Cerbera Manghas Research Articles

Analysis of Calorific Value of Biopellet Diameter Variations through Proximate Test

This study aims to evaluate the quality of biopellets as biomass energy fuel, focusing on physical and chemical characteristics based on the SNI 8021:2014 standard. The research method used is experimental with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The raw materials used are a mixture of rambutan wood waste (Nephelium lappaceum L) and bintaro (Cerbera manghas) with tapioca flour as an organic binder. Testing includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon) and calorific value using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results show that the produced biopellets meet several parameters of the SNI 8021:2014 standard, such as moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. However, there is significant variation in ash test results among different diameters of biopellets tested. ANOVA test results indicate that mold diameter has a notation that has a significantly affect several biopellet characteristics, such as density and calorific value. This study also observed the potential for increased combustion efficiency of the produced biopellets. The results indicate that the raw material mixture used can reduce pollutant emissions during combustion. The conclusion of this study is that the use of a mixture of rambutan wood waste and bintaro with tapioca flour as an organic binder can produce biopellets with quality that meets standards for biomass energy applications.

STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI HUTAN PANTAI KAWASAN WISATA ALAM HATUSUA BEACH NEGERI HATUSUA, KECAMATAN KAIRATU, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Research on the structure and composition of the coastal forest in the Hatusua Beach natural tourist area in Hatusua State has the aim of knowing the vegetation potential, both in terms of structure and composition of the forest contained in the coastal forest specifically in the Hatusua Beach natural tourist area in Hatusua State, West Kairatu Seram District. This research was carried out using a survey method combining strip techniques and vertically plotted lines with the coastline. The research results show that structurally there are 5 growth strata, namely strata A, Strata B, Strata C, Strata D, Strata E with each strata having similarities both vertically and horizontally. Meanwhile, the composition of vegetation types in the Hatusua Beach area in the Hatusua State Coastal Forest based on growth level has a number of types including; 9 types of seedlings, 14 types of weaning, 12 types of poles, 18 types of trees. For tall trees ranging from 20 – 31 meters, the important value index value is dominated by Pongamia pinnata with a value of 58.13, Intsia bijuga 41.31, Cerbera manghas 38.86, Tamarindus indica 27.93, and Pterocarpus indicus with a value of 34.55, with a species richness category. According to Shannon winner species diversity, a value of ≤ 1 is categorized as low.

Synthesis and characterization of Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil-based alkyd resin as binder for surface coating paint and matrix material for reinforced polymer composites

Synthesis and characterization of Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil-based alkyd resin as binder for surface coating paint and matrix material for reinforced polymer composites

Addition of reduced graphene oxide to carbon shaft based on cerbera manghas mesocarp to improve energy storage performance of supercapacitor cells

Improving the electrochemical performance of biomass-based porous carbon materials has been widely studied, one of which is by adding other materials such as rGO. In this work, a porous carbon based on cerbera manghas mesocarp biomass with the addition of rGO (CMG) has been successfully synthesized. The mass addition of rGO was varied to determine how it affects capacitive performance. CMG samples were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and BET. The morphology obtained has an abundant pore structure so that there are many paths through which ions can diffuse, is rich in C content and has a large surface area. Electrochemical performance measurements in a two-electrode system revealed that CMG-03 had the largest specific surface area (787.574 m2 g−1) and the highest specific capacitance (286 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1). The results obtained can provide information that cerbera manghas mesocarp biomass with the addition of rGO has the potential to be used in supercapacitor applications.

Performance, combustion and emission reduction characteristics of Metal-based silicon dioxide nanoparticle additives included in ternary fuel (diesel-SMME-iso butanol) on diesel engine

Biodiesel has long been recognized as a viable alternative energy source. In order to enhance the quality, and performance of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends while reducing air pollution from combustion, additives must be employed. The present research aims to focus on the addition of SiO2 novel nanoparticles (at a concentration of 30, 60, and 90 mg/L) in the ternary fuel (TF) blend (75% of Diesel+ 15% of Sea Mango Methyl Ester (SMME15) + 10% of iso-Butanol on a volume basis) to determine engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a 1-cylinder, direct injection, liquid-cooled, diesel engine. In addition to this, a stability analysis for the prepared samples was also carried out as per the ASTM standard. From the investigation, it was observed that, when the nanoparticles mixed with ternary fuel (i.e., TFSi60), the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), In-cylinder pressure (ICP), and net heat release rate (NHRR) were improved by about 10.09, 17.4, and 10.73 % respectively. Whereas the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (19.13%) and hazardous pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) (20.06%), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC) (13.9%), nitrogen oxides (NOx) (11.3%), and smoke (11.2%) were significantly decreased. From the above observations, it is concluded that using a ternary fuel blend with nano additives improves engine performance and combustion while lowering toxic emissions.

A rapid optimization method for Sepbox system separation using HPTLC: an application of Cerbera manghas L. separation.

The rapid isolation of natural products and efficient drug screening are pivotal in expediting drug development. Techniques ranging from traditional open column chromatography to medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), and the latest Sepbox technology, have been developed to accelerate separation processes and streamline drug development timelines. The Sepbox system combines two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) technologies, coupled with UV and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) systems, offering various column options to cater to diverse sample requirements. Furthermore, the Sepbox system automates and expedites sample fractionation into numerous fractions, facilitating subsequent high-throughput screening and analysis. Despite previous emphasis on 2D-HPLC development, optimizing separation conditions with the Sepbox system poses challenges due to the requirement for substantial sample and solvent quantities, limiting its practicality compared to conventional methods. Hence, this study employed eight standard compounds to explore the correlation between retention factor (Rf) values obtained from high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates and retention times on the Sepbox main column. Mass spectrometry was utilized to confirm the retention times of the standard compounds. The findings yielded a conversion equation between HPTLC Rf values and Sepbox main column retention times, thereby enhancing the separation efficiency of Sepbox 2D-2000 system. Finally, the efficacy of this method was validated using Cerbera manghas leaf crude extracts and its purified compounds, demonstrating the rapid optimization of suitable elution conditions for the Sepbox 2D-2000 system using HPTLC.

Fabrication of Anti-Termite Particle Boards Made from Bintaro (Cerbera Manghas): Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties

Termites are commonly seen as a nuisance due to their capacity to cause harm to wooden objects. The occurrence of termite infestations on furniture has led to a rise in financial damages attributed to such attacks. Hence, it is of utmost need to seek alternative raw materials that exhibit resistance to termite-induced deterioration, thereby fulfilling the requirement for substituting particle board. The present study has successfully demonstrated the fabrication of particle board by including bintaro fruit seed filler and urea formaldehyde matrix. The primary objective of this research endeavor was to explore an alternate approach to standard particle board production, specifically focusing on the development of anti-termite qualities. The filler fraction to matrix fraction comparison exhibits variations of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. The particle board production process employed in this study utilizes a cold pressing method, wherein a pressure of 15 MPa is applied for a duration of 120 minutes. The board particles that have been acquired are subjected to testing in order to ascertain their physical characteristics, such as density and water content. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the SNI Standard 03-2105-2006. The flexural strength of particle board was evaluated in accordance with the standard SNI 03-2105-2006. An assessment was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of particle board to termite infestation, in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the SNI 01-7207-2006 standards. The density and moisture content testing findings conducted on particle board match with the specifications outlined in the SNI 03-2105-2006 standard. The experimental outcomes evaluating the susceptibility of board particles to termite infestations have effectively fulfilled the requirements outlined in the SNI 01-7207-2006 standards.

Biodiesel production: An updated review of evidence

This review paper highlights the production of biodiesel from different plant based feedstocks via the transesterification process. Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, environment-friendly and an economically feasible option to tackle the depleting fossil fuels and its negative environmental impact. Biodiesel in general possess higher kinematic viscosity and density than conventional diesel. However, because of food security concerns, the use of edible oil in biodiesel production is criticized globally. Non-edible plant oils, waste cooking oils, and edible oil industry byproducts are suggested as effective biodiesel feedstocks because nonedible feedstock does not compete with food from human consumption. High-potential second-generation feedstock for biodiesel production uses waist cooking oil, acid oil, and animal tallow. Non edible crops in India as a feedstock for biodiesel production are yellow oleander oil (Cascabela thevetia), Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata), Jatropha curcas, Mahua (Madhuca longifolia), Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi), Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Karanja (Millettia pinnata), Castor (Ricinus communis), Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L), Cotton (Gossypium), Kusum (Carthamus tinctorius), Yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia), Sea mango (Cerbera odollam), Tung (Vernicia fordii), and Bottle tree (Brachychiton rupestris). Biodiesel is a sustainable liquid bio-energy resource that might be used to replace diesel fuel. Despite having numerous advantages over conventional diesel, the biodiesel industry is still struggling in India because of various reasons and challenges like availability, high feedstock pricing, operational hurdles, and supply-chain management challenges.

Extraction and characterisation of Cerbera odollam seed oil as a potential plant-based corrosion inhibitor

Certain types of commercial corrosion inhibitors consist of a specific, tannic acid-derived compounds. Tannin compounds are antioxidants and widely found in many species of plants. In this works, oil from the seeds of the poisonous fruit, sea mango (Cerbera odollam), was seen as a potential candidate for a natural corrosion inhibitor. The oil was extracted via solvent extraction using a Soxhlet extractor for 6 hours at varying temperatures between 100 to 200 °C. The solvents used were hexane and methanol. Structural characterisation of active corrosion inhibition compounds in the oil samples was analysed using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done to determine the seed oil’s thermal stability and decomposition temperature. The highest extraction yield was found using hexane as the solvent at 150 °C. TGA results indicated that the oil was stable at temperatures below 200 °C. The presence of carboxylic acids, as evidenced by the FTIR and GC-MS analysis, indicated possible corrosioninhibitive properties of the extracts. Phytochemical screening tests revealed that tannin, saponin, phenol, and steroid were present in the sea mango seed oil while flavonoid was undetected

Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from non-edible Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers, which have recently attracted much attention as a promising substitute for petroleum-based plastics. For circumventing the financial barrier of PHA production, non-edible Cerbera odollam oil was proposed as a novel PHA feedstock. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of C. odollam oil for PHA production using Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas resinovorans. The PHA production performance of P. resinovorans on different oil conditions (i.e., crude, hydrolyzed, and emulsified oil) was also compared. Direct fermentation of crude C. odollam oil by P. resinovorans showed the most promising results with a biomass accumulation of 1.32 g/L and a maximum PHA concentration of 0.25 g/L (corresponding to 18.8 % polymer content). The polymer was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx), 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO), and 3-hydroxydecanoate (3HD). For the first time, C. odollam oil has been proven to be a feasible feedstock for an economical production of PHAs.

Coastal Forest Structure Survey and Associated Land Crab Population in Suao Dakenggu Community, Yilan, Taiwan

Coastal forests can increase the resilience of seaside communities against natural disasters. These forests also provide other benefits, including food and an avenue for economic growth. The Dakenggu community in Suao, Yilan (Taiwan), is adjacent to a coastal forest with an area of nearly 114,000 m2. Artificial plantation has been performed locally in this area since 1977 to prevent the loss of beaches. The coastal forest area was estimated through drone aerial photography combined with a geographic information system. We found that Pandanus tectorius (11.5%), Casuarina equisetifolia (30.8%), Cerbera manghas (4.07%), Hibiscus tiliaceus (5.2%), and grass (23.52%) are the dominant species in the plant community of Dakenngu coastal forest, which together accounted for 75.1% of the total land area. The area covered by different species in the coastal forest was examined and estimated as well. The height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the main tree species in five transects were surveyed, and we also found some significant differences among transects that correspond to cohorts planted at different times by the Forestry Bureau. We also performed a survey of land crabs in the same transects over five months to infer any differences in land crab species among the transects. We found that the transect dominated by H. tiliaceus had a larger population of land crabs than others. We revealed that the mudflat crab Chiromantes haematocheir prefers to live under H. tiliaceus. Finally, we propose recommendations for improving the biodiversity of the Dakenggu coastal forest so that it can become a sustainable resource for its residents.

Synthesis and characterization of anti-fungal paint production based on bintaro (Cerbera manghas) seed extract as additive

Abstrak. Penelitian ini melaporkan sintesis alkaloid dari biji bintaro (Cerbera manghas). Serbuk biji bintaro yang dihasilkan dari sintesis ekstrak biji bintaro (Cerbera manghas) dikarakterisasi menggunakan Spektroskopi Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan uji fitokimia. Spektrum FTIR hasil pengujian dari sintesis ekstrak biji bintaro menunjukkan puncak kuat pada 3239, 3338, dan 3293 cm-1 dan sudah menunjukkan hasil alkaloid. Hasil pengujian fitokimia juga telah menunjukkan terdapat senyawa alkaloid. Sintesis alkaloid yang telah diperoleh dijadikan zat aditif pada pembuatan cat. Pada penelitian ini telah berhasil dibuat cat yang berbahan dasar cat komersil untuk aplikasi kayu dengan penambahan zat aditif yaitu serbuk biji bintaro (Cerbera manghas). Pembuatan cat diperoleh dengan menggabungkan cat komersil dengan serbuk biji bintaro dengan perbandingan fraksi massa yaitu 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15. Cat pada penelitian ini diuji karakterisasinya antara lain adalah uji daya rekat, uji densitas, dan uji viskositas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji daya rekat terbaik dengan fraksi massa cat: serbuk biji bintaro sebanyak 95:5 masuk dalam klasifikasi 5B dengan area terkelupas sebanyak 0,6%, pada uji densitas dan viskositas nilai yang tertinggi terdapat pada fraksi massa 100:0, nilai viskositas dan densitas masih memenuhi kategori cat kayu yaitu standar SNI 8406.6:2017 densitas cat minimal 1,2 g/ dan standar viskositas cat minimal 11,5 poise. Abstract. This study reports on the synthesis of alkaloids from the seeds of bintaro (Cerbera mangos). Bintaro seed powder produced from the synthesis of bintaro seed extract (Cerbera mangos) was characterized using Fourier Transfor Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and phytochemical tests. The FTIR spectrum of the test results from the synthesis of bintaro seed extract showed strong peaks at 3239, 3338, and 3293 cm-1and already showed alkaloid results. Phytochemical test results have also shown that there are alkaloid compounds. The synthesis of alkaloids that have been obtained is used as an additive in the manufacture of paint. In this study, commercial paint-based paints for wood applications have been successfully made with the addition of additives, namely bintaro seed powder (Cerbera mangos). The manufacture of paint is obtained by combining commercial paint with bintaro seed powder with a mass fraction ratio of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15. The paint in this study was tested for its characterization, including the adhesion test, density test, and viscosity test. The results showed that the best adhesion test with the mass fraction of paint: bintaro seed powder as much as 95:5 included in the 5B classification with a peeling area of 0.6%, in the density and viscosity test the highest value was found in the mass fraction of 100:0, the value the viscosity and density still meet the wood paint category, namely the standard SNI 8406.6:2017 paint density of at least 1.2 g/m3 and the minimum paint viscosity standard of 11.5 poise.

Uji Beberapa Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Bintaro (Cerbera manghas L.) Berpelarut Organik untuk Mengendalikan Ulat Bawang Merah (Spodoptera exigua Hubner)

Shallot caterpillar ( Spodoptera exigua Hubner.) is a major problem in onion cultivation. Spodoptera exigua can cause yield loss of 45-57% and can cause crop failure. Controls are generally carried out using synthetic insecticides, but the continuous use of synthetic insecticides can have a negative impact on humans and the environment. One alternative control that can be used is a vegetable insecticide with organic solvents from Bintaro leaf extract ( Cerbera manghas L.). The study was aimed to obtain the concentration of bintaro leaf extract using an effective organic solvent to kill Spodoptera exigua larvae on shallots. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Natural Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Pests and Laboratory of Experimental Gardens, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from July to September 2021. This research was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and four treatments. replicates to obtain 24 experimental units. The treatments were bintaro leaf extract concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The results showed that a concentration of 1% was an effective concentration in killing Spodoptera exigua larvae of 87.50% with the fastest early death time at 12 hours after application, Lethal time 50 at 53 hours after application, and the highest daily mortality occurred on the third day, namely 35% after 5 days after application. Keywords : Bintaro leaf, Shallot, Spodoptera exigua Hubner

A Mass Ratio of Hierarchical H-ZSM5 And Fatty Acid Methyl Ester of Cerbera Manghas Oil and The Effect on The Hydrocarbon Liquid Product Composition

Fossil fuels are classified as non-renewable resources. On the other hand, using fossil fuels has further aggravated the impact of the environmental crisis. The development of alternative fuels that are renewable and renewable is urgently needed in line with the increasing need for fuel. One alternative energy source that can be used in the development of biofuels is Cerbera manghas oil. The catalytic cracking process with 178 g of Cerbera manghas oil can be carried out using hierarchical H-ZSM-5 as a catalyst with a mass of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5g at a temperature of 250℃. Gas Chromatography Analysis–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on Cerbera manghas oil and biofuel products. Several hydrocarbons, C7-C12 and C16-C17, with the largest content, were identified as diesel (29.14%) and gasoline (14.08%) using a catalyst mass of 0.5g. So that the use of hierarchical H-ZSM-5 catalyst in the catalytic cracking of Cerbera manghas oil can produce hydrocarbon range gasoline.

17β-neriifolin from unripe fruits of Cerbera manghas suppressed cell proliferation via the inhibition of HOXA9-dependent transcription and the induction of apoptosis in the human AML cell line THP-1.

Homeobox A9 (HOXA9) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of AML, and is a factor responsible for a poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of HOXA9-targeting molecules may contribute to not only better understanding of the mechanism of HOXA9 regulation, but also the development of therapeutic applications. We constructed a reporter assay system using the promoter region of the KBTBD10 gene, to which HOXA9 directly binds and regulates transcription, in the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Using this luciferase gene assay, we screened 1120 plant extracts and a methanol extract of the unripe fruits of Cerbera manghas was found to suppress the reporter gene expression mediated by the KBTBD10 promoter. From the extract, five steroid-type compounds were identified as the active constituents: 7α-neriifolin (1), 17β-neriifolin (2), 17α-digitoxigenin β-D-glucosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-thevetoside (3), 17β-digitoxigenin β-D-glucosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-thevetoside (4), and acetylthevetin B (5). Among the five compounds, 17β-neriifolin most potently inhibited HOXA9-dependent gene expression without affecting the HOXA9 mRNA levels, and suppressed cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The findings on the structure-activity relationships of the compounds from C. manghas may contribute to the development of small molecule inhibitors of HOXA9.

Bintaro (Cerbera odollam and Cerbera manghas): an overview of its eco-friendly use, pharmacology, and toxicology.

Bintaro is a tropical mangrove plant often used as a shade tree found in Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and the Islands of the Western Pacific Ocean. The word Bintaro is also often pinned to its closest relative species, the Cerbera odollam. Flower color is one of the distinguishing features between these two species. Human poisoning with the cardiotoxic plant Bintaro is common in Southeast Asia because it bears a fruit that yields a powerful poison that has been used for suicide and homicide, hence it is also called the "Indian suicide tree". The seeds of Bintaro contain Cerberin, a cardiac glycoside toxin of the heart that blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscles, resulting in disruption of the heartbeat most often fatally. The bio-active compound in the kernels of Bintaro varies due to which plant possesses other properties as well. The plant may also be used for medicinal purposes as it shows many pharmaceutical properties. The seeds of the plant have auspicious anticancer properties through apoptotic activity and the leaf extract of the plant was screened for its antioxidant activities. In addition, it is also used as an insecticide, pesticide, or antifungal agent. This review highlights the Pharmaceutical, toxicological, and environmentally friendly approaches of Bintaro.

Coconut crab intoxication in New Caledonia from January 2016 to April 2022

Coconut crab intoxication is known in New Caledonia, it is defined by the occurrence in the following twelve hours after crustacean consumption, of digestive clinical signs such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. This intoxication could as well, presents more severe clinical signs such as cardiac issues that require sometimes the use of the antidote, digitalis antibodies and in fewer cases could cause death. The intoxication is caused by the crustacean consumption of mango tree Cerbera manghas that contained cardiotonic glycosides such as neriifoline. Neriifoline owns a cardiac toxicity and provokes in some patients, conduction troubles that may progress towards asystolia. This work reports 14 cases of crab intoxication by coconut crab in New Caledonia. The objective is to report the crab intoxications, to search if there are some factors that could be the cause of severe forms. It is a retrospective study that covers a timeframe from January 2016 to April 2022. It follows a first study made from January 2008 to December 2015. Clinical, biological, toxicological characteristics of each patient have been collected and analysed. They are extracted from hospitalised patient at the CHT in Noumea's clinical files. First clinical signs of the intoxication are the digestives ones. In fact, nausea and vomiting are found in every patient in this study. They could be associated with diarrhea for six cases, or asthenia, or headaches for five cases. Cardiac signs are presents in ten cases and appears after digestive signs. The most common manifestation is bradycardia, in between 38 to 50 pulse per minute, for eight cases. On the fourteen patients, twelve had bloodword to look for cardenolides of Cerbera manghas and nine patients had urinary level works. There is no correlation between clinical severity and neriifoline blood levels. Indeed, one patient with bradycardia at 41 ppm presented a nerifoline blood concentration of 0.12 ng/mL and urinary concentration < 0.1 ng/mL. As well, there is no correlation between hyperkaliema and neriifoline blood concentration. Indeed, for one patient that had a kaliemia of 8.0 mmol/L, we found a neriifoline blood concentration < 0.1 ng/mL and a urinary concentration of 0.1 ng/mL. There are several parts of the crab that could be eaten. We can eat the crab in totality, or we can only eat the clamp or the cephalothorax. In the study, 3 patients ate only the crab claws, 2 ate only the cephalothorax, 8 ate the whole crab and 1 case is undocumented. Preexisting conditions such as, advanced age, renal insufficiency, diabetes, cardiovascular pathology were associated with severe intoxications. Indeed, in this study, patient who presented the most severed forms, with antibodies injection, were patients with the most comorbidities associated. In agreement, this study finds digestives clinical signs for every patient. In fact, a digestive impairment is one the characteristics of a cardenolides intoxication. This is actually those digestives signs that motivated patient to consult. The non-correlation between clinic and blood concentrations, and hyperkaliemia and blood concentrations are in accordance with the previous study. It confirms the uselessness to dose in emergency, blood level of cardenolides. The only predictive factor of toxicity is kaliemia. Following tradition in the loyalty island, a traditional preparation, consisting in removing the digestive tube after the crab cooking, would prevent the intoxication. If the logical would follow, the people eating only crab clamp should not be intoxicated. However, in this study, several patients who only ate clamp were intoxicated. The cephalothorax consumption, seems to expose to severe forms. Nevertheless, cardiotonic glycosides could be presented, in significant quantity in every part of the crab. Severe intoxication needing the use of antibodies is linked with patients comorbidities.

Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a VCR Engine Fueled with Sea Mango Biodiesel/Diesel Blends

The constant emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, due to the continuous burning of fossil fuels, has been driving researchers to develop an environmentally friendly alternative fuel solution. An experimental investigation was conducted on a laboratory scale, to evaluate the physicochemical qualities, performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of sea mango oil biodiesel blends and pure diesel fuel on a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio (VCR) engine. Tests were conducted at 1500 rpm, 210 bar, and 23° bTDC, under varying loading circumstances of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kgs, and compression ratios 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1, respectively. The findings revealed that higher compression ratios (CRs) improve the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of an engine. At CR 18:1, BTHE, SFC, and EGT improved by 8.78%, 11.18%, and 2.52% more than the standard compression ratio (17:1). The CO, HC, and smoke emissions also lowered by 14.65%, 18.56%, and 11.56%, respectively, at CR 18:1. The NOx emissions increased by 6.77%. The combustion characteristics also improved, with an increase in the CR. The findings of this investigation show that sea mango biodiesel blends can be used as a diesel alternative at CR 18:1, with no engine modifications.

Influence of Varying Compression Ratio of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with B20 Blends of Sea Mango Biodiesel

The ever-worsening environmental situation brought on by the huge use of fossil fuels has ramped up biodiesel production. Several studies have shown that a 20% biodiesel-diesel blend (B20) could be the best for utility in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The present study focuses on the characteristics of a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine running with a B20 blend of sea mango biodiesel at compression ratios of 16:1, 17:1 and 18:1. VCR is a technology which permits the engine to modify its compression ratio to improve the fuel economy under varying loads. The experimental results reveal an improvement of 5.27% and 6.25% in the BTE as well as SFC with B20 mix, respectively, at compression ratio (CR) 18:1 against diesel at standard CR, which is 17:1. At CR 18:1, the CO, HC and smoke emissions of B20 fuel at full load were 26.78%, 37.76% and 23.44%, correspondingly lower than those of diesel at standard CR. However, the blend was found to have higher NOx emissions at all the CRs. The least NOx emissions of the blend were noted to be at CR 16:1, although it was 0.77% higher than diesel at standard CR. The combustion characteristics also improved at higher CRs. The findings of this study indicate that the B20 blend of sea mango biodiesel could be utilized at CR 18:1 to replace diesel without any engine modifications.

Representasi 3D Jaringan Epidermis dan Stomata Daun Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Suku Apocynaceae serta Sumbangannya pada Pembelajaran Biologi SMA

This study aims to produce a 3D image representation of leaf epidermis tissue in several Apocynaceae plants as enrichment material for high school biology material. The method used is a descriptive method by observing the leaf epidermis tissue in several Apocynaceae plants, namely: Adenium obesum, Catharanthus roseus, Cerbera manghas, Nerium oleander, Plumeria alba and Wrightia antidysenterica. The representation of 3D images is done using Paint-3D software and arranged in the form of a booklet. The results showed that the representation of the structure of the epidermis and stomata in the form of 3D images displayed varying characteristics. The results of the feasibility test show that the booklet has an average score of 93 and is included in the very valid category. In conclusion, the 3D image representation of the epidermal tissue with Paint-3D software can display the characteristics of the tissue structure more clearly and the booklets that are arranged are suitable for use as teaching materials.&#x0D; Keywords: Apocynaceae, Epidermis, 3D Representation, Stomata