Cephradine Research Articles

Antibiotic susceptibility profile of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from nasal samples of hospitalized patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence rate and antibiotic resistant pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). A prospective study was conducted at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan and Microbiology Research Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan during the period from December 2007 to August 2008. The antibiotic resistance pattern was studied for MRSA and MRSE isolated from nasal samples from patients admitted in medical and surgical intensive care units. The study was conducted on 283 isolates. The results depicted that 25% isolates of S. aureus were MRSA and 29.78% isolates of S. epidermidiswere MRSE. All MRSA and MRSE were susceptible to vancomycin and quinopristin/dalfopristin while all isolates of MRSE were susceptible to teicoplanin. All the isolates of MRSA and MRSE were multidrug-resistant. The susceptibility of the isolates to the drugs varied greatly. The resistance rate of MRSA to various antibiotics was found to be as follow: cephalaxin (90%), cephalothin (58%), cephradine (86%), ciprofloxacin (80%), gentamicin (34%), imipenum (42%), levofloxacin (75%), tetracycline (49%), rifampicin (14%) and teicoplanin (3%). The resistance rate of MRSE to various antibiotics was found to be as follow: cephalaxin (64%), cephalothin (29%), cephradine (64%), ciprofloxacin (50%), gentamicin (21%), imipenum (7%), levofloxacin (21%), tetracycline (21%) and rifampicin (29%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for MRSA and MRSE in case of vancomycin ranged 1-4 μg/ml, for tetracycline 4-128 μg/ml, for rifampicin 0.5-32μg/ml and for gentamicin 0.5 – 64 μg/ml. Both MRSA and MRSE showed variable susceptibility with different antibiotic groups but high susceptibility with streptogramin and glycopeptide antibiotics. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Value of andrographolide with cefradine in the treatment of children's bronchial pneumonia

目的 观察炎琥宁联合头孢拉定治疗小儿支气管肺炎的疗效.方法 选择小儿支气管肺炎患儿78例,随机分为治疗组39例和对照组39例,治疗组以炎琥宁与头孢拉定联合治疗;对照组单以头孢拉定治疗.两组均以临床症状的缓解及单位时间病情的缓解率判断疗效.结果 治疗组症状、体征消失时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗组总有效率92.3%,明显高于对照组的69.2%(P＜0.05).结论 炎琥宁具有明显的解热、抗病毒,抗炎作用以及促进免疫功能.应用炎琥宁联合头孢拉定治疗小儿支气管肺炎具有退热快,咳嗽、气急缓解快,肺部啰音消失早,疗程短的优点,值得推广。

Quantitative prediction of oral absorption of PEPT1 substrates based on in vitro uptake into Caco-2 cells

The method for predicting the fraction absorbed ( F a) of the PEPT1 substrates was established based on the in vitro uptake into Caco-2 cells. Uptake of a drug into Caco-2 cells was measured, and the carrier-mediated initial uptake clearance (ΔCL uptake) was calculated as the difference between the uptake clearance in the absence of glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar) and that in the presence of 30 mM Gly-Sar. The ΔCL uptake of each drug was then divided by that of cephradine to obtain Δ C L uptake ∗ , which was a normalized parameter to correct for inter-day and/or inter-cell variability. Then, cephradine (CED), cefixime (CFIX), and cefotiam (CTM) were selected as marker compounds having excellent, medium and poor absorption, respectively. The Δ C L uptake ∗ and F a values for CED, CFIX and CTM were fitted to the equation derived from the complete radial mixing (CRM) model, and the scaling factor ( A′) was obtained. Using the A′ value, F a was predicted from the Δ C L uptake ∗ value of each drug. Good correlation was observed between the predicted and reported F a values, which demonstrated that F a of PEPT1 substrates can be predicted based on the in vitro uptake in Caco-2 cells.

Microbiology and drug sensitivity patterns of chronic suppurative otitis media.

To identify the commonest microorganisms associated with chronic discharging ears and their antimicrobial sensitivities. Descriptive study. This study was carried out from August 2003 to February 2004 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. A total of 124 patients with unilateral or bilateral active chronic suppurative otitis media attending the outpatient clinic were included in the study. All patients were evaluated through detailed history and clinical examination. Pus samples were collected from the discharging ear(s) and sent to the hospital laboratory where culture and sensitivity studies were done for aerobes, anaerobes and fungi and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Overall microbiology of 142 samples was studied. Among them, 108 (76%) were pure cultures and 34 (23.9%) were mixed. There were 186 isolates including 182 (97.8%) aerobes, nil anaerobes and only 4 (2.1%) fungi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 94(50.5%) was the most common isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 44 (23.6%). Drug sensitivities pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that ciprofloxacin was active against majority 95.8% of isolates followed by amikacin 83.3%, gentamicin and tobarmycin 60% and cefotaxime 41.6%. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin in 77.2% whereas majority was sensitive to coamoxiclav 81.8% and cephradine 86.3%. Commonest organisms isolated from chronic discharging ears were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Majority of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Majority of strains of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to penicillin. Cephradine and coamoxiclav were effective against most of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

Is re-infusion of shed drain blood safe from the viewpoint of antibiotic concentration?

The method for predicting the fraction absorbed (Fa) of the PEPT1 substrates was established based on the in vitro uptake into Caco-2 cells. Uptake of a drug into Caco-2 cells was measured, and the carrier-mediated initial uptake clearance (ΔCLuptake) was calculated as the difference between the uptake clearance in the absence of glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar) and that in the presence of 30 mM Gly-Sar. The ΔCLuptake of each drug was then divided by that of cephradine to obtain ΔCLuptake∗, which was a normalized parameter to correct for inter-day and/or inter-cell variability. Then, cephradine (CED), cefixime (CFIX), and cefotiam (CTM) were selected as marker compounds having excellent, medium and poor absorption, respectively. The ΔCLuptake∗ and Fa values for CED, CFIX and CTM were fitted to the equation derived from the complete radial mixing (CRM) model, and the scaling factor (A′) was obtained. Using the A′ value, Fa was predicted from the ΔCLuptake∗ value of each drug. Good correlation was observed between the predicted and reported Fa values, which demonstrated that Fa of PEPT1 substrates can be predicted based on the in vitro uptake in Caco-2 cells.

Application of the Zero-Crossing Derivative Spectrophotometry to the Determination of Cephradine and Clavulanic Acid in Binary Mixtures

Abstract Derivative spectrophotometry, on the basis of the zero-crossing measurements in the first derivative spectra, is used for the resolution of the binary mixtures of cephradine (CED) and clavulanic acid (CA). Neither sample pretreatment nor any separation step were required. Linear calibration graphs of first derivative values at 277.0 and 235.5 nm for cephradine and clavulanic acid, respectively, with negligible intercept on the y-axis were obtained versus concentration in the range of 2.0-56.0 μg mL−1 for cephradine and 2.0-28.0 μg mL−1 for clavulanic acid. The detection limits for cephradine and clavulanic acid at a 0.05 level of significance, were 0.16 and 0.17 μg mL−1, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to determine these drugs in mixtures. Injectable dosages forms of cephradine and standard clavulanic acid were mixed and determined in saline physiological serum and physiological serum containing glucose.

Application of the ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry to the analysis of cephradine and clavulanic acid in binary mixtures

A new spectrophotometric method has been applied for resolving binary mixtures of cephradine (CED) and clavulanic acid (CA). The method is based on the use of the first derivative of the ratio spectra obtained by dividing the amplitudes, at appropriate wavelengths, of the absorption spectra of the mixtures by those of a standard solution of clavulanic acid for determining cephradine and a standard solution of cephradine for determining clavulanic acid. Beer's law is obeyed for cephradine concentrations up to 56.0 mg/l and for clavulanic acid concentrations up to 32.0 mg/l. The recovery values of cephradine and clavulanic acid in their 6:1 and 1:4 (m/m) mixtures were satisfactory.

Use of Charge-Transfer Complexation in the Spectro-photometric and Spectrodensitometric Analysis of Cephalothin Sodium and Cephradine

Abstract Two rapid and simple spectrophotometric methods as well as a selective and sensitive spectrodensitometric procedure are described for the determination of cephalothin sodium (CT) and cephradine (CD). The spectrophotometric methods are based on the charge-transfer complex formation between these derivatives as n-donors and iodine, the o-acceptor or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ, π-acceptor). The obtained charge-transfer complex with iodine shows two maxima at 295 and 365 nm in 1.2-dichloroethane while it shows a single maximum at 460 nm wih DDQ in methanol. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 2–30 and 2–16 μg/ml with iodine; 10–120 and 30–270 μg/ml with DDQ for CT and CD respectively. In the spectrodensitometric method, cephalosporin derivatives are separated from their degradation or additive products on high performance thin-layer silica gel G plates. The plates were then developed, air dried, exposed to iodine vapour and measured on a spectrodensitometer at 290 and 360 nm for CD and CT respectively. The proposed methods are successfully applied to the analysis of CT and CD dosage forms.

Preoperative cefradine appears more cost-effective than mezlocillin in hysterectomy

Preoperative cefradine appears more cost-effective than mezlocillin in hysterectomy

Investigations of influx and accumulation processes of beta-lactam antibiotics and their role in the transmural transfer across rat jejunum.

The transport characteristics of beta-lactam antibiotics was investigated in rat jejunum using the Ussing-type chambers in vitro. Not only the transmural flux rate, but also the influx rate and accumulation into the mucosal epithelium were measured to clarify the sequential processes of drug transport. beta-Lactam antibiotics examined were cephalexin (CEX), cephradine (CED), ampicillin (AB-PC) and cefazolin (CEZ). The transport characteristics of these drugs were compared with that of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe). The results suggested that specialized transport systems are involved in all processes of mucosal-to-serosal transport for CEX and CED. From the kinetical analysis, it was demonstrated that these two drugs have similar capacity and affinity to carriers in the influx process or components which contribute to the cellular accumulation, while their transmural flux rates were different from each other. L-Phe was shown to have a much greater activity, affinity and capacity in the intestinal transport process than those of CEX, CED, AB-PC and CEZ.

Cephradine seems to be Highly Effective against Syphilis

Cephradine seems to be Highly Effective against Syphilis

Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria in vitro to 23 antimicrobial agents.

589 isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including 127 isolates of Bacterioides fracilis, were tested against 23 antimicrobial agents. At their usually achievable serum levels, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin; cefoxitin, minocycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, chloramphenicol and rifampin were effective against more than 80% of B. fragilis isolates. At usual therapeutic doses, penicillin (PEN), ampicillin (AMP), cyclacillin (CYC), cephalothin (CT), cefazolin (CZ), cephradine (CPD), cefamandole (CMD), cefaclor (CCL), cefuroxime (CRX), spectinomycin (SPT), tetracycline (TET), ethambutol (EMB) and isoniazid (INH) were ineffective against B. Fragilis. However, high and clinically tolerated doses of PEN, CMD and SPT inhibited more than 80% of B. fragilis isolates, but AMP, CYC, CT, CZ, CPD, CCL and CRX, TET, EMB and INH remained totally ineffective against B. fragilis. The therapeutic merits of these antibiotics are discussed.

Antibacterial efficacy of cefazolin and cephradine in neutropenic mice

The activity of cefazolin (CEZ) and cephradine (CED) was studied in experimentally infected neutropenic mice. Neutropenia was induced by 600 rad whole-body irradiation; an infection was induced by the injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the thigh on Day 5 after irradiation. Antibiotics were administered 1 h later, and antibacterial activity was estimated from bacteria counts made in the homogenized individual thighs 3 h after infection. The effect of a low dose of each of the cephalosporins on the infection was significantly lower in the absence of granulocytes than in animals with intact host defence; at higher dosages the effect of both antibiotics on the infection was the same in neutropenic and unirradiated mice. In the neutropenic mice, CEZ was 2.95 times more active than CED against E. coli in vivo, this difference in activity being similar to that found earlier in normal mice.

786 ORAL THERAPY OF BONE & JOINT INFECTIONS: A CONTROLLED PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Top of pageAbstract To study the efficacy of oral antibiotherapy (Rx) of skeletal infections, children with etiologically defined osteomyelitis (Os) or septic arthritis (A) are alternately assigned to study or control groups. All begin on IV Rx; study patients (pts) change to oral (PO) Rx within 72 hrs; controls continue on IV Rx for 4 wks before changing to PO. Both groups receive 6 wks total Rx. PO doses are adjusted to achieve a peak serum bactericidal activity (pSBA) ≥1:8 against the pt's own pathogen. In the first 6 mos of the study, pathogens have included Staph. aureus (8), Strep. spp. (3), and H.influenzae (1). Rx: 5 pts with cephradine (CE), 5 penicillin (P), 1 cloxacillin (CL), and 1 IV ampicillin/PO amoxicillin (AM). 2/12 pts required probenecid to achieve pSBA ≥1:8 on PO Rx. Median reciprocal pSBA obtained for IV/PO Rx: for staph, 16/16 with CE, 1024/256 with CL, 2048/1024 with P; for strep, 8192/512 with P; for H.flu, 256/16 with AM. Study and control groups have shown no difference in clinical course. There have been no treatment failures or relapses within 1-6 mos followup. We have noted that cultures from the infected site yielded the pathogen more often (11/11) than blood cultures (2/12), and that in Os biweekly 67Ga citrate scans often remained abnormal after clinical resolution and completion of Rx. Results to date suggest that Os and A may be reliably treated with PO Rx if pSBA can be maintained ≥1:8, thus permitting shorter hospitalizations and decreased morbidity from prolonged IV Rx.

Administration of cephradine to dermatoses by injection (author's transl)

Ten cases of various kinds of dermatoses underwent cephradine by injection. Two cases injected cephradine intramuscularly resulted in severe pain. Three of 4 cases with pyogenic skin infection revealed excellent results. Three cases were prevented from secondary infection. Adverse effects such as vertigo were avoided by lowering the speed of intravenous injection. No abnormal findings of serum GOT and GPT levels after the completion of the treatment was noted in 7 of 8 cases, but one case which was administrated large dosis of corticosteroid concomitantly revealed elevated level in this finding.

Fecal bacterial flora under circumstances of prevailing multi-drug resistant bacteria. 2. Changes in fecal bacterial flora and drug-resistance of E. coli and Klebsiella after administration of antibiotics in infant diarrhea

The changing aspects of fecal bacterial flora and the drug resistance of E. coli and Klebsiella were examined in the patients of acute infantile diarrhea treated with various antibiotics. The culture of of feces was carried out four times, i. e., before and during administration of the drug, and immediately after and one week after ceasing medication. The drugs administrated were Tetracycline (TC), Chloramphenicol (CP), Nalidixic Acid (NA), Kanamycin (KM), Ampicillin (AB-PC), Cephalexin (CEX), Cephradine (CED), and Rifampicin (RF).The following results were obtained.1) There observed no notable changes in the total number of bacteria by NA, presumably because the Enterococci were scarcely affected by the drug. Regarding E. coli, a decrease of about 1/1000 was observed in more than half of the cases tested. The transient aquisition of resistance to NA in E. coli was observed during the treatment with NA in some cases.2) When KM was administrated, E. coli decreased remarkably. In all cases, they disappeared almost completely during the administration. A week after administration, however, it recovered to the same level as before the treatment. Klebsiella disappeared after the KM administration in some cases. In cases which failed to show changes in the total number of bacteria, there used to be only minor changes in enterococcal flora.3) When AB-PC was administrated, the decrease in the total number of bacteria was observed in many cases. E. coli decreased during the administration to the extent of being undiscernible in 6 cases, but did not decrease so much in 3 cases in which E. coli showed transient resistance to AB-PC. The decrease of Klebsiella was not so much as that of E. coli because of the natural resistance of Klebsiella to AB-PC.4) There scarecely observed changes in the bacterial flora and resistance of bacteria following administration of CEX.5) When CED was administered, E. coli was markedly decreased, but in one case it increased during the treatment. E. coli in this case, however, did not show resistance to CED. Any other bacteria was not affected by CED.6) When RF was administered, there observed no changes to the bacterial flora. E. coli and Staph. aur. acquired high resistance to RF after 24 hours of the administration in all cases. This newly acquired resistance of E. coli continued for 3. months in one case.7) The changes were scarcely observed in bacterial flora by CP or TC. I think that antibiotics must be used in infection of intestine under the consideration of its absorption and excretion, resistance of bacteria to the drugs, and its influence to bacterial flora.