Beeswax Research Articles

Evaluasi Formulasi Sediaan Lipstik Dari Sari dan Ekstrak Buah Harimonting

Harimonting fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) has the potential to be used as an alternative dye because it has an attractive color. The dark purple color of Harimonting fruit is due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. From several components including Nipagin, Cera alba, BHT, Oleum ricini, Vaseline alba, Lanolin, Cetyl alcohol, Profiln glycol, Carnauba wax, Harimonting Fruit Extract with a concentration of 14%, 22% and 30-% and Harimonting Fruit Extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) with concentrations of 10%, 13%, and 16%. Harimonting fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) was carried out by Maceration method with 75% ethanol as solvent. Lipstick preparations from Sari and Harimonting Fruit Extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) resulted in a pH test of 4.4-5.4 (close to lip pH 4.0-6.5), melting point of 55.3-55.6˚C met the point requirements the melting point of lipstick (50-70˚C), the preparation of lipstick from the Harimonting fruit juice (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) does not cause irritation when applied, it shows the presence of uneven red granules so that the lipstick preparation from the Harimonting fruit juice (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) cannot be used as a natural dye for making lipstick, while Lipstick Preparations from Harimonting Fruit Extract (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) do not cause irritation and are evenly distributed and easily smeared so that they can be used as natural dyes for making lipstick.

Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites

Abstract The demand for biodegradable material has been an important issue, especially in food packaging applications. Among many biodegradable materials, starch biopolymer has been recognised as a completely biodegradable material that can be produced from various plants. It is one of the richest resources that are renewable, biodegradable, and available at low cost. However, starch biopolymers are often associated with poor mechanical properties. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS), which was prior modified with beeswax (BW). It was found that the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength have improved significantly with the incorporation of SBF loading into the TPCS/BW matrix. The highest tensile strength (12.2 MPa) and modulus (2222.6 MPa) were exhibit by sample with 20 wt% SBF loading and further increment of fibre led to decrease in the strength of the materials. The thermal properties showed that higher SBF loading resulted in improved thermal stability of the material, i.e., higher glass transition and melting temperature than the polymer matrix. Overall, SBF has shown good potential as a reinforcing material which is able to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS/BW as a new potential biodegradable material.

FORMULASI KRIM MINYAK ALPUKAT (Avocado oil) DAN EFEKTIVITASNYA TERHADAP XEROSIS PADA TUMIT KAKI

Xerosis is dry and cracked skin condition commonly in heel caused by losing of water content in stratum corneum skin lipid and natural moisturizing factor.The purpose of this study is to formulate a cream for treatment of xerosis in heel using avocado oil,consisted of avocado oil, cera alba, liquid paraffin, borax, BHT and methyl paraben. Avocado oil concentrations used were 10; 12.5; 15; 17.5 and 20%. Examination of the avocado oil creams include homogenity, measurement of pH, emulsion type, and the stability of the preparation. Stability parameters were odor, color and phase separation during storage of 12 weeks. Activity test of the preparations were performed on xerosis in heel twice a day in every day for 4 weeks. The effectiveness of the cream was tested on 21 volunteers who have xerosis on the heel for 4 weeks. The safety of cream was determined by irritation test used usage test that conducted on 10 volunteers.The results showed that avocado oil could be formulated into a cream preparation that was homogeneous and stable during 12 weeks of storage. Irritation test conducted on 10 volunteers showed that no one got irritation on the skin. Cream with avocado oil concentration of 10% had been able to restore xerosis in heel. The best skin recovery of xerosis in heel visible in avocado oil concentration of 20%. The conclusion of this study is avocado oil could be formulated in a cream. The cream didn’t induce irritation and application of the cream for 4 weeks.

Assessment of physicochemical, functional, thermal, and phytochemical characteristics of refined rice bran wax

The drastic increase in the utilization and conversion of biomass has been an effect of sustainability and circular economy in the food processing sector. Rice bran wax (RBW), an intermediate by-product of rice bran oil refining industries, has been one of the underutilized waste materials. The FT-IR analysis showed that RBW contains many similar compounds to that of beeswax (BW) and carnauba wax (CW). The DSC thermographs showed melting and crystallization temperatures of RBW as 78.55 and 73.43 °C, respectively, lesser than CW and more than BW. The peak profiling of XRD diffractographs has shown full-width at half-maximum of CW and RBW as 0.61 and 0.45, respectively, indicating distortion in crystal formation. The sequential extracts of RBW in hexane, dichloromethane, and ethylacetate have shown antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. typhi. The research provides a baseline for extraction and separation of specialty compounds from RBW for by-product utilization.

Demonstration and participatory evaluation of apiculture technologies in Sidama National Regional state, Ethiopia

Demonstration and Participatory evaluations of improved beekeeping technologies were conducted in Loka Abaya and Hawassa Zuriya woredas of Sidama National Regional state with the objective of demonstrating improved beekeeping technologies & strengthen research extension farmer’s linkage in beekeeping technology generation and transfer. Demonstration and evaluations of frame and transitional hive was conducted by forming farmers research groups (FRGs) at 4 peasant association (PAs) of selected district; from the demonstration an average of 25.5 kg semi-extracted and 10.5 kg crude honey per hive/annum was harvested using after and before using improved technologies respectively and bees wax purification was also demonstrated on farmers field. Partial budget analyses implied that adoption of improved beekeeping technologies make small holder beekeepers more profitable than traditional practice. Therefore, all the demonstrated and evaluated technologies have been recommended for the mandate area to further promote the technologies in to the areas where there is a gap in utilizing and disseminating the technologies.

CD06: ‘Bees wax wraps’: a novel source of colophony allergic contact dermatitis

CD06: ‘Bees wax wraps’: a novel source of colophony allergic contact dermatitis

Antioxidant potential and protective effects of bee pollen extract against Salmonella induced hepatic and renal toxicity in BALB/c mice

Apicultural products comprise honey, bee pollen, propolis, bee wax and royal jelly which are known for their medicinal and health promoting properties. Among these, bee collected pollen allure much attention for its high nutritional properties. Here, we have investigated the protective role of bee pollen against Salmonella typhimurium induced biochemical alteration in BALB/c mice. Experimental animals (BALB/c mice) were divided equally into 10 different groups including normal and treated. Oxidative stress was induced by injecting Salmonella typhimurium (0.2 mL of 2×104 CFU/mL) intraperitoneally in mice. Bacteria induced sufficient alterations in serum enzymes within 5 days. Aqueous extracts of bee pollen of different crops (250 mg/kg) were administrated orally to control and experimental mice for 21 days. Then, hepatic and renal enzymes were measured with the help of standardized kits. Results of this study have revealed that bacterial infection increases the levels of the hepatic and renal enzymes levels (P <0.001) but after treatment with bee pollen extracts, altered levels of enzymes were normalized up to the normal levels. This normalization was highest with bee pollen of Helianthus annus. Administration of bee pollen alone did not produce any negative effects in mice.

Beeswax crystals form a network structure in highly unsaturated oils and O/W emulsions under supersaturation and cool temperature conditions

Beeswax (BW) is widely used in structured oil to mimic fat crystals, due to its needle-like crystal structure and effective gelling ability. In this study, the crystallization behavior of BW in liquid oil was analyzed at different cooling temperatures and BW concentrations. Results showed that temperature and BW concentrations played a role in reaching the supersaturation state for the system of BW in linseed oil, with 40%BW at 20 °C and 20%BW at 5 °C, respectively. Short nuclear induction time and higher crystallinity of BW were found at lower cooling temperatures, promoting formation of supersaturation state. In addition, the apparent activation energy of the crystallization process indicates that crystallization is inhibited at high BW concentrations. Furthermore, higher supersaturation levels and lower cooling temperatures affected the droplet size and crystal structure of the O/W emulsions; these conditions accelerated the penetration of crystals through the interfacial membrane and led to droplet aggregation and coalescence. High supersaturation level and low cooling temperature promoted emulsion instability and had a remarkable impact on food quality.

Pesticide risk to managed bees during blueberry pollination is primarily driven by off-farm exposures

When managed bee colonies are brought to farms for crop pollination, they can be exposed to pesticide residues. Quantifying the risk posed by these exposures can indicate which pesticides are of the greatest concern and helps focus efforts to reduce the most harmful exposures. To estimate the risk from pesticides to bees while they are pollinating blueberry fields, we sampled blueberry flowers, foraging bees, pollen collected by returning honey bee and bumble bee foragers at colonies, and wax from honey bee hives in blooming blueberry farms in southwest Michigan. We screened the samples for 261 active ingredients using a modified QuEChERS method. The most abundant pesticides were those applied by blueberry growers during blueberry bloom (e.g., fenbuconazole and methoxyfenozide). However, we also detected highly toxic pesticides not used in this crop during bloom (or other times of the season) including the insecticides chlorpyrifos, clothianidin, avermectin, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid. Using LD50 values for contact and oral exposure to honey bees and bumble bees, we calculated the Risk Quotient (RQ) for each individual pesticide and the average sample RQ for each farm. RQ values were considered in relation to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute contact level of concern (LOC, 0.4), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) acute contact LOC (0.2) and the EFSA chronic oral LOC (0.03). Pollen samples were most likely to exceed LOC values, with the percent of samples above EFSA’s chronic oral LOC being 0% for flowers, 3.4% for whole honey bees, 0% for whole bumble bees, 72.4% for honey bee pollen in 2018, 45.4% of honey bee pollen in 2019, 46.7% of bumble bee pollen in 2019, and 3.5% of honey bee wax samples. Average pollen sample RQ values were above the EFSA chronic LOC in 92.9% of farms in 2018 and 42.9% of farms in 2019 for honey bee collected pollen, and 46.7% of farms for bumble bee collected pollen in 2019. Landscape analyses indicated that sample RQ was positively correlated with the abundance of apple and cherry orchards located within the flight range of the bees, though this varied between bee species and landscape scale. There was no correlation with abundance of blueberry production. Our results highlight the need to mitigate pesticide risk to bees across agricultural landscapes, in addition to focusing on the impact of applications on the farms where they are applied.

Development and Characterization of Lipospheres Containing Repaglinide

Lipospheres formulation is an aqueous micro dispersion of solid water insoluble spherical micro the lipospheres are prepared of solid hydrophobic triglycerides with a monolayer of phospholipids embedded on the shell of the particle. Repaglinide is a water insoluble ant diabetic drug which belongs to the class of medications known as meglitinides. An attempt was made to develop and characterized the lipospheres in order to enhance the bioavailability of a highly permeable and a poorly soluble anti-diabetic drug by using different concentrations of bees wax, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, tween 80 and phospholipids coat such as soybean phosphotidylcholine. The lipospheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy, % entrapment efficiency, % yield, % drug content, in vitro drug release and stability study. All the formulation gave the satisfactory result in terms of particle size, entrapment efficiency and drug content. Lipospheres were substantially stable after 3 months storage at 2–8°C.

Core-Sheath-Like Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Beeswax Composite Fibers Prepared by Single-Spinneret Electrospinning. Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antitumor Activities.

Composite fibrous materials are prepared from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and beeswax (BW) by single-spinneret electrospinning using chloroform as a common solvent. The obtained fibers have core-sheath-like structure, as evidenced by the water contact angle values and corroborated by the results on the elemental composition of the fiber's surface determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by analyses with scanning electron microscopy of fibers before and after selective extraction of PEO or BW. Furthermore, the core-sheath-like structure is proven by transmission electron microscopy. This is attributed to self-assembly of BW molecules on the surface of the formed fibers driven by the incompatibility between PEO and BW. 5-Nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline (NQ) is embedded as a model drug with antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties in the PEO/BW fibrous materials. XPS analyses reveal that NQ is present on the surface of the PEO/BW/NQ materials. Using a purposely designed cell for fixation of the fibrous materials the NQ release in phosphate buffer solution with рН 7.4 is followed. The new PEO/BW/NQ fibrous materials exhibit antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, antifungal effect against C. albicans, and selective anticancer activity against HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma cells) and SH-4 (human melanoma cells) cell lines.

Aptness of diverse queen cup materials for larval graft acceptance and queen bee emergence in managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Artificial queen rearing has changed the beekeeping business in contrast to natural queen replacement, as it provides a newly mated queen into a bee colony, reduces the time between eggs not being laid, and increases the production of young bees in a colony. This study was conducted to investigate the larval acceptance rate grafted in queen cups made from different materials and to find out whether the various materials used for queen cups were suitable for the acceptance of grafted larvae in cell builder colonies. The evaluated materials included fresh bee wax (T1), old bee wax (T2), uncapping bee wax (T3), pure paraffin (T4), 50% paraffin + 50% old bee wax (T5), and brown plastic queen cups (T6) as a control. Results indicated that T3 was the material that most increased the larval acceptance (5.2 ± 0.37), followed by T4 (2.4 ± 0.5), T2 (2.2 ± 0.58), T5 (1.8 ± 0.37), T1 (1.6 ± 0.4), and minimum larval acceptance was in the T6 (1.0 ± 0.4) respectively during the spring season of the year 2020–2021. Similar findings were reported of larval acceptance rate during the spring season of 2021–2022. In addition, the wax material that least affected larval acceptance was the fresh comb bee wax. However, all materials used were coupled with a more larval acceptance rate than the control treatment during both spring seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. The larval acceptance rate was statistically significant in T3 as a compared to other queen cell cup materials during the both spring seasons (p = 0.001). These findings imply that using different types of bee wax for preparing queen cell cups during larvae grafting, particularly uncapping bee wax, may stimulate and promote grafted larvae acceptance during the queen rearing process.

Fabrication of edible solid lipid nanoparticle from beeswax/propolis wax by spontaneous emulsification: Optimization, characterization and stability

In the current study, the production and characterization of novel solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using safe/low-cost natural beeswax (BW) and propolis wax (PW) and by the simple and inexpensive assay of spontaneous emulsification were studied. To fabricate SLNs, the optimum levels of surfactant/oil ratio (SOR), stirring speed, and time were obtained based on minimum particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). Therefore, the optimal conditions to produce PW and BW nanoparticles were SOR of 1.26 and 2 under stirring speed of 1050 rpm for 20 min, leading to PS of 21.9 and 23.2 nm, respectively. The contact angle of 73.7° and 62.9° for BW and PW SLNs respectively, showed suitable hydrophilicity to stabilize oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions. Temperatures over 70 °C led to a drastic increment of PS in both types of SLNs. Upon nanoparticles drying, the utilization of cryoprotectants could cause less aggregation and better reconstitution.

Regulation Effects of Beeswax in the Intermediate Oil Phase on the Stability, Oral Sensation and Flavor Release Properties of Pickering Double Emulsions.

Double emulsions (W/O/W) with compartmentalized structures have attracted a lot of research interests due to their diverse applications in the food industry. Herein, oil phase of double emulsions was gelled with beeswax (BW), and the effects of BW mass ratios (0–8.0%) on the stability, oral sensation, and flavor release profile of the emulsions were investigated. Rheological tests revealed that the mechanical properties of double emulsions were dependent on the mass ratio of BW. With the increase in BW content, double emulsions showed a higher resistance against deformation, and lower friction coefficient with a smoother mouthfeel. Turbiscan analysis showed that the addition of BW improved the stability of double emulsions during a 14 days’ storage, under freeze–thawed, and osmotic pressure conditions, but it did not improve the heating stability of double emulsions. The addition of BW contributed to lower air-emulsion partition coefficients of flavor (2,3-diacetyl) compared to those without the addition of BW at 20 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of BW and its mass ratio significantly altered the flavor release behavior during the open-bottle storage of double emulsions. The response value of 0% BW dropped sharply on the first day of opening storage, showing a burst release behavior. While a slow and sustained release behavior was observed in double emulsions with 8.0% BW. In conclusion, gelation of the intermediate oil phase of double emulsions significantly enhanced the stability of double emulsions with tunable oral sensation and flavor release by varying the mass ratio of beeswax.

Formulasi Lip Cream Ekstrak Etanol Biji Buah Pinang (Areca catechu L.) sebagai Pewarna Alami

Natural dyes are a dye that can be produced from various types of plants that produce natural colors that can be obtained from existing parts in plants such as leaves, fruit, stem, flowers and seeds. Lip cream is one of the decorative cosmetics used to lubricate lips so that it is not easily dry and cracked. Lip Cream as a lip dye that can be used safely with the dye of areca nut extract (Areca catechu L.). Pinang fruit seeds as natural dyes contain Tanins and phenolic compounds. This study aims to determine the characteristics and stability of areca nuts (Areca catechu L.) as a natural dye in a lip cream preparation. In making lip cream there are several ingredients used in it such as Bees Wax, Whith Wax, Cethyl Alcohol, Dimeticone, Kaolin, Castrol Oil, Titanium Dioxide, Kaolin, Toko, and Methil Paraben. Researchers used BUA Pinang seed extract as a natural dye in a lip cream preparation with a concentration of 15%, 25%, 50%, and tested physical quality, namely organoleptic test, pH, homogeneity, and for its effectiveness, namely attachment, and the power of spread, as well as Stability test. Based on research and results of evaluation tests on the field of lip cream fruit seed extract areca nut all formulations are not significantly different in the evaluation of stability.

Shelf life and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits as affected by neem leaf extract dipping and beeswax coating

ABSTRACT The effect of Beeswax (BW) coating and Neem leaf extract (NLE) dipping on the shelf life of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated over a storage period of 36 days. The experiment was done by a factorial combination of four levels of NLE dipping (0, 15%, 20% and 25%) and BW coating (0, 3%, 6% and 9%) in randomized complete block design with three replications. It was observed that BW9*NLE25 significantly (P < .001) extended the shelf life of tomato fruits by eight days and effectively reduced weight loss by 55–68%, the changes in TA by 20–66.7%, PH by 6.3–14.1%, and TSS by 2.8–6.9%. Toward the end of the storage period (on the 28th day), BW9*NLE25 found to have 39.4% higher marketable fruits while reducing the percent decay by 96.1% compared to untreated tomato fruits. The study result showed that BW9*NLE25 could potentially be utilized to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of tomato fruits by farmers, retailers, and wholesalers.

Texture and flavor evaluation of peanut butter stabilized with natural waxes.

Natural peanut butter was stabilized with 1.0%-2.0% (w/w) beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW), rice bran wax (RBW), or sunflower wax (SFW). The appearance, spreadability, mouthfeel, and flavor attributes of these samples were evaluated by a trained sensory panel using commercial stabilized peanut butter and a sample stabilized with hydrogenated cottonseed oil as references. The waxes and their blend ratio significantly (p<0.05) influenced appearance, spreadability, firmness, mouthfeel, and flavor attributes. Samples with 1.5%-2.0% CLW, or 1.0%-1.5% RBW had the fewest differences in appearance and texture from the reference and commercial samples. However, an off-flavor was attributed to 1.5% or higher CLW. Samples stabilized with BW or with 1.0%-1.5% RBW had the fewest difference in flavor compared to the reference sample. Overall, samples stabilized with 1.0%-1.5% RBW scored closest to the commercial and reference samples. The response of CLW, RBW, and SFW (which was only evaluated for appearance and spreadability) indicates that amounts of these waxes could be tailored in different products to achieve a product with desirable texture and flavor as well as stability to oil loss. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides information that could be used by food companies that make seed or nut butters as spreads or as ingredients for use in foods. It shows the impact of the use of four types of waxes as stabilizers, at commercially relevant levels(<3.0%), and at levels previously shown to be effective for stabilization, on the firmness, spreadability, and other texture and flavor attributes, and thus provides a starting point for optimization for commercial product specifications.

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Oleogel Properties of Wax–Wax-Hydrolyzate Mixtures

In this contribution, the effect of cooling rates on a wide compositional range of waxes as oleogel structurants was systematically investigated. The different waxes exhibited varying levels of wax esters (WE), fatty acids (FA), fatty alcohols (FaOH) and hydrocarbons (HC) and were systematically altered by combinations of sunflower wax (SFW), bees wax (BW) and their hydrolyzed variants (SFWh, BWh). By applying slow, medium and high cooling rates, the resulting gel properties were investigated in terms of firmness, calorimetry and microstructure. It was found that the calorimetrical signal is mainly affected by the waxes’ composition. However, due to enlarged dynamic induction times upon crystallization, a shift in dissolution temperature could be observed in heating scans. In our latest work we were able to formulate the degree of homogeneity (DoH), with which it was possible to predict the undercooling in SFW mixtures. The introduction of a novel method emerged for firmness measurements of oleogels treated with the different rates. Thus, it was possible to detect with high sensitivity for all waxes for applied cooling rates, caused by modification of microstructure. Combination of different methods further elucidated that higher rates need to be applied to further scale firmness of oleogels in industrial processes.

SKIN EXTRACT OF GRAPE (Vitis vinifera L) AS DYES IN LIPSTICK FORMULATION

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to the family Vitaceae. The color of the fruit varies. There are red, green and purple. The color of this wine contains anthocyanin dyes that can be used as natural dyes to replace synthetic dyes, the colors they contain are pretty intensive, so the researchers aimed to make lipstick formulations using natural dyes from grape skins. The lipstick formulation consisted of Cera alba, lanolin, vaseline alba, cetyl alcohol, oleum ricini, carnauba wax, propylene glycol, titanium dioxide, oleum rosae, butylhydroxytoluene, tween 80, and nipagin, as well as the addition of grape skin extract with a concentration of 15 %, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. Tests on the preparations made include inspection of homogeneity, melting point, lipstick strength, stability test against changes in shape, color, and odor during 30 days of storage at room temperature, smear test, pH examination, and irritation test preference test (Hedonic test). From the research results, grape skin extract can be formulated into lipstick preparations with pink to dark red colors. Lipstick preparations with grape skin extract as a dye are pretty stable, homogeneous, melting point 59°C, have good lipstick strength, pH ranges from 3.7 to 3.9 (close to the pH of the lip skin) are easy to apply with an even color, and do not irritate. Irritation the preparation preferred by 30 panelists was preparation with a concentration of 25%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Lipstick by using Beet root extract

The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate Herbal Lipstick using beet root. The Olive oil, bees wax, carnaba wax, acacia, beet route, lemon juice were selected for formulation and evaluation of Herbal Lipstick. The herbal lipsticks were formulated as per general method of lipstick formulation. Three formulations (F1, F2, F3) of Herbal Lipstick were prepared and lipstick were evaluated for appearance, melting Point, solubility, breaing Point, surface anamolies and pH studies gave satisfactory result. F1 was found to be the best and acceptable formulation among all three formlation whose pH balance 6.5, smoothy texture with no defect and has good breaking point (24) compared to other formulation.