Ceramic Wall Research Articles

Influence of montmorillonite clay on the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic mass

The intensification of the growth of industrial production of building materials causes an urgent need for economical use of material and fuel and energy resources, especially in such an energy-and resource-intensive industry as the production of construction ceramics. To improve the physical and mechanical properties of building ceramics, to reduce energy consumption during drying, as well as to increase the strength indicators, pilot tests of the influence of bentonite clay w for obtaining face wall ceramics were carried out. The regularities of the structure and phase formation of the ceramic composition depending on the firing temperature have been established. Modification of the raw mixture with bentonite clay to assess the increase in strength by 20-30% with a general decrease in the firing temperature by 100-120 ° C.

Testing Crack Resistance of Non-Load-Bearing Ceramic Walls with Door Openings.

Cracking in non-load-bearing internal partition walls is a serious problem that frequently occurs in new buildings within the short term after putting them into service or even before completion of construction. Sometimes, it is so considerable that it cannot be accepted by the occupiers. The article presents tests of cracking in ceramic walls with a door opening connected in a rigid and flexible way along vertical edges. The first analyzes were conducted using the finite element method (FEM), and afterward, the measurements of deformations and stresses in walls on deflecting floors were performed on a full scale in the actual building structure. The measurements enabled to determine floor deformations leading to cracking of walls and to establish a dependency between the values of tensile stresses within the area of the door opening corners and their location along the length of walls and type of vertical connection with the structure.

The effects of cement raw mix waste dust on thermal properties of ceramic wall tile bodies

The recycling of industrial wastes has in recent years become a priority issue. The relevant work on reducing the adverse effects of industrial wastes is becoming more important. Farina (raw mix) is a crude mixture obtained by grinding the raw materials used in cement production. The oxides at a high rate ensure that the cement raw mix waste dust is a good source of raw material in ceramic wall tile body production. This study used 2%, 3%, 5% and 10% cement raw mix waste dust instead of calcite, which is used in a standard wall tile recipe. Another industrial waste, marble dust, was also used as a source of CaCO3. The physical and mechanical properties of prepared samples such as firing shrinkage, dry and fired strength, and water absorption were examined. And firing behavior using a non-contact optical dilatometer was also studied. The study showed that the addition of cement waste raw mix dust improves physical and mechanical properties. Dry strength and bending strength increased as the amount of cement waste raw mix dust increase. Bulk density also increased with the addition of cement waste raw mix dust. Especially, 50% increase in dry strength was achieved with the addition of cement waste raw mix dust instead of calcite. The sintering rate (dy/dt) was negatively affected, and sintering slowed down when the higher amount of the addition cement waste raw mix dust. The study showed that cement waste raw mix waste dust and marble dust can be used as alternative raw materials for ceramic wall tiles up to 5 wt % instead of CaCO3.

Fracture mode and compressive strength of ice-templated porous zirconia

Porous zirconia with different porosity and pore architecture were prepared by adjusting the solid loading and the binder concentration of the suspensions, and freezing rate via an ice-templating method. The transition of the fracture mode and the relationship between the compressive strength and process parameters were identified and investigated. The load-displacement curves showed a variation from a buckling fracture at porosity above 70 % to a brittle fracture in the porosity range from 35.3 % to 55.5 %, owning to the increased resistance of the ceramic walls to buckling. As the porosity decreased from 75.0 % to 35.3 %, the mean compressive strength of the samples increased from 4.5 MPa to 197.1 MPa. Under buckling fracture, increasing the binder concentration from 2 wt% to 4 wt% contributed to the improvement of the mean compressive strength from 5.5 MPa to 14.8 MPa, although samples had similar porosity level (~73 %). For brittle fracture, samples with porosity around 54 % exhibited the improvement of mean compressive strength from 45.5 MPa to 75.1 MPa when increasing the freeze velocity from 8 °C/min to 25 °C/min.

The usage of water conditioning sludge from heat power industry enterprises in wall ceramics production

The paper considers the ecological problems of water conditioning systems at heat power industry facilities. It is noted that the stable operation of water-heating equipment is provided with the quality of feed water. Various water-soluble salts, which can incrust the inner walls of boilers or pipelines, are removed from the natural water. For desalination of natural water the physical-chemical methods are mostly used. The by-product of desalination or chemical water-conditioning systems is the sludge waste. This work presents the results of using chemical water conditioning sludge from JSC Verofarm in the raw charge for wall ceramics production. The sludge is a finely-divided powder, the mineral composition of which is presented with calcium and magnesium carbonates, brucite and iron compounds, which make the sludge pink. It has been determined that the baking of sludge-containing ceramic samples at temperature 1000°C results in dissociation of calcium and magnesium carbonates with the formation of gaseous products H2O and CO2, which make the structure of ceramic materials porous. The presence of iron compounds in the raw charge promotes the formation of low-temperature silicate melt, which intensifies the baking process of ceramic samples. The optimal sludge content in the charge that doesn’t reduce the strength characteristics of wall ceramics is 10%. Such sludge content forms the liquid phase on the surface of the raw mix’s particles, which solidifies the forming pores. The increase of sludge content up to 20% intensifies gas generation; the amount of the formed liquid phase is not sufficient, which increases porosity and reduces the density and strength of ceramic materials. At that, the engobe layer is formed on the surface of the obtained wall ceramics samples. The wall ceramics products, obtained with the use of chemical water conditioning sludge, can be used as structural heat-insulation materials in making building envelopes or interior partitions.

Waste minimisation of ceramic wall tiles

Many wastes are commonly produced during the ceramic tiles manufacturing process such as: Roller kiln grinding waste, cyclone dust waste, and ceramic sludge. Those wastes are landfilled because they have been predictable to be less conducive to recycling. In this study, the recyclability of the mentioned wastes is enhanced to minimize natural resource consumption, save energy, reduce cost and decrease hazards to the surrounding environment. Three types of collected wastes were added in different ratios to a standard wall tile mix and factorial 23 design techniques was used to investigate the effect of adding these wastes in different ratios on the properties of unfired and fired bodies. Suggested recipes were shaped in standard tile form, dried and fired at 1,160 oC for 15 min. Tests performed on these tiles revealed that they abide by standard requirements for ceramic wall tiles.

Life cycle energy assessment and carbon dioxide emissions of wall systems for rural houses

Abstract Wall systems have a wide range of embodied energy due to the diversity of materials available. This paper analyzes the expenditure of energy and carbon dioxide emissions in internal and external wall systems (IEWS) of a rural residence of social interest in Cascavel, state of Paraná, Brazil. The methodology proposed by NBR ISO 14040 was used to perform a life-cycle energy assessment (LCEA) and the carbon dioxide emissions assessment (LCCO2A) of these systems. Four scenarios were considered: reinforced concrete structure and ceramic blocks wall system, load-bearing masonry with concrete blocks, steel framing and reinforced concrete walls molded on site. As a result, it was found that it is possible to reduce energy consumption up to 25% by opting for reinforced concrete walls molded on site. In regards to CO2 emission, it was verified that the difference is even greater, being able to reduce emissions by almost 32% when opting for this same scenario.

Experimental-Industrial Tests of Wall Ceramics Technology of Volume Staining with a Matrix Structure

Experimental-Industrial Tests of Wall Ceramics Technology of Volume Staining with a Matrix Structure

General Characteristics of the Refuse Heaps of Eastern Donbass and Products of their Processing as Raw Materials for the Production of Wall Ceramics

General Characteristics of the Refuse Heaps of Eastern Donbass and Products of their Processing as Raw Materials for the Production of Wall Ceramics

ПРОЦЕССЫ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ КОРРОЗИИ, ПРОТЕКАЮЩИЕ В МАТЕРИАЛЕ КРУПНОБЛОЧНОЙ ПОРИСТОЙ КЕРАМИКЕ

Large-block porous ceramics, which enter the market of building materials, have a number of undeniable qualities: low thermal conductivity, low density, high aesthetic qualities. According to its design features, this material is a modern prototype of hollow bricks used in construction since the nineteenth century. Field studies of the work of enclosing structures using hollow bricks have shown that in many cases, the bricks laid in the enclosing structures of buildings 60-80 years ago were significantly destroyed. In this case, the destruction mechanism does not depend on the polythermal load on the material. The hypothesis that the destruction is associated with the chemical destruction of the material was investigated using the developed method for determining the chemical resistance of the material of wall ceramics. The conducted studies confirmed the hypothesis. Studies of the chemical resistance of the material of large-block porous ceramics should be taken into account in the production technology of ceramics.

Walls composed of different materials: a brief review on thermal comfort

The present work is dedicated to identifying the central researches related to the influence of the different materials that make up the walls in the performance of thermal comfort. At first, the keywords “Wall materials” and “Thermal comfort” were used in the search for scientific articles through a systematic review in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, restricted to the areas of Architecture and Urbanism, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. 85 scientific articles were identified, of which 44 were included in the research, the excluded did not have adherence, because they were out of the subject or in duplicate. In order to organize the data and discuss the subjects, four contexts were identified: building evaluation (39%), computer simulation (39%), prototype construction (15%) and laboratory experiment evaluation (7%). Among the materials, hemp and straw bales stood out by demonstrating the ability to cushion temperature variations in both winter and summer, and are therefore good thermal regulators. The melting temperature of the Phase-Change Material (PCM) of 25 ° C optimized the installation in all locations. The ceramic brick wall had a worse performance, from 1.25 to 1.45W / (m.K) in relation to the traditional mud walls at 1.1 to 1.2W / (m.K) and the earth block construction technique stabilized with cement at 1.05 to 1.25W / (m.K). The application of materials provided for wall construction is one of the best alternatives to achieve the condition of internal thermal comfort of buildings.

The effect of enrichment on quartz sand properties

The technological properties of quartz sand (without and after enrichment) by methods of emission spectral analysis, petrography, and X-ray phase analysis are investigated. The studied sand is a waste after extraction of titanium-containing components from raw materials. It is shown that the enrichment of quartz sand expands the field of its application. It has been established that quartz sand can be used as a filler of heavy, light, fine-grained, cellular and silicate concrete, mortar, and the preparation of dry construction mixtures. Also, sand can be claimed as a raw material component to produce ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, glazed ceramic products, wall ceramics, as well as proppants. Hydraulic enrichment leads to a decrease in the content of clay particles in the sand, which allows it to be used also for the construction of bases and coatings of roads and airfields. The integrated use of raw materials and waste allows solving the problem of creating non-waste and environmentally friendly technologies, which ensures the saving of natural raw materials, and on the other hand, allows it to be disposed of, improving the environmental situation.

Investigation of the Porosity Structure in the Ceramic Wall Material of the Fortress in Girona (Spain)

The object of investigation is the ceramic material taken from the fortress wall in the city of Girona. The chemical composition of the researched material showed a heightened content of carbon (13.1%) in it, attesting the introduction of fuel into the green body. The heightened content of fuel in the green body promotes porosity formation and uniform sintering inside the ceramic sample. The integral and differential programs of the research samples, which were obtained by means of mercury porosimetry, showed that the total volume of the micropores ranging in size from 10 – 4 to 10 – 8 m is equal to 0.155 cm3/g. The differential distribution of micropores as a function of their size is: 10 – 4 – 10– 5 — 27% (reserve – non-hazardous); 10 – 5 – 10– 6m— 19% (hazardous); 10 – 6 – 10– 7 m — 29%; 10 – 7 – 10– 8 m — 25% (non-hazardous).

A novel approach to fabricate ceramic/metal interpenetrating phase composites by ultrasonic-assisted spontaneous infiltration

The research on the ceramic/metal composites with interpenetrating continuous lamellar structure has attracted much interest in structural materials field. In this work, we proposed an innovative approach to fabricate co-continuous ZrB2–SiC/Zn–5Al composites by combining freeze casting with ultrasonic-assisted spontaneous infiltration. The ZrB2–SiC porous ceramic with orderly lamellar channels (30 vol%) was fabricated by freeze casting using ammonium polyacrylate as the dispersant. The effects of ultrasonication duration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated in detail. Results indicated that the ultrasonication improved the wettability and facilitated the spontaneous infiltration. The composites obtained the excellent comprehensive properties when the duration was 300 s, which can be attributed to not only the sufficient infiltration of lamellar channels but also the longer infiltration distance inside the ceramic walls induced by the ultrasonic capillary and cavitation.

Cost-effective fabrication of bio-inspired nacre-like composite materials with high strength and toughness

A cost-effective one-step densification process based on bi-directional freeze casting was investigated to produce nacre-like alumina/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites with a unique micro-layered (μL) architecture. This method has the advantage of shorter processing time, as it requires only sintering once instead of twice as in the fabrication of conventional brick-and-mortar (BM) composites via freeze casting. By tuning the processing parameters, composites with different ceramic content and layer thickness were obtained. The resultant mechanical properties of μL composites showed that ceramic content and wall thickness affected mechanical properties significantly. The μL composite with fine ceramic walls (8 μm) and relatively high ceramic fraction (72 vol%) exhibited an exceptional combination of high flexural strength (178 MPa) and fracture toughness (12.5 MPa m1/2). The μL composites were also compared with the conventional BM composites. Although the fracture behaviour of both composites exhibited similar extrinsic toughening mechanisms, the μL composites with longer ceramic walls displayed superior mechanical properties in terms of strength and fracture toughness in comparison with the BM composites comprising short ceramic walls (i.e. bricks), due to the effectiveness of stress transfer of load-bearing ceramic phase within the composites.

The Production Technology of the Ceramic Brick Soft Molding Based on Opoka-Like Rocks

The results of the scientific research and pilot tests on the production technology of soft molded ceramic bricks based on siliceous opoka-like rocks are presented. A description of soft-molded brick, which is distinguished by a huge variety of appearance and unusual design, which has earned recognition from architects and designers, is given. It is emphasized that the main limiting factor for the wide distribution of this type of brick is its high cost, due to the very small volumes of its production in Russia. It is indicated that the current situation poses a very difficult and urgent task for the wall ceramics industry - to establish the widespread production of soft-molded bricks, which in addition to the aesthetic properties will have the good operational properties. The opoka-like rocks’ characteristics and the results of studying their ceramic properties in relation to the technology of soft molding are given. The classification of the soft molded brick front surface types is presented for discussion. The main technological parameters of production, the relationship and the influence of various technological factors on the properties of the products obtained, as well as the mechanism for forming the structure of the calcined products are determined. A variable technological scheme for the production of soft molded ashlar brick has been developed. It is emphasized that the presented research results will be of interest to a wide circle of the molded ceramic bricks’ manufacturers and will help to establish the wide production of soft-molded bricks in Russia.

Study on the Combination of Low-Pressure Hydrogen Cylinder and Non-sintered Ceramic Wall to Solve Water Permeability

Global green energy development by many technological breakthroughs, so that the new composite materials modified and designed, so that new energy has a new look, this study to improve people’s high-pressure hydrogen storage of hydrogen energy technology hazards and hidden worries, so design and improve the local low-pressure hydrogen storage combined with secondary building wall design, and sustainable environmental thinking, The use of waste ceramic reuse technology, combined with low-pressure hydrogen bottle design to form a new composite material structure, and the best parameters to solve waterproof non-sintered ceramic clad metal material research, and OM, salt spray, perspective X-RAY observation with metal now ceramic anti-corrosion permeability, the future use of geotechnical engineering, building diversification. More so that hydrogen in non-high pressure, more in people’s life circle and local hydrogen storage and PC use. Thank partially support by the MOST 108-2221-E-343-001.

Design of an updraft gasification stove and its performance test with cassava peel as fuel

In this study, an insulated updraft gasification stove for biomass has been designed and tested for cassava peel. The main components of the stove were forced airflow inlet, biomass bed and gasification chamber and ceramic wool-insulated stainless steel wall. Top lit method was used in the ignition and testing was performed by using water boiling test method. Cassava peel was fed at four levels of bulk densities and moisture content. The result showed that combustion rates were quite high. The bulk density of fuel tend to reduce the rate of combustion and ignition front speed. The cassava peel with moisture content of 8-10% showed reddish-purple flame and small amount of smoke produced while with moisture content above 15%, the fuel could not be ignited in a reasonable time. The thermal system efficiencies of this gasification stove were still quite low, which were between 5.88 to 8.79%.

The Effects of Blast Furnace Slag on The Properties of Ceramic Wall Tile Body

Gunumuzde seramik kaplama malzemelerinin uretiminde hammadde kaynaklarinin azalmasi ve maliyet artislarindan dolayi, alternatif hammadde kaynaklarinin degerlendirilmesine yonelik calismalar buyuk onem kazanmistir. Ozelliklede endustriyel atiklarin geri donusumu ile hem maliyet hem de cevre konusunda kazanimlar elde edilebilmektedir. Bu calismada, endustriyel atik olarak Zonguldak Eregli Demir Celik Fabrikasinin yuksek firin curufu ve ayrica bir mermer fabrikasindan alinan mermer tozu seramik duvar karosu uretiminde alternatif bir hammadde kaynagi olarak kullanilmistir. Seramik duvar karosu recetelerinde maksimum % 10 oraninda kalsit yerine yuksek firin curufu ve mermer tozu kullanilmistir. Numuneler 1130 ° C de 60 dakika sure ile laboratuar kosullarinda pisirilmistir. Numunelerin pisme kuculmesi, su emme ve egme dayanimlari gibi teknolojik ozelliklerinin yani sira sinterleme analizleri de arastirilmistir.

Investigation of The Effects of Red Mud Addition on The Properties of Ceramic Wall Tile Body

Endüstriyel atıkların depolanması ve bertaraf edilmesi çevresel etki açısından en önemli problemlerden birisidir. Bu atıkların yeniden kullanılması hem çevrenin korunması açısından hem de alternatif hammadde potansiyellerinden dolayı diğer sanayi dallarının ilgisini çekmektedir. Özellikle de seramik sektöründe giderek artan hammadde maliyetleri ve azalan hammadde kaynakları bu atıkların değerlendirilmesinin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Konya Seydişehir Alüminyum tesislerinin atığı olan kırmızı çamur alternatif bir hammadde kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada seramik duvar karosu reçetelerinde maksimum % 30 oranında kaolin yerine kırmızı çamur ve kalsit yerinede mermer tozu kullanılmıştır. Numuneler 1130 ° C de 60 dakika süre ile laboratuar koşullarında pişirilmiştir. Numunelerin pişme küçülmesi, su emme ve eğme dayanımları gibi teknolojik özelliklerinin yanı sıra sinterleme ve mikroyapı analizleri de araştırılmıştır. Yapılan testler sonucunda kırmızı çamur ilaveli bünyelerin pişme ve ham mukavemet değerleri artmıştır. Ayrıca herhangi bir pigment ilavesi olmadan sadece kırmızı çamur ilavesi ile kırmızı renkli bünyeler elde edilmiştir.