Grinding has become one of the most efficient precision machining methods to treat with undesired machining defects and improve the surface integrity for the hard and brittle engineering ceramics. However, it is inevitable to cause micro-damages and related transformation of microscopic features, which will eventually affect the grinding quality. This paper is devoted to investigate the high-speed grinding microscopic features of silicon carbide ceramics to reveal the application of high-speed grinding technique in precision machining of ceramics. A comparative study of high-speed and conventional speed grinding of silicon carbide ceramics is discussed in terms of phase transformation, residual stresses, micro-damages, grinding chips, and surface topography. The results show that the high-speed grinding (HSG) process could help substantially improve the workpiece integrity in terms of better surface finish, smaller damages, and controlled residual stresses with a higher material removal rate. Moreover, it has also been proved that a polytypic phase transformation could be induced in HSG process.