained by fermentation with the strongest antifungal strain L. plantarum UFG 121. This product was submitted or not to a thermal stabilization and artificially contaminated with F. culmorum. Samples containing L. plantarum UFG 121 showed the best biopreservative effects, since that no differences were observed in terms of some qualitative features between not or contaminated samples with F. culmorum. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the suitability of LAB strains for the fermentation and antifungal biopreservation of oat-based products.

Isolation and identification of phytate-degrading lactobacilli from indian cereal-based fermented milk product-“Raabadi”

The present study on the isolation and characterization of potential phytate degrading lactobacilli from Raabadi was carried out. Twenty five samples of country made Raabadi collected from different villages of Rajasthan and Haryana in India were analyzed. Out of 40 lactobacilli isolates, nine were identified as phytate degrader, one was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, five were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum and remaining three were identified as Lactobacillus brevis through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. These isolates are very much potential to degrade the phytate in cereal based fermented products.

Probiotic Formulations and Applications, the Current Probiotics Market, and Changes in the Marketplace: A European Perspective

Europe is a multicultural continent where the consumption of fermented milks has traditionally been high in several countries. Thus, it is no wonder that the market for fermented dairy products with probiotic bacteria has been successful. The market for food applications of probiotics is clearly larger than that for probiotics sold in capsules, sachets, and other pharmaceutical forms. Yogurt-type drinks are the fastest-growing product category, but the diversity of probiotic food applications is not limited to milk-based products. Probiotic fruit juices, berry soups, and soy- and cereal-based fermented products are also sold. Some probiotic strains that are successful in Europe are marketed globally, but there is also a variety of local probiotic strains that are key players in their limited markets. The health messages of probiotic products have focused mainly on general well-being and support of gastrointestinal microbiota. However, because of newly accepted regulation from the European Union regarding health claims, such claims will be evaluated officially, which may substantially change their content. However, more-specific product claims may also appear on the market. This article describes trends and phenomena in mainly the food sector, which covers the most-successful probiotic applications, but food supplements are also discussed.