Ceramic Technology Research Articles

Lead‐Free (K, Na)NbO3 Piezocatalyst with Superior Piezocatalysis and Large‐Scale Production

AbstractAlthough piezocatalysis has achieved preliminary achievements in environmental remediation and biomedical applications, large‐scale fabrication of piezocatalysts with high degradation efficiency and low cost remains challenging. In this work, a new and easy strategy to solve this challenge is innovatively proposed, that is, ceramic‐powder‐driven boosted polarization intensity, and validated the strategy is by examining potassium sodium niobate ((K, Na)NbO3, KNN) ferroelectric. KNN‐3 piezocatalyst, obtained by grinding as‐sintered ceramics into powder, shows a degradation rate (k) as high as 148 × 10−3 min−1 for rhodamine B (RhB) dye and for 31 × 10−3 min−1 for methyl orange (MO) dye, ≈18 times and 66 times than those of previously reported KNN piezocatalysts. The superior piezocatalytic activity is attributed to enhanced polarization intensity, increased oxygen vacancies, and higher charge carrier concentrations. Besides, the KNN‐3 piezocatalyst shows excellent inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. Therefore, the proven ceramic preparation technology enables the new strategy to mass produce high‐performance KNN piezocatalysts that hold promise for applications in dye degradation and biomedicine.

Approaches to Reduce the Operating Temperature of Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells to

Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) have been developed as a promising technology for efficient power generation and hydrogen production via steam electrolysis. However, the current operating temperature range of 450-600°C still limits their widespread application and adoption in ceramic electrochemical cell technology. To address this issue, lowering the operating temperature range to 250-450°C has been proposed, which would expand the range of materials for building PCEC systems and reduce their cost. In this presentation, I will discuss our group's series of approaches to redesign PCECs. These approaches include using readily fabricated single-grain thick, chemically homogeneous, and robust electrolytes, as well as newly developed positive electrode materials. Our innovations have simultaneously reduced the electrolyte ohmic resistance, electrolyte-positive electrode contact resistance, and electrode polarization resistance, while also improving durability. As a result, we have set several new records of using PCECs for both power generation and renewable hydrogen production.

High Performance Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells Operating at

Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) can operate in both fuel cell and steam electrolysis modes for efficient power generation and green hydrogen production. Thanks to the low activation energy of proton conduction, PCECs are uniquely capable of operating at temperatures below 600°C. Although some intriguing demonstrations of intermediate-temperature (500-600°C) PCECs (IT-PCECs) have been made in the last decade, the operating temperature of PCECs is still too high to revolutionize ceramic electrochemical cell technology, which is ascribed to the high ohmic resistance and positive electrode polarization resistance. It has been also recognized the electrode polarization resistance dominates the total resistance at <500°C. These challenges suggest both the electrolyte and positive electrode should be redesigned to lower the PCEC operating temperature.In this work, we present two main approaches to reducing electrolyte ohmic resistance, electrolyte-positive electrode contact resistance, and electrode polarization resistance, which enables PCECs operation at <500°C. First, by using the ultrasonic spray coating system to coat the electrolyte layer on a negative electrode substrate with low Ba-deficiency, a bamboo-structured, ultrathin, and chemically homogeneous electrolyte can be fabricated. Second, a newly in-situ formed composite positive electrode was developed, which enhances the interfacial bonding between the positive electrode and electrolyte, further reducing ASRo , while improving both bulk oxygen-ion diffusion coefficient and surface oxygen exchange coefficientat <500°C.The newly developed LT-PCECs attain outstanding power densities in fuel cell mode (as high as 0.77 W cm-2 at 450°C), and exceptional current densities in electrolysis mode (over -1.28 A cm-2 at 1.4 V and 450°C). Furthermore, reducing the temperature does not sacrifice the fuel flexibility of these ceramic fuel cells. We demonstrated that the PCECs can directly utilize ammonia and methane for power generation at <500°C. Exceptional durability has been also demonstrated in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes at <500°C.These results further emphasize that through the PCEC scalable manufacturing processes and novel positive electrode materials presented here, PCECs can be employed for power generation and H2 production at <500°C, thereby transforming the architectures and removing previous operational constraints of ceramic electrochemical cells for scaled operation. PCECs can therefore be considered as one part of the growing hydrogen economy, while leveraging the existing fossil fuel infrastructure and achieving higher energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions.

An advanced miniature fluidic system in multilayer ceramic technology with precise temperature and flow control for in situ pollution monitoring

Rapid, on-site, water-quality monitoring is necessary to prevent and remediate environmental pollution. This study aims to develop a miniature, portable, fluidic system (MFS) designed for the easy insertion of disposable, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and the measurement of an electrochemical response (EC) under controlled temperature and flow conditions. The three-dimensional MFS, realised in low-temperature, cofired ceramic and multilayer ceramic technology, consist of three distinct cavities, each with separate inlet and outlet channels. These channels are designed to maintain an equivalent flow rate across all three cavities. The MFS allows simultaneous measurements at three measuring sites, temperature control of the fluid from room temperature to 125 °C via integrated heaters and temperature sensors, and flow regulation up to 20 mL/min via an external fluid pump. The EC values obtained from the SPEs in a standard solution of potassium ferrocyanide/potassium ferricyanide at room temperature and under stagnant conditions were consistent with measurements conducted in the MFS, droplet and conventional electrochemical cells, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the MFS. The EC response was confirmed in the MFS under flow conditions of 4 mL/min and temperatures of 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. This shows that multilayer ceramic technology enables the fabrication of a miniature, three-dimensional MFS with integrated fluidic and electronic components that provide reliable and accurate electrochemical measurements using a commercial SPE under controlled flow and temperature conditions.

Co‐Fired Multilayer Thermoelectric Generators Based on Textured Calcium Cobaltite

AbstractThermoelectric generators are very attractive devices for waste heat energy harvesting as they transform a temperature difference into electrical power. However, commercially available generators show poor power density and limited operation temperatures. Research focuses on high‐temperature materials and innovative generator designs. Finding the optimal design for a given material system is challenging. Here, a theoretical framework is provided that allows appropriate generator design selection based on the particular material properties. For high‐temperature thermoelectric oxides, it can be clearly deduced that unileg multilayer generators have the highest potential for effective energy harvesting. Based on these considerations, prototype unileg multilayer generators from the currently best thermoelectric oxide Ca3Co4O9 are manufactured for the first time by industrially established ceramic multilayer technology. These generators exhibit a power density of 2.2 mW cm−2 at a temperature difference of 260 K, matching simulated values and confirming the suitability of the technology. Further design improvements increase the power density by a factor of 22 to facilitate practicable power output at temperature differences as low as 7 K. This work demonstrates that reasonable energy harvesting at elevated temperatures is possible with oxide materials and appropriate multilayer design.

Zn2+-Enhanced Lithium Magnesium Molybdate Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramics for Terahertz Wavefront Modulation Applications.

High efficiency, high frequency, low error, and low latency of wavefront modulation are challenges that must be addressed simultaneously in 5G/6G communication systems. In order to cope with these challenges, novel Li2Mg2-xZnxMo3O12 (x = 0.00-0.08) ceramics are prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The microwave dielectric properties (εr = 8.7, Q × f = 61,312 GHz, τf = -59.1 ppm/°C) and terahertz transmission properties (εr1 = 8.3, tanδ1 = 0.00908, Tamplitude = 0.673, Δphase = 27.65°) of this ceramic (x = 0.06, 625 °C) are effectively enhanced by Zn2+. The chemical compatibility between this ceramic and the Al electrode is demonstrated. The reflection amplitude of this ceramic combined with the Al electrode at 0.5 THz is revealed, and the error between simulation and experiment is only 0.06. A terahertz reflective device for wavefront modulation is designed and demonstrated by using this ceramic and Al electrode. This device can deflect the wavefront of cross-polarized waves and has a certain isolation effect on co-polarized waves. This work accelerates the development of dielectric ceramics and ultralow temperature cofired ceramics technology in the terahertz field.

Neuro-fuzzy modelling of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor with ceramic membrane technology for treating petroleum refinery effluent: a case study from Assam, India.

A continuous stirred tank bioreactor (CSTB) with cell recycling combined with ceramic membrane technology and inoculated with Rhodococcus opacus PD630 was employed to treat petroleum refinery wastewater for simultaneous chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and lipid production from the retentate obtained during wastewater treatment. In the present study, the COD removal efficiency (CODRE) (%) and lipid concentration (g/L) were predicted using two artificial intelligence models, i.e., an artificial neural network (ANN) and a neuro-fuzzy neural network (NF-NN) with a network topology of 6-25-2 being the best for NF-NN. The results revealed the superiority of NF-NN over ANN in terms of determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Three learning algorithms were tested with NF-NN; among them, the Bayesian regularization backpropagation (BR-BP) outperformed others. The sensitivity analysis revealed that, if solid retention time and biomass concentrations were maintained between 35 and 75h and 3.0g/L and 3.5g/L, respectively, high CODRE (93%) and lipid concentration (2.8g/L) could be obtained consistently.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gadolinium Oxyhydride (GdHO) Thin Films: Optical, Photocatalytic, and Electronic Properties.

Oxyhydrides of rare-earth metals (REMOHs) exhibit notable photochromic behaviors. Among these, yttrium oxyhydride (YHO) stands out for its impressive transparency and swift UV-responsive color change, positioning it as an optimal material for self-cleaning window applications. Although semiconductor photocatalysis holds potential solutions for critical environmental issues, optimizing the photocatalytic efficacy of photochromic substances has not been adequately addressed. This research advances the study of REMOHs, focusing on the properties of gadolinium oxyhydride (GdHO) both theoretically and experimentally. The electronic and structural characteristics of GdHO, vital for ceramic technology, are thoroughly examined. Explicitly determined work functions for GdH2, GdHO, and Gd2O3 stand at 3.4 eV, 3.0 eV, and 4.3 eV, respectively. Bader charge analysis showcases GdHO's intricate bonding attributes, whereas its electron localization function majorly presents an ionic nature. The charge neutrality level is situated about 0.33 eV below the top valence band, highlighting these materials' inclination for acceptor-dominant electrical conductivity. Remarkably, this research unveils GdHO films' photocatalytic capabilities for the first time. Even with their restricted surface due to thinness, these films follow the Langmuir-Hinshelwood degradation kinetics, ensuring total degradation of methylene blue in a day. It was observed that GdHO's work function diminishes with reduced deposition pressure, and UV exposure further decreases it by 0.2 eV-a change that reverts post-UV exposure. The persistent stability of GdHO films, hinting at feasible recyclability, enhances their potential efficiency, underlining their viability in practical applications. Overall, this study accentuates GdHO's pivotal role in electronics and photocatalysis, representing a landmark advancement in the domain.

Ceramic traditions on the territory of the Permian Urals during the Great Migration of Peoples: application of technical, technological and statistical analyses

The article presents the results of technical, technological and statistical analyses of ceramics from the epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples found on the monuments of the Permian Urals. The technical and technological analysis was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. Statistical analysis of the sample, including 136 vessels from 10 archaeological sites, using the k-means method allowed us to talk about a motley and diverse cultural palette of the population of the studied territory. The authors identified 8 clusters, each of which can be identified with a particular cultural tradition of pottery making. The analyzed ceramic material allows us to talk about the mixing of at least two groups of the population, one of which is associated with the tradition of using crushed shells in the production of ceramics, and the second – manure, organic solution, chamotte and dry processing of the initial plastic raw materials. The intertwining of traditions is clearly recorded by the facts of the identification of mixed multicomponent compositions of molding masses (clay + crushed shell + organic solution; clay + crushed shell + chamotte; clay + crushed shell + chamotte + organic solution). According to the results of the analysis, local ceramic traditions were also recorded, demonstrating the high dependence of ceramic production technology on available raw materials (sanded clay raw materials; silty clays). In the course of the study, the tradition of using crushed raw materials in the production of ceramics was described and interpreted, the origins of which may be associated with the area of distribution of the Mazunin culture.

Status of 3D Printing Technology for Preparing Bioceramic Materials

3D printing technology has great advantages in small batch and personalized customization, so it has attracted much attention in the biomedical field. The consumables available for 3D printing include polymer, metal, ceramic and derived materials. Biomedical ceramics, with high melting point and poor toughness, are the most difficult materials to be used in 3D printing. The progress of 3D printing ceramic preparation process using ceramic powder, ceramic slurry, ceramic wire, ceramic film and other different raw materials as consumables are reviewed, and the surface roughness, size, density and other parameters of ceramics prepared by SLS, 3DP, DIW, IJP, SL, DLP, FDM, LOM and other different processes are compared. The study also summarizes the clinical application status of 3D printed bioceramics in the field of hard tissue repair such as bone tissue engineering scaffolds and dental prostheses. The SL ceramic additive manufacturing technology based on the principle of UV polymerization has better manufacturing precision, forming quality and the ability to prepare large-size parts, and can also endow bioceramics with better biological properties, mechanical properties, antibacterial, tumor treatment and other functions by doping trace nutrients and surface functional modification. Compared with the traditional subtractive manufacturing process, the bioceramics prepared by 3D printing not only have good mechanical properties, but also often have better biocompatibility and osteoconductivity.

Chicumbane Connections: Lower Limpopo Valley During the First Millennium AD

The discussion of the transition to farming in southern Africa and the formation of Early Iron Age society, referred to in Mozambican archaeology as the Early Farming Communities (EFC), is complicated by the lack of surveys in key areas of intensive contacts. This article presents the results of excavations at the EFC site Chicumbane in the eastern lower Limpopo Valley, dated 500–800 AD. The variation of ceramic styles in terms of decoration and shape suggests predominantly interior influences (Gokomere and Zhizo facies), but there are also decoration elements similar to what is found on the coast. A wide variety of ceramic technologies were used in terms of clay sources, temper, and ways of building the pot. Here, we reconstruct possible social interactions based on these differences. Together with the other artifact categories, such as slag, metal, and shell beads, the results show some aspects of regional interactions among Early Farming Communities. The combined ceramic analyses suggest a mix of traditions by female potters who, through marriage, moved between regions, bringing new ways of decorating, tempering, and building pots.

Research advances on primary machining technologies of zirconia ceramics

Research advances on primary machining technologies of zirconia ceramics

A Decade Review of Research Trends Using Waste Materials in the Building and Construction Industry: A Pathway towards a Circular Economy

The construction industry is among the most prominent contributors to global resource consumption, waste production, and greenhouse gas emissions. A pivotal step toward mitigating these sectoral impacts lies in the adoption of a circular production and consumption system. The use of alternative waste materials can mitigate landfill accumulation and the associated detrimental environmental effects. To highlight unconventional materials, this study began with a bibliometric assessment via a bibliography analyzis software called “Bibliometrix” (version 4.1.3). The outputs from the analyzis can assist in identifying research trends, gaps in literature and benchmark research performance. The search engine used for sourcing publications was Scopus, using the main criteria as “Waste materials used in building and construction”. The time-period analysed was from 2013 to 2023. The results included publications obtained in journal articles, book chapters and conference proceedings. The assessment reviewed 6238 documents from 1482 sources. The results revealed an array of waste materials; however, rubber, textiles, and ceramics had a significant reduction in research attention. Rubber waste presents promising opportunities in civil concrete construction methods. The preparatory steps of textile fibres in composite materials are frequently disregarded, resulting in structural issues for the end-product. Obstacles persist in ceramic technology due to the absence of transparency, primarily because industry entities closely safeguard proprietary information. While sustainability research often emphasizes emissions, practical trials commonly revolve around integrating materials into current systems. A more comprehensive approach, contemplating the complete lifecycle of materials, could provide deeper insights into fostering sustainable construction practices. Researchers can use these findings when determining trends, research gaps, and future research directions.

Influence of process parameters on joint properties of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics using flash joining

Flash joining has been proven to a high-performance joining technology for MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics. To reveal the functions and effecting mechanism of electric field in the flash joining, the effects of E-field intensity, temperature, current density and joining time on the joints were systematically studied. The E-field intensity and temperature above a certain threshold were the preconditions for flash joining, while the current density and joining time had great influence on the joint performance. Combined with the finite element analysis (FEA) under thermal-electric field, the possible mechanism of flash joint formation was proposed. The contact impedance causes Joule-heat to accumulate near the joining interface, increasing the diffusion coefficient, and promoting the formation of Schottky defects. Under the action of direct current E-field, the defects migrate rapidly along the direction of E-field and promote the healing of the welding seam.

Novel microwave dielectric ceramics based on CaO–MoO3–La2O3 pseudo‐ternary phase diagram and the design of patch antenna

AbstractIn this study, two novel microwave dielectric ceramics were designed and synthesized using the solid‐state reaction method based on the CaO–MoO3–La2O3 pseudo‐ternary phase diagram. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Rietveld refinement results indicate that pure phase microwave dielectric ceramics (CaLa2(MoO4)4 and Ca3MoO6) can be produced with CaO, MoO3, La2O3 ratios of 1, 1, 4, and 3, 1, 0, respectively. CaLa2(MoO4)4 shows the potential value for application in Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramic technology. In addition, the Phillips–van Vechten–Levine theory, infrared reflectance spectrum, and THz time‐domain spectrum are used further to study the structure‐property relationship of the two ceramics. Finally, a 5G patch antenna used in Sub‐6 GHz communication technology was successfully designed and manufactured. The study of the relationship between chemical bonds and dielectric properties of the two ceramics, along with the development of the patch antenna, establishes a foundation for scientific research and practical applications in related ceramic systems.

Current applications of 3D printing in dental implantology: Ascoping review mapping the evidence.

This scoping review aimed to identify the available evidence in the use of 3D printing technology in dental implantology. Due to the broad scope of the subject and its application in implantology, three main areas of focus were identified: (1) customized dental implants, (2) manufacturing workflow for surgical implant guides, and (3) related implant-supported prostheses factors, which include the metallic primary frameworks, secondary ceramic or polymer superstructures, and 3D implant analog models. Online databases (Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and CINAHL) were used to identify the studies published up to February 2023 in English. Two experienced reviewers performed independently the screening and selection among the 1737 studies identified. The articles evaluated the additive manufacturing (AM) technology, materials, printing, and post-processing parameters regarding dental implantology. The 132 full-text studies that met the inclusion criteria were examined. Thirteen studies of customized dental implants, 22 studies about the workflow for surgical implant guides, and 30 studies of related implant-supported prostheses factors were included. (1) The clinical evidence about AM titanium and zirconia implants is scarce. Early data on survival rates, osseointegration, and mechanical properties are being reported. (2) 3D printing is a proven manufacturing technology to produce surgical implant guides. Adherence to the manufacturer's instructions is crucial and the best accuracy was achieved using MultiJet printer. (3) The quality of 3D printed prosthetic structures and superstructures is improving remarkably, especially on metallic alloys. However, better marginal fit and mechanical properties can be achieved with milling technology for metals and ceramics.

Structure and dielectric properties of (1-x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xNa0.5K0.5NbO3 ceramics

The solid solutions of the (1-x)Na[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]TiO3-xNa[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]NbO3 system were produced by the conventional ceramic technology using mechanical activation of the synthesized product. It was found that in the (1-x)Na[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]TiO3-xNa[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]NbO3 system at room temperature, a number of morphotropic phase transitions occur: rhombohedral → cubic → tetragonal → monoclinic phases. The introduction of a small amount of Na[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]NbO3 leads to an increase in the temperature stability of the dielectric properties of ceramics. A change in the relaxor properties of the solid solutions of the (1-x)Na[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]TiO3-xNa[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]NbO3 system was shown. The increase in energy density and energy efficiency was found at additive 10[Formula: see text]mol.% of Na[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]NbO3.

INFLUENCE OF THE ADDITIVE OF EUTECTIC COMPOSITION IN THE Li2O–B2O3 SYSTEM ON THE SINTERING PROCESS AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS BASED ON Li2MgTi3O8

The influence of the eutectic additive of the Li2O–B2O3 system on the sintering process and dielectric properties of ceramics based on Li2MgTi3O8 has been investigated. It was determined that the introduction of an additive in the amount of 10.0 – 15.0 % contributes to the sintering of ceramics by a liquid-phase mechanism. Li2MgTi3O8 ceramics, containing a sintering additive in an amount of 15.0 % and obtained at a firing temperature of 900 ?С, demonstrates the following level of properties ?av = 3.04 g/cm3, Po = 5.7 %, ?r = 19.0 and tg? = 0.028. The lowered sintering temperature of ceramic will allow the production of various electronic components based on it using low-temperature cofiring ceramic (LTCC) technology, and the specified level of dielectric properties will allow to miniaturize the devices.

Highly alkali caustic discharges recovery using tubular and disc type of ceramic membranes and its applicability as a near zero liquid discharge opportunity in the textile industry

Ceramic membrane technology is a good alternative for the recovery of highly alkaline and heavily concentrated caustic discharges through textile causticization processes since their high robustness. Recovery of causticization processes discharges with ceramic membrane technology has not been considered in detail in previous studies. In this study, highly alkaline and heavily polluted caustic discharges was assessed recovery and reuse potential using laboratory scale disc and tubular types of ceramic microfiltration, ultrafiltration and fine ultrafiltration membranes (0.2 µm, 300 kDa, 50 kDa, 15 kDa, 3 kDa and 1 kDa). Causticization discharges characteristics can be defined as 13 ± 0.2 pH, 21.2 ± 1 g NaOH/L, 27.9 ± 9 g COD/L, 1 ± 0.3 g TSS/L and 1785 ± 1568 Pt-Co based on long term wastewater characterization period. Required minimum MWCO membrane and membrane filtration process configuration based on permeate quality with minimum NaOH loss, membrane geometry affect, membrane fouling mechanism and economical assessment of caustic solution recovery were studied. Achievable optimum and acceptable permeate results obtained with two stage ceramic membrane filtration, 0.2 µm microfiltration followed by 15 kDa ultrafiltration permeate can be reused in the causticization process again. Steady state flux values were around 7–43 LMH at 1 bar and main fouling mechanism was the physically removable resistance according to resistance in series model, flux recovery 74% and up to 99% more after chemical cleaning and tubular type of membranes shows more fouling tendency compared to disc types. Proposed two stage ceramic membrane filtration not only provides comparable less chemical consumption but also Textile BREF documents’ caustic discharge criteria might be met with near zero liquid caustic discharge.

Low-Permittivity and Low-Temperature Cofired BaSO4-BaF2 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics for High-Reliability Packaged Electronics.

In developing low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology for high-density packaging or advanced packaged electronics, matching the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) among the packaged components is a critical challenge to improve reliability. The CTEs of solders and organic laminates are usually larger than 16.0 ppm of °C1-, while most low-permittivity (εr) dielectric ceramics have CTEs of less than 10.0 ppm °C1-. Therefore, a good CTE match between organic laminates and dielectric ceramics is required for further LTCC applications. In this paper, we propose a high-CTE BaSO4-BaF2 LTCC as a potential solution for high-reliability packaged electronics. The BaSO4-BaF2 ceramics have the advantages of a wide low-temperature sintering range (650-850 °C), low loss, temperature stability, and Ag compatibility, ensuring excellent performance in LTCC technology. The 95 wt %BaSO4-5 wt %BaF2 ceramic has a εr of 9.1, a Q × f of 40,100 GHz @11.03 GHz (Q = 1/tan δ), a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency of -11.2 ppm °C1-, a CTE of +21.8 ppm °C1-, and a thermal conductivity of 1.3 W mK-1 when sintered at 750 °C. Furthermore, a dielectric resonant antenna using BaSO4-BaF2 ceramics, a typically packaged component of LTCC and laminate, was designed and used to verify the excellent performance by a gain of 6.0 dBi at a central frequency of 8.97 GHz and a high radiation efficiency of 90% over a bandwidth of 760 MHz. Good match and low thermal stress were found in the packaged components of BaSO4-BaF2 ceramics, organic laminates, and Sn-based solders by finite element analysis, proving the potential of this LTCC for high-reliability packaged electronics.