Cerbera Odollam Research Articles

The essential role of Fe(III) ion removal over efficient/low-cost activated carbon: surface chemistry and adsorption behavior

The efficient/low-cost activated carbons were prepared from inedible fruits such as Cerbera odollam Gaertn, Terminalia catappa, Ficus lyrata, Couroupita guianensis Aubl and Hevea brasiliensis as well as biochars of Combretum quadrangulare and Leucaena Leucocephala (LL). The physical and chemical activation processes were applied to improve the Fe3+ adsorption efficiency. As obtained results, LL heated at 500 °C for 2 h (LL502) exhibited best performance for Fe3+ adsorption with a qe value of Fe3+ (28.18 mg/g). The physicochemical properties of LL502 such as BET surface area, total acid–base amount and pHpzc were 247.3 m2/g, 2.2647 meq/g and 8.49, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption behaviors of Fe3+ onto the surface of LL502 were found to be monolayer, physisorption and rapid adsorption processes which could be confirmed by Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms and pseudo-second order kinetic models, respectively. Adsorption thermodynamics also indicated that the Fe3+ adsorption processes were endothermic and spontaneous in nature. In addition, 98% of iron removal from ground/surface water was successfully achieved by using LL502. The quality of ground/surface water was acceptable based on comparison with a water quality standard. This research was as expected since as-prepared low-cost adsorbent could be verily applied in a practical treatment process.

Feasibility of Continuous Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production from Hydrolyzed Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) Oil at Room Temperature Using Cationic Ion Exchange Resin

This research project demonstrated the feasibility of continuous fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production from hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil at room temperature using cationic ion exchange resin, specifically Amberlyst 15. The experimental works of this research project were carried out in a fabricated glass tubular reactor. The effects of four variables; catalyst load (15 – 30 g), molar ratio of oil to methanol (1:6 – 1:12), feed flow rate (1.0 – 5.0 ml min−1), and moisture content (0 – 5%) against the FAME yield were studied. The effects of two other supporting variables; temperature and the reusability of the ion exchange resin, against the FAME yield were also investigated for comparison purposes. The experimental results showed that it is highly possible to convert the hydrolyzed sea mango oil into FAME at room temperature using Amberlyst 15. High FAME yields (>90%) were achievable with higher catalyst load (30 g), smaller molar ratio of oil to methanol (1:6) and optimal feed flow rate (1.0 ml min−1), and minimal (zero) moisture content. It is suggested that the high conversion of sea mango oil into FAME was due to the strong ion exchange (adsorption and desorption) between the reactant molecules and the sulfonic active sites to form more stable product (FAME) molecules that is independent of temperature. The free fatty acids (FFA) of the hydrolyzed sea mango oil disassociate into carboxylate ions (R-COO−) and hydrogen ions (H+) which enables it to exchange ions with the sulfonic active sites (strong proton donor) to produce FAME and water.

Effects of water quality on mangroves in an urban lake system

AbstractThis study assessed the extent of anthropogenic stresses on two mangrove species (Sonneratia caseolaris and Cerbera odollam) in a tropical coastal lake system. An anaerobic factor, organic pollution and salt factors were identified as being responsible for the risks to mangroves. A flora risk tolerance index was developed to ascertain the spatial and temporal risk of plants to water pollution. This study revealed the risk to the Cerbera odollam species is high, compared to Sonneratia caseolaris. Further, the flora risk tolerance index is a good index for assessing the risks to the mangrove species.

Cardiac Toxicity from Intentional Ingestion of Pong-Pong Seeds (Cerbera Odollam)

BackgroundA variety of plants contain cardiac glycosides. This has resulted in many of them being used to commit suicide. In southeast Asia, Cerebera odollam (pong-pong or suicide tree) is frequently used for suicidal ingestion. Seeds, or kernels, of this plant can cause hyperkalemia, heart block, and death due to the effects of its cardiac glycosides. Case ReportWe describe six cases of pong-pong seed ingestion reported to US poison centers. The most common symptoms were vomiting and bradycardia. Three patients survived and three died. All patients who died had heart block, serum digoxin levels > 1.0 ng/mL, and were treated with anti-digoxin immune FAB. Anti-digoxin immune FAB may be ineffective in a large pong-pong seed ingestion. Patients ingesting pong-pong seeds who develop a potassium level > 8.0 meq/L or have a digoxin level > 1.0 ng/mL may be at a higher risk for death. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?The apparent ease of acquiring C. odollam seeds on the Internet makes knowledge of it important, as it can be used as a means to commit suicide. The apparent failure of digoxin immune FAB to treat toxicity from pong-pong is important, as other lifesaving techniques, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, might be needed in severely toxic patients.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAUN BINTARO(Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Ethanol extract 70% of bintaro leaves could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Bintaro leaf extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn) has chemical content of flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. In this research was made preparation gel ethanol extract 70% from bintaro leaves (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) and determine the formulation of gel preparation having good physical quality and have antibacterial effectivity. Physical quality tested such as homogeneity, organoleptic, viscosity, pH, spreadability, stability and antibacterial effectiveness test against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the disk diffusion method. The results showed that ethanol extract gel of 70% of bintaro leaves had good physical quality and best antibacterial effectiveness was found in Formulation III with 5% concentration. Based on one-way ANOVA analysis with Duncan assay, each formulation with different concentrations had a significant difference with α = 0.05.

Toxicity of Granules of Bintaro Leaf Extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) on Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.)

Grayak caterpillar is insect pests that become pests of various food crops. Grayak caterpillars cause a decrease in crop productivity and even crop failure if they are not controlled. Pest control using chemical pesticides has many adverse effects on the environment. To minimize the occurrence of environmental damage, then it is used pest control using vegetable insecticides. Bintaro Leaf (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) is potential as a vegetable insecticide. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of granule from Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn.) on armyworms (S. litura Fab.). This research was a laboratory experimental research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Serial concentrations used in this study were 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The results of this study showed that the granules of Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn.) were effective in causing mortality of armyworms (S. litura Fab.) at 1.5% concentration by 60% and included in toxic category. The value of LC50-48 hour granule from Bintaro leaf extract (C. odollam Gaertn) was 1.41%.
 Keywords: Spodoptera litura Fab. , Granula extract of Cerbera odollam Gaertn., Vegetable Insecticide.

Effectiveness of Bintaro Seeds Extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) on Armyworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Mortality

Armyworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) often lead to decreased productivity and even crop failures by causing leaves, fruits, and vegetables to become torn, cut, and punctured. Crop insecticides are an alternative to eradicating armyworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). One plant that can be used as a vegetable insecticide is bintaro (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) The bintaro plant (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) has cerberin content that contribute to insect mortality. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) on mortality of armywork (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). This study was a type of experiment using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and one control. The results showed that the effectiveness of seeds bintaro extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) could cause death to armyworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on 1.5% concentration of 55% showed effective on the armyworm. Increasing the dose is to be followed by increasing the effectiveness of mortality. The LC50 value is 1.51%. Increasingly concentration of seeds bintaro extract (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) cause higher mortality of armyworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).
 Keywords: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Cerbera odollam Gaertn. Seeds Extract, Mortality

Optimization study on preparation of amine functionalized sea mango (cerbera odollam) activated carbon for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) adsorption

ABSTRACTActivated carbon derived from sea mango (cerbera odollam), SMAC, was developed from phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the surface area of the SMAC. The tested factors were acid concentration (40 to 60%), carbonization temperature (400 to 600°C) and activation time (1 to 3 h). The optimized parameters were 53.75% H3PO4 concentration, 519.8°C of carbonization temperature and 2.3 h of activation time, which resulted in 857.93 m2/g of BET surface area. The performance of CO2 adsorption was investigated for modified and virgin SMAC. The impregnations of SMACs were done with different amines (AMP, PZ and MEA) to improve its natural adsorption ability and promote nitrogen functional group onto carbon surface with impregnation mass ratio of 2:5 (amine: activated carbon). The effects of adsorption parameters such as activated carbon properties, type of amine used, gas flow rate and adsorbent dosage on breakthrough curves and adsorption bed capacity were evaluated. Reduction in BET surface area indicates that the amine-based chemicals were successfully attached on carbon surface and thus blocked most of the pores on the SMAC particles. The modified surface of SMAC with AMP amine showed the best performance in CO2 adsorption and regeneration with adsorption bed capacity of 23.05 mgCO2/g sorbent. Successful CO2 adsorption via modified surface of SMAC suggested that it is viable to use sea mango as alternative precursor for activated carbon preparation and in application such as CO2 capture.

Chemical and Biological Investigations of Cerbera odollam Gaertn

The present article describes the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the leaves of Cerbera odollam as well as bioactivities of the crude methanolic extract and its petroleum ether (PE), carbon tetrachloride (CTC), chloroform (CF) and aqueous (AQ) soluble fractions. In this investigation, successive chromatographic separation and purification yielded β-amyrin (CO-01), lupeol (CO-02), β-sitostenone (CO-03) and triticusterol (CO-04). The study also indicated the antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, membrane stabilizing activities and poor thrombolytic activities. Thus, the present study endeavors to provide scientific basis to establish Cerbera odollam as a potential medicinal plant.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(2): 179-186, 2017 (December)

The potential biodiesel production from Cerbera odollam oil (Bintaro) in Aceh

Biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oils is an effective way to conquer the linked problems with edible oils such as food versus fuel and other environmental impacts. Cerbera odollam oil is one of these possible non-edible feed stocks for future biodiesel production. This study evaluated the potential biodiesel production from cerbera odollam. The seed was collected and extracted from Aceh, Indonesia. Moreover, biodiesel has been produced using degummed (H3PO4) and two step acid catalyst (HCl) and alkaline catalyst (KOH). The results of properties of the cerbera odollam methyl esters show that such as viscosity was about 847.9 mm2/s, density was 3.1578 kg/m3, flash point was 214.0°C, acid value was 0.4 mg KOH/g, oxidation stability was 6.35 h, FAME content was 97.77 % w/w and heating value was 40.49 MJ/kg. After analysing these properties, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from this seed which complies with the limits of ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 specifications and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel from non-edible sources.

Study on Clinical Profile and Predictors of Mortality in Cerbera odollam Poisoning.

Context:Cerbera odollam is a tree native to South Asia. It belongs to the poisonous Apocynaceae family. Deliberate self-harm with fruit of this plant is a major clinical problem in the developing world. Ingestion of C. odollam kernels is the cause of deaths in more than half of Kerala's plant poisoning deaths. The data on clinical features and complications of C. odollam poisoning are sparse, apart from a few case reports and limited studies.Aims:The present study was done to find the mode of presentation, complications, need for cardiac pacing, inhospital mortality, and the predictors of mortality in patients with C. odollam poisoning.Settings and Design:This was a retrospective study conducted in the department of general medicine in a tertiary care center in Alappuzha district, Kerala. The study period was for 1 year from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016.Subjects and Methods:All the patients admitted with a history of ingestion of odollam during the study period were included in the study. Data were collected from case records. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and research committee (IEC/TDMCA/EC3.dated29/11/201).Statistical Analysis Used:The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Results:In this study, 102 patients were identified with C. odollam poisoning, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes were common in our patients, and we observed different types of heart block in the same ECG itself. Ingestion of more than two kernels of odollam, late presentation to hospital, vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension, hyperkalemia, and more severe ECG changes were associated with significantly higher mortality in this study.Conclusions:C. odollam poisoning is a common method of deliberate self-harm in Kerala. It carries a high mortality rate, and the predictors of mortality include vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension, hyperkalemia, and the presence of severe ECG changes.

Experimental study on performance of the diesel engine fuelled by cerbera odollam oil biodiesel blends

Experimental study on performance of the diesel engine fuelled by cerbera odollam oil biodiesel blends

SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY APOCYNACEAE ZAHRA

Objective: The present study was aimed to explore antioxidant properties of the plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.Methods: Plants used in the study were Alstonia scholaris, Calotropis gigantea, Catharanthus roseus, Cerbera odollam, and Wrightia tinctoria. The plant material was used to estimate non-enzymatic antioxidant, namely, total antioxidant, total flavonoids, total phenolic, and total carotene content using spectrophotometer.Result: The results showed significant antioxidant potential of the plants used in the study. It was observed that total flavonoids content was maximum in W. tinctoria (65.21 ± 3.712 mg equivalent quercetin/g of tissue), while total phenolic content was found maximum in C. roseus (59.63 ± 2.151 mg equivalent gallic acid/g of tissue). When total carotene content and total antioxidant activity were estimated, it was found maximum in C. roseus with (70.91 ± 4.41 μg/g fresh weight) and (0.846 ± 0.109 mM equivalent ascorbic acid/g tissue), respectively.Conclusion: It was observed C. roseus possess potent antioxidant property compared with other plants of same family. When correlation was established between the antioxidants and different genera plants, a strong positive correlation was observed, indicating that the plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae are a potent source of antioxidants. Further research is recommended to explore this family (Apocynaceae) and to fully elucidate its biochemical (antioxidant) benefits.

Identification of cardiotoxic ornamental plant species commonly found in Thailand by DNA analysis

This research provided a forensic investigative tool for the detection and identification of cardiotoxic ornamental plant commonly found in Thailand. Species-specific primers were designed from polymorphisms in the ITS region of 6 cardiotoxic ornamental plant species, which are Adenium obesum, Calotropis gigantea, Cerbera odollam, Nerium oleander, Strophanthus gratus, and Thevetia peruviana. Sizes of expected PCR products from R_AO02/ITS3G, R_CG02/ITS3G, R_CO04/ITS5, R_NO12/ITS5, R_SG07/ITS3G and R_TP06/ITS3G are 358, 290, 282, 231, 226 and 165-bp, respectively. A positive test control primer pair was designed from a conserved region in the rbcL gene to confirm the validity of DNA sample for PCR-based analysis. Under the optimal PCR condition, results showed that all primer pairs amplified PCR products of correct sizes. Amplification results were reproducible when tested against at least 10 individual plants of each species. Each of these primer pair did not PCR-amplify the other 5 non-target cardiotoxic plant species, 14 non-target plant species, nor human DNA. Correct test results were also obtained when tested with DNA mixture. For agarose gel-based sensitivity testing, the minimum DNA quantities that R_AO02/ITS3G, R_CG02/ITS3G, R_CO04/ITS5, R_NO12/ITS5, R_SG07/ITS3G and R_TP06/ITS3G can detect are 0.005, 0.001, 0.5, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001 ng, respectively. Agarose gel-based analysis was possible for mock forensic-type specimens, such as dried leaf fragments and tea leaf infusions, but limit to specimens digested by artificial gastric juice.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption by Activated Carbon Functionalized with Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)

In recent years, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission has become a major concern as the amount of the emitted gas significantly increases annually. Consequently, this phenomenon contributes to global warming. Several CO2 capture methods, including chemical adsorption by activated carbon, have been proposed. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from sea mango (Cerbera odollam), which was functionalized with deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and glycerol to increase the efficiency of CO2 capture. The samples underwent pre-carbonization and carbonization processes at 200 °C and 500 °C, respectively, with nitrogen gas and flowing several gases, namely, CO2 and steam, and then followed by impregnation with 50 phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at 1:2 precursor-to-activant ratio. The prepared activated carbon was impregnated with DES at 1:2 precursor-to-activant ratio. The optimum CO2 adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was obtained by using CO2 gas treatment method (9.851 mgCO2/gsol), followed by the absence of gases (9.685 mgCO2/gsol), steam (9.636 mgCO2/gsol), and N2 (9.536 mgCO2/gsol).

Optimization of biodiesel production via methyl acetate reaction from cerbera odollam

Cerbera Odollam (sea mango) is a proven promising feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high oil content. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced as the final reaction product in the transesterification reflux condensation reaction of sea mango oil and methyl acetate (MA). Potassium methoxide was used as catalyst to study its reacting potential as a homogeneous base catalyst. The initial part of this project studied the optimum conditions to extract crude sea mango oil. It was found that the content of sea mango sea mango oil was 55%. This optimum amount was obtained by using 18 g of grinded sea mango seeds in 250 ml hexane. The extraction was carried out for 24 hours using solvent extraction method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the reaction. The three manipulated variables in this reaction were the reaction time, oil to solvent molar ratio, and catalyst wt%. The optimum condition for this reaction determined was 5 hours reaction time, 0.28 wt% of catalyst and 1:35 mol/mol of oil: solvent molar ratio. A series of test were conducted on the final FAME product of this study, namely the FTIR test, GC-FID, calorimeter bomb and viscometer test.

Forensic Relevance of The Suicide Tree “Cerebra Odollam”

Cerbera odollam is a powerful toxic plant that is responsible both for suicide and homicide. The seeds are excessively toxic, containing cerberin as the main active cardenolide. Cerberin is difficult to detect in autopsies and its taste can be masked with strong spices. Therefore it is often used in homicide and suicide especially in India. Pathologists would not be able to identify Cerbera poisoning unless there is evidence the victim had eaten the plant. In this article we want to highlight the recent incidence of poisoning, present analytical techniques used as well the recent advances in identification of the cereberin toxin.

Preparation of activated carbon using sea mango (Cerbera odollam) with microwave-assisted technique for the removal of methyl orange from textile wastewater

Sea mango (Cerbera odollam), a non-edible fruit which is abundantly available in Malaysia was transformed into a potential low-cost activated carbon for the removal of methyl orange (MO) (mono azo dye) from textile wastewater. The activated carbon was subjected to carbonization process at 200°C with nitrogen (N2), followed by chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and physical activation using microwaves at 500°C for 2 h. The Brunauer–Emmet and Teller surface area for the produced activated carbon was 1,437 m2/g. The effects of several operating parameters, such as activated carbon dosage, contact time; initial concentration, and pH at room temperature on the adsorption process of MO from simulated textile wastewater were evaluated. The minimum duration for the dye adsorption reached the equilibrium state was 60 min. Removal of dye in acidic solutions was preferred rather than in basic solution. Higher initial dye concentration performed better on dye removal than lower concentration. Adsorption behavior of MO on sea mango activated carbon was expressed by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

Clinical Profile and Management of Poisoning with Suicide Tree: An Observational Study.

Introduction:The clinical features, management, and the associations of dosage in poisoning with the cardiotoxic plant Cerbera odollam (suicide tree), responsible for more than half of plant poisoning deaths in the South Indian State of Kerala alone, have not been evaluated. There are only few studies on its clinical features and none on the usage of cardiac pacing in its management, given its rarity in the Western world. We depend on data for similar toxins to form our management protocols.Aims:Our aim was to describe the clinical features of C. odollam poisoning, dosage, and its relations to clinical features and pacemaker initiation therapy and to study the characteristics of temporary pacemaker therapy in its management.Subjects and Methods:This study was conducted in fifty consecutive cases who presented with a history of C. odollam poisoning from whom clinical data were obtained. Cases initiated on temporary cardiac pacemaker therapy due to the toxin effects were also studied. Effect of dosage on various clinical manifestations and pacing was analyzed.Results:All cases were due to suicidal ingestion. Vomiting (54%), thrombocytopenia (50%), and sinus bradycardia (32%) were the most common features. The need for cardiac pacing had a significant association with dosage in kernels ingested (P < 0.05) and with thrombocytopenia (P < 0.05). There was no association between hyperkalemia and death. Thirty-six percent of cases had to be paced, of which 16% died. In-hospital mortality of odollam poisoning was 12%.Conclusions:C. odollam poisoning cases merit monitoring and treatment in Intensive Care Unit with facilities for electrocardiographic monitoring and temporary cardiac pacing. The clinical features and the factors associated with mortality are different from other cardiac glycosides.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from the Sea Mango (Cerbera Odollam) with Impregnation in Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

The properties of the activated carbon from Sea Mango (Cerbera Odollam) prepared from chemical and physical activation was studied. The sample was impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at the impregnation ratio of precursor to activant as 1:2 and followed by thermal activation at 500 °C with different flowing gas i.e. nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), steam and at the absent of any gases for duration of 2 hours. The sample experienced two different steps of preparation which were Method 1 and Method 2. In Method 1, the precursor will be thermally heated after the chemical activation process, and the samples were denoted as RIHM1-N, RIHM1-CO2, RIHM1-S and RIHM1-A which utilize either N2, CO2, steam and absent of any gases, respectively. Meanwhile in Method 2, the carbonization process with N2 flow at 200 °C was done prior to chemical and thermal activation. This type of treatment method was denoted as RCIHM2-N, RCIHM2-CO2 RCIHM2-S and RCIHM2-A, which use the same flowing gases as described previously. The surface area of the activated carbon was determined using standard method (ASTM) of iodine test. A higher iodine number reading was given by the sample prepared via Method 2 i.e. 1021.74 mg/g, 1069.98 mg/g 902.40 mg/g and 1040.58 mg/g for sample RCIHM2-N, RCIHM2-CO2, RCIHM2-S and RCIHM2-A, respectively. For sample prepared via Method 1, the iodine number measurement for sample RIHM1-N, RIHM1-CO2, RIHM1-S and RIHM1-A were 896.480 mg/g, 810.900 mg/g, 973.70 mg/g and 856.217mg/g, respectively.