Ceramic Bond Research Articles

Application of diamond abrasive tools in the processing of technical ceramics in parts of mining machines

Technological development of mining equipment is largely initiated by the improvement of technologies and tools for its production, including in the field of surface treatment quality, which, in turn, determines the reliability and productivity of machines. The use of technical ceramics in designing parts and assemblies of mining machines allows for significantly improved technical and produc-tion characteristics since the quality of the parts' surface treatment is traditionally carried out with diamond-containing tools. The dia-mond tools with ceramic bonds have the highest grinding perfor-mance at the abrasive shaping of ceramics. The tribotechnical characteristics of tools made of a material with a ceramic structure hardened with microdipersed diamond grains are investigated in this work. On the basis of the classical approach to the deformation of rough surfaces, a model has been constructed that makes it possible to estimate the influence of the structural components of a dia-mond mineraloceramic tool on the wear of technical ceramics. The relations for calculation of grinding productivity, diamond content in the worn layer of the abrasive tool and the value of specific dia-mond consumption have been obtained. Experimental studies con-firmed the theoretical conclusions. It has been established that the greatest influence on grinding productivity is exerted by diamond granularity, loading and speed modes; diamond concentration significantly determines the relative wear resistance of the abrasive tool. The obtained relations will be useful in the design of diamond-containing tools for processing technical ceramics, which is increas-ingly used in the design of mining machines since its market is grow-ing dynamically around the world.

Effect of (Ba1/3Ta2/3)4+ substitution on microstructure, bonding properties and microwave dielectric properties of zirconium-cerium molybdate ceramics and the fabrication of S-band patch antennas

In this study, Ce2[Zr1x(Ba1/3Ta2/3)x]3(MoO4)9 (CZ1xTx, x = 0.01 ∼ 0.1) ceramics were synthesized via the solid-state method at temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 850 °C. XRD and Rietveld refinement analyses revealed that CZ1xTx ceramics exhibit a single phase with the space group R3-c, and the cell volume increases with higher doping content. SEM results indicate that CZ0.98T0.02 ceramics exhibit a highly regular and uniform grain shape. The CZ0.98T0.02 ceramics displayed optimal performance at 800 °C, exhibiting εr = 10.40, Q×f = 76,893 GHz, and τf = 14.61 ppm/°C. Additionally, the P-V-L theory was employed to establish correlations between ceramic chemical bonds and performance attributes. The results showed that the Ce-O bond predominantly influences εr while the Mo-O bond correlates with Q×f and τf. Furthermore, far-IR reflection spectra unveiled ion displacement polarization as the primary mechanism in CZ1xTx ceramics. Finally, based on CZ0.0.98T0.02 ceramics, a patch antenna applicable to the S-band was designed and fabricated, evidencing the vast potential of this ceramic in industrial applications.

Effect of trialkoxysilane/aminosilane-containing universal adhesive on resin-ceramic microtensile bond strength and ceramic wettability: An in-vitro study

BackgroundThe dual-silane (trialkoxysilane/aminosilane) universal adhesive (UA) is claimed for its enhanced priming capacity of glass-ceramics. ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of organofunctional trialkoxysilane- and organofunctional trialkoxysilane/aminosilane-containing UAs on the long-term resin–ceramic microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and wettability of ceramic. MethodsHydrofluoric acid-etched lithium disilicate discs were distributed into four groups as follows: (control), no priming was performed; (MBN), primed using a silane-based primer (Monobond N); (SBU), primed using a trialkoxysilane-containing UA (Single Bond Universal Adhesive) and (SBP), primed using a trialkoxysilane/aminosilane-containing UA (Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive). Ceramic discs were cemented into blocks then sectioned into microbeams stored in distilled water at 37° for 1 year. The μTBS was evaluated followed by assessment of the failure modes. The contact angle of the two UAs was measured with a goniometer using the sessile drop technique. ResultsMBN significantly improved the resin-ceramic μTBS (31.71 ± 6.33 MPa) compared to the control group. The resin-ceramic μTBS obtained after priming using SBP (22.83 ± 3.42 MPa) was comparable to those of MBN. SBU showed significantly inferior resin-ceramic μTBS (16.02 ± 6.28 MPa) compared with MBN. Mixed failures mode patterns were the most frequent in the groups. The ceramic wettability of both UAs did not significantly differ. ConclusionCeramic priming using a UA with dual-silane monomers (organofunctional trialkoxysilane/aminosilane) resulted in long-term adhesion comparable to a silane-containing primer. Incorporating aminosilane monomer in UA formulation did not affect the wetting of characteristics of the UA solution and enhanced its glass-ceramic priming capacity. Clinical significanceThe use of UA with optimized silane content as a primer for glass-ceramics simplifies clinical adhesive procedures including resin cementation and repair of ceramic restorations.

Effect of Different Conditioning Methods on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Ceramic Brackets Bonded to Porcelain Ceramic Surface

The study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded to porcelain ceramic surfaces that had undergone various conditioning methods. Materials and Methods: Forty ceramic discs were fabricated (vita vmk master®, zahnfabric, Germany) with a diameter of (4*10mm). Ceramic discs were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to ceramic surface conditioning methods, 37% phosphoric acid (PH), 9%hydrofluoric acid (HF), and surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur. Transbond XT light-cure composite was used to bond ceramic brackets. Before bonding, extra samples from each group were chosen to be examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the topography of the ceramic surface. The Shear Bond Strength data were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests. Under an optical stereomicroscope, debond surfaces were examined. Results: Surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur + HF acid etching group produced the highest SBS (30.64 ± 7.28 MPa), and the lowest SBS was investigated in the PH acid etching group (14.75 ±3.32 MPa). Conclusions: Different conditioning methods affected the porcelain ceramic surface's shear bond strength (P < 0.05). The highest SBS was found in the fine diamond bur_+ HF acid etching group; however, this had a deleterious effect on the ceramic surface after debonding.

Influence of Varied Silane Commercial Brands and Adhesive Application on Bond Strength and Stability to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various commercial silane brands with varied chemical compositions with or without the application of an adhesive layer on the microshear bond strength and durability of a resin luting agent to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Lithium disilicate glass ceramic discs (EMX, IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) measuring 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were fabricated (n=240). Surfaces were etched using 5% hydrofluoric acid and randomly assigned to 10 groups based on the commercial brand of silane used (n=24): [RP] RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE); [PS] Prosil (FGM); [SA] Silano (Angelus); [SM] Silano (Maquira); [SU] Silane (Ultradent); [GL] GLUMA Ceramic Primer (Kulzer); [CB] Ceramic Bond (VOCO); [MB] Monobond N (Ivoclar Vivadent); [CP] Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray); and [DE] 2-step silane (Dentsply Sirona). Half of the EMXs (n=12) received a thin adhesive layer (+) after the silane and prior to resin luting agent, while the other half (n=12) did not receive an adhesive layer (-). For the microshear bond strength test (μSBS), four light-cured resin luting agent cylinders (1 mm in diameter) were created on each EMX surface. Half of these specimens were tested after 24 hours, while the other half were stored in deionized water for 6 months. The μSBS test was conducted using a universal testing machine (DL 500, EMIC) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The obtained data underwent statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test (α=0.05). There was significant influence of the silane commercial brand on bond strength. Notably, "universal primers" yielded lower bond strength results compared to "pure" silane solutions. Water storage had a detrimental effect on microshear bond strength for certain silane commercial brands. Additionally, the application of an adhesive layer negatively impacted bond strength results for all silanes. This study confirms the importance of both silane commercial brand and chemical composition in relation to bond strength of resin luting agents to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Furthermore, the application of an adhesive layer may have an adverse effect on bond stability over time.

Whisker Bond: From Findings to Concept in Refractories

Ceramic bonds are conventionally formed during the<sup> </sup>burning of<sup> </sup>refractory bricks and by using pre-fabricated blocks or monolithic lining, which is characterized as the coalescence of the particles by liquid sintering. However, the whisker bond was discovered with the outstanding performance of unburnt periclase–spinel–Al bricks while substituting magnesia–chrome bricks in the chromium-free campaign of refractory lining of RH degassers. Thanks to the prominent effect of the whisker bond, such a refractory material demonstrates ultrahigh hot strength, high resistance to slag penetration, and thermomechanical stress. Investigations reveal the initial melting of metal Al at the melting point of 660°C, aluminum liquid rims around the cavities formed before ~800°C, gaseous AlN yielded and distributed throughout<sup> </sup>the matrix with increasing temperature, gaseous Mg reduced from ~1000°C, and MgAlON whiskers eventually formed in the matrix. Microstructure observations show a dense interwoven whiskers bonded matrix in most residual parts of the used periclase–spinel–Al bricks. The whisker network in the matrix is made up of<sup> </sup>straight columns<sup> </sup>of 1–5 µm in diameter and 20–40 µm in length, which is different from birdnesting, nano-size curly whiskers observed in the past. The findings suggest a whisker-bond concept in terms of the bond mode of the whisker network and the process of the vapor-solid forming mechanism.

Nanoparticles reinforced ceramic bonds derived from K-gel geopolymers composites at elevated temperature: Pore structure, micro and meso scale properties

The refractory alkaline activated materials gained attention in the various engineering and industrial applications due to its environmental and eco-friendly benefits. The present study deals with the evaluation of the effects of nano-ZrO2, nano-Al2O3, and nano-TiO2 particles reinforcement mechanism on the final properties of the geopolymer matrices subjected to thermal treatment from 900 to 1250°C. Three series of composite matrices were obtained by adding 2–8 wt% of nanoparticles content (Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2) within the activated mortar and were devoted RAi, RRi and RZi (i = 2, 3, 5 and 8%).The designed composite matrices were characterized using several analytical methods and techniques including the mechanical characterization, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) as well as the microstructural characterization. The results revealed that the use of the high content of nanoparticles (8 wt%) favored formation of a cross-linkage chain around the crystalline phases present within matrices. Their resulting percolation-induced reinforcement acted as supplementary with the interlocked network from the crystalline phases within the matrices to rendering it denser and compact. The matrices with high content of the nanoparticles added exhibited high mechanical properties at 1250°C. Flexural strength and young modulus were 70.7, 52 and 78.4 MPa, and 28.15, 22.61 and 29.86 GPa for RA, RR and RZ series respectively. Furthermore, the formation of the new crystalline phase like cordierite, mullite and leucite contributed to hindering the crack propagation within the matrices and increased the level of crystallization of the matrices by providing a homogeneous and well-dispersed structure. The produced matrices emerged stable at high temperature treatment and therefore could be used as a potential candidate for the materials for elevated temperatures applications.

Fired clay bricks synergistically valorizing hazardous nickel chrome-plating sludge and fly ash: Performance assessment

Nickel Chrome Plating Sludge (NCPS) is a hazardous waste containing 25%-30% nickel and chromium. Previous attempts to immobilize NCPS into fired clay bricks resulted in weakened strength due to porosity and microstructure deterioration. This study introduces co-valorization of NCPS and fly ash in fired clay bricks to address these issues. Factory-scale firing of green bricks, alongside conventional clay bricks, assessed the commercialization potential. The optimal proportion of NCPS, fly ash, and clay was found to be as 12.5:37.5:50.0, respectively. Fly ash addition significantly improved brick properties, causing compressive strength to increase from 3.2 MPa to 11.6 MPa for a NCPS content of 12.5%. Microstructural analysis highlighted fluxing oxides in NCPS, amorphous silica-alumina in fly ash, synergistic ceramic bond formation, enhanced sintering and pore filling during vitrification. The study also demonstrated substantial fuel savings of 40%-50% due to NCPS's high heat of combustion causing internal firing of green bricks. The developed bricks exhibited almost double linear attenuation coefficients, indicating enhanced gamma radiation shielding. Leaching tests confirmed successful heavy metal immobilization. This co-valorization approach not only overcomes previous drawbacks but also offers significant environmental and economic benefits in utilizing NCPS in brick production.

Phase formation, microstructural and dielectric properties of bismuth ferrite nanoceramics synthesized by low-temperature molten salt flux route

BiFeO3 nano-ceramics were synthesized using the low-temperature molten salt synthesis route to study the influence of calcination temperature and salt ratios. The Rietveld refinement revealed the distorted perovskite structure of BFO. These granular-shaped BFO samples’ grains morphology was studied using the FESEM. The FTIR revealed the presence of Metal-Oxygen bonds in the BFO ceramics. The XPS studies exhibited the respective constituent elements’ oxidation states and validated the presence of oxygen ion vacancies. The frequency-dependent dielectric properties were measured at various temperatures. The electrical conductivity measurement showed a linear variation as a function of frequency which validated Jonscher’s power law.

Evaluation of the Effect of Dental Technicians’ Ceramic Application Experience on Metal–Ceramic Bonding: A Pilot Study

Evaluation of the Effect of Dental Technicians’ Ceramic Application Experience on Metal–Ceramic Bonding: A Pilot Study

Effect of Different Metal Bonding Agents on Shear Bond Strength of Ceramic to Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Introduction: laser sinter Cobalt Chromium metal replacing traditional casting processes of dental alloys for metal ceramic restorations, appropriate bonding of ceramic to metal is an important factor for long survival time. Twenty laser sinter cubic metal 10 mm for each sides was fabricated by software designing and CAD\CAM direct metal laser sintering technique. The twenty cubics were classified according to the type of metal to ceramic bonding agents into two groups (n=10), Ceram bond apply for group A and Crea alloy bond for group B. Samples fabricated using custom made silicon index was used to act as standardized mold for metal bond application and porcelain buildup. Instron with chisel indenter and special holding device were involve to measure the strength of bond for ceramic to laser sinter metal. The mean shear bond load of group A (688.8N) was significantly higher than that of group B (303.2N). Application of Ceram bond to metal laser sinter produces more bond strength when compare to usage of Crea bond material.

Magnetization and self-sharpening mechanism of polymerized diamond abrasive based on magnetorheological polishing technology

In magnetorheological polishing (MRP), the abrasive grains are confined in a semi-fixed mode by the chain strings formed by the magnetorheological particles to achieve the polishing of workpiece surfaces. The force of the abrasive particles on the workpiece comes from the force of the magnetic chain strings acting on the abrasives. However, the angular surface of the abrasive is generally smooth, resulting in a limited holding force on the abrasive by the magnetic chain strings. Therefore, the polishing force of the abrasives on the workpiece is small, and it is easy to slip and escape from the polishing area. In this paper, the sintering method is used to prepare polymerized diamond abrasive(PD) with microstructures on the surface, to increase the surface area of the abrasive and to improve the control force of the magnetic chain string on the abrasive. The prepared PD has a particle size of about 25.7 μm, with a rough surface and a large amount of 3 μm single-crystal diamond particles exposed. The MRP results show that the PD have more surface micro-cutting edges and stronger machinability than the commonly used single-crystal diamond abrasives(SCD). The material removal rate(MRR) of PD on silicon wafers and sapphire wafers was increased by 173.3 % and 122.2 %, respectively. The morphological changes of the PD were traced by scanning electron microscope(SEM), and it was found that: when polishing low-hardness materials, the wear of the PD was in the form of ceramic bond wear and diamond grit dislodgement; and when polishing high-hardness materials, the wear of the PD was in the form of ceramic bond breakage and PD fragmentation. When abrasive grit dislodgment occurs on the surface of the PD, the formed hole enhances the force between the PD and the magnetic chain strings. Which further enhances the holding force of the magnetic chain string on the PD, and can effectively improve the magnetorheological polishing efficiency.

Laser welding of ZrO2 ceramics and 304 stainless steel with Cu/AgCuTi composite welding

In this paper, Cu/AgCuTi composite material was used as an interlayer to join 304 stainless steel with ZrO2 ceramic by + 2 mm laser offsetting and laser power of 384 W. By retaining the unmelted Cu interlayer as the diffusion barrier, the stress of the joint interface is reduced and there was no obvious crack in the whole joint. Only on the ceramic side, due to the temperature gradient, a small amount of small cold cracks were generated in the area with a thickness of 30 μm. The unmelted Cu interlayer can absorb the welding stress at the interface through plastic deformation and creep. The fracture position of the joint started from the AgCuTi-ZrO2 ceramic bond interface and extended to the ZrO2 ceramic surface with a maximum tensile strength of 83 MPa.

Ceramic Bond Strength of Various Metal Substrate Using Traditional and Digital Methods

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the bond strength of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) metal frameworks prepared with three different production techniques with dental porcelain. Methods: In this study, a total of thirty disc samples divided to Three groups (n = 10/group) of metal cylinders (10 mm diameter x 4mm thickness with ring base (12 mm diameter x 1mm thickness) were fabricated by casting (Co–Cr), CAD CAM milling blank(Co–Cr) and by selective laser sintering SLM (Co–Cr) and abraded with airborne-particles then feldespathic porcelain was applied for all discs (10mm diameter x 2mm thickness), before the shear bond strength (SBS) test, the Surface characteristics of the dental alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the thickness of the oxide layer then surface roughness tester using TR220 portable roughness tester The average surface roughness (Ra) was determined for each group. SBS test-values and failure modes were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD (a = 0.05). Result: no statistically significant difference of the metal-ceramic bond strength of the test roughness used between casting, milling, and laser no statistically significant difference of the metal-ceramic bond strength of the SBS test between casting compare with milling, and laser groups SBS test statistically significant difference of the metal-ceramic bond strength of the test between milling, and laser technique. The mode of failure shows was mainly cohesive and mixed for all specimens. Conclusion: Within the scope of this research, the CAD/CAM milling Co-Cr alloy has a shear bond strength comparable to the castable alloy. For metal-ceramic restorations, the CAD/CAM milling Co-Cr alloy is an alternative to the castable alloy. Co-

Lightweight Refractory Materials in Al-Si Binary System Produced by Sol-Gel Method

Lightweight refractory materials are most used as a second layer in the lining. Many techniques can be used to their production depending on their final application. This manuscript is focused on utilization of sol-gel method as the replacement of hydraulic or ceramic bond in the manufacturing process of grog and castable preparation. The results show possible ways to produce high quality lightweight refractory grog with very high purity and also lightweight refractory castable, which performs good results in terms of bulk density, apparent porosity, cold crushing strength, cold modulus of rupture and permanent linear changes.

Composite structure of YSZ embedded in NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat induces thin and multilayered Al2O3 film to extend the thermal cycle life of thermal barrier coatings

This study employs cold spraying technology to introduce supersonic-YSZ ceramic particle impacts onto the bond coat, enabling control the coating structure and interface morphology of the bond coat of thermal barrier coatings. The TBCs with YSZ ceramic particle-dispersed NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat were deposited and the dispersed distribution of YSZ ceramics changes the nucleation and growth behavior of oxides of the bond coat during high-temperature oxidation, which inducing the formation of thin and multilayered structure TGO that effectively suppresses the cracking phenomenon caused by concentrated oxide growth at coating interface during thermal cycling test at 1100 °C. The thermal cycling life of the specimens with NiCoCrAlTaY-mixed YSZ composite structure bond coat reached 68 days, which was 2.5 times longer than that of the specimens with APS NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat. Significantly enhancing oxidation resistance and service life of the coating.

Evaluation of Glass Ceramic Bond Strength to Different Foundation materials

Evaluation of Glass Ceramic Bond Strength to Different Foundation materials

Hybrid ceramic repair strength, surface roughness, and bond failure, using methylene blue-activated low-level laser therapy, Carbon dioxide, and Ti: Al2O3 laser

AimsTo evaluate the impact of various pretreatment regimes (LLLT, Ti-sapphire laser, CO2, and HFA-S) on hybrid ceramics, specifically focusing on their ability to enhance repair strength and minimize surface roughness (Ra). Material and methodsDiscs were made from hybrid ceramics and after disinfection were randomly divided into four groups based on different surface conditioning techniques. Each group consisted of 15 discs, resulting in a total sample size of 60. dics in group 1 was surface treated with Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using methylene blue (MB), Discs in group 2 with Ti-sapphire laser, Discs in group 3 with CO2 laser, and discs in group 4 with HFA-S. Five samples from each group were assessed for Ra. The remaining 10 samples from each group underwent repair using a porcelain repair kit in adherence to the planned instructions. The bond strength of each sample in all groups was measured using a universal testing machine. Following the bond strength testing, the specimens from all study groups were analyzed to determine the mode of failure. To evaluate the data, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by post hoc multiple comparisons. ResultsThe highest repair bond strength was observed in group 4 hybrid ceramics pretreated with HFA-S (19.05±0.79 MPa). The lowest repair bond scores were observed in group 1 hybrid ceramics preconditioned with LLLT in the presence of Photosensitizer (13.41±0.36 MPa). The highest Ra scores were exhibited in group 2 surface treated with Ti-sapphire laser (0.0515±0.16 µm) and the lowest Ra scores were observed in Group 4 HFA-S (0.0311±0.79 µm). Predominant bond failure among different investigated groups was cohesive. ConclusionThe current gold standard for hybrid ceramic conditioning is the use of hydrofluoric acid (HFA) combined with a silane coupling agent. Low-level laser therapy with methylene blue photosensitizer is not recommended for the treatment of hybrid ceramics.

Quality of the Ceramic and Ni-Cr Alloy Joint after Al2O3 Abrasive Blasting.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of airborne-particle abrasion process parameters on the strength of the Ni-Cr alloy-ceramic bond. One hundred and forty-four Ni-Cr disks were airborne-particle abraded with 50, 110 and 250 µm Al2O3 at a pressure of 400 and 600 kPa. After treatment, the specimens were bonded to dental ceramics by firing. The strength of the metal-ceramic bond was determined using the shear strength test. The results were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test (α = 0.05). The examination also considered the thermal loads (5000 cycles, 5-55 °C) to which the metal-ceramic joint is subjected during exploitation. There is a close correlation between the strength of the Ni-Cr alloy-dental ceramic joint and the alloy roughness parameters after abrasive blasting: Rpk (reduced peak height), Rsm (the mean spacing of irregularities), Rsk (skewness of the profile) and RPc (peak density). The highest strength of the Ni-Cr alloy surface bonding with dental ceramics under operating conditions is provided by abrasive blasting under 600 kPa pressure with 110 µm Al2O3 particles (p < 0.05). Both the abrasive blasting pressure and the particle size of the Al2O3 abrasive significantly affect the joint's strength (p < 0.05). The most optimal blasting parameters are 600 kPa pressure with 110 µm Al2O3 particles (p < 0.05). They allow the highest bond strength between the Ni-Cr alloy and dental ceramics to be achieved.

ReaxFF Simulation of Pyrolysis Behaviors of Polysiloxane Precursors with Different Carbon Content

Polymer-derived ceramics are a promising class of high-temperature materials. This work uses LAMMPS and reactive force field (ReaxFF) energy potential to first-time quantify the atomic evolution of the polymer-to-ceramic conversion. Three different polymer structures are selected based on initial carbon content and molecular structure differences. From these simulations, the ceramic composition, yield, atomic structure, bond change, and radial distribution function (RDF) are comprehensively analyzed and provided data that are not available otherwise. The ceramic compositions correlate with the polymer compositions. The C-rich precursor forms C–C bonds through Si–O, Si–C, and C–H bond losses while less C-rich polymers have no significant C–C bond formation during C–H bond loss. The end structures have vastly different Si–O-rich and C-rich domain sizes, which cannot be observed by any bulk analysis. For the first time, H presence and cluster separation are shown to be determined by the polymer molecular structure. The RDF results show that higher pyrolysis temperature leads to more C–C bond formation. Even at 2100 K, C–H bonds are still prevalent and there is no long-range ordering. Such fundamental understanding provides new knowledge about polymer atomic evolution to silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics.