Cephalofacial Measurements Research Articles

Study of Cephalic Index and its correlation with Sex and Race in Central India

The technique of expressing quantitatively the form of the human body, living or dead and also skeleton is anthropometry. In the world, all human beings belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. Any two individuals are not the same in all their measurable traits, even there are differences in the genetically identical twins in some respects. For estimating sex and race, cephalofacial measurements and indices are useful like the cephalic index or cranial index. 3-4 racial groups are organized by anthropologists based on skull categorization methods. India falls in this craniofacial measurements group's as considered by Thomas Huxley. Asian skulls are brachycephalic with wide faces having flat supranasal regions and facial flatness. Craniofacial type of Australoids fall between Negroids and Caucasoids. The study was conducted on 196 medical students (92 males and 104 females). Hardlika's method was used to measure the cephalic index. The mean cephalic index was 79.71 ± 4.55 in males and in females it was 83.14 ± 7.69. Irrespective of gender the mean cephalic index of overall study was found to be 81.53 ± 6.62. Based on cephalic index, 45.65% males were dolicocephalic, 31.52% mesocephalic, 15.22% brachycephalic and 7.61% hyperbrachycephalic. In females, 46.15% were dolicocephalic, 33.65% mesocephalic, 10.58% brachycephalic and 9.62% hyperbrachycephalic.

Latent cephalofacial structure of the albanian population of Kosovo

Anthropometric studies began as a methodology in biological anthropology for comparing of the anthropological features of the today’s nations and previous nations too, as well as in screening and diagnosing of malnutrition. It is evident that a large number of studies have been performed on measures of body height, weight, trunk and limb dimensions, subcutaneous fatness and body composition, etc., but less attention has been paid to cephalofacial measurements. The purpose of this research was to study and explain the latent structure of the humans’ cephalofacial variables. On 754 healthy entities (561 male entities and 193 female entities), aged 18-35 years, were measured 11 cephalofacial variables. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive parameters, Correlation analysis, and Factorial analyses. Correlation analysis confirms the existing of some variables’ sets, which are characterized with the higher correlations between variables within the set. Through the principal component analysis of the Factor Analysis (rotation method direct obliging, Keiser criterion) were extracted four latent factors which explain 66.39 % of the total variance: Factor of intracranial capacity; Transversal factor of the face; Longitudinal factor of the face. Conclusion: The composition of the extracted factors was compatible with the scientific explanation of the anthropologists regarding the development of the head.

Measurement of cephalic and facial indices among students of KUSMS

Background: The description of the human face has been a major concern since long time. Indi­vidual identification is one such field where anthropometric parameters, especially cephalo-facial measurements, are an important tool in determining the various shapes of head and face. Hence the objective of the study was to determine the shapes of head and face.
 Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and observational type which consisted of 222 individuals (115 female and 107 male). It was conducted from January to June, 2019 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic and facial indices were derived after measuring length and breadth of head and face. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (22.0).
 Results: The present study observed that the most common type of face was hyperleptoprosopic 168 (75.68%) followed by leptoprosopic 43 (19.37%), mesoprosopic 10 (4.50% female only) and euryprosopic 1 (0.93% male only). Similarly, the most common type of head was dolicocephalic 165 (74.33%), followed by mesocephalic 51 (22.97%), and brachycephalic 6 (2.70%).
 Conclusions: This study concluded that the hyperleptoprosopic face was most common type and the least common type was euryprosopic face. The most common type of head was found to be dolicocephalic and the least common type was found to be brachycephalic.

MEASUREMENT OF CEPHALIC AND FACIAL INDICES AMONG STUDENTS OF KUSMS

Background: The description of the human face has been a major concern since long time. Indi­vidual identification is one such field where anthropometric parameters, especially cephalo-facial measurements, are an important tool in determining the various shapes of head and face. Hence the objective of the study was to determine the shapes of head and face.
 Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and observational type which consisted of 222 individuals (115 female and 107 male). It was conducted from January to June, 2019 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic and facial indices were derived after measuring length and breadth of head and face. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (22.0).
 Results: The present study observed that the most common type of face was hyperleptoprosopic 168 (75.68%) followed by leptoprosopic 43 (19.37%), mesoprosopic 10 (4.50% female only) and euryprosopic 1 (0.93% male only). Similarly, the most common type of head was dolicocephalic 165 (74.33%), followed by mesocephalic 51 (22.97%), and brachycephalic 6 (2.70%).
 Conclusions: This study concluded that the hyperleptoprosopic face was most common type and the least common type was euryprosopic face. The most common type of head was found to be dolicocephalic and the least common type was found to be brachycephalic.

Correlation of Stature with Cephalofacial Measurements

Tinggi badan merupakan parameter antropometri yang dapat digunakan dalam penentuan status gizi dan identifikasi jenazah. Pada individu dengan kondisi yang tidak memungkinkan dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan secara konvensional dibutuhkan suatu metode pengukuran tinggi badan alternatif. Salah satu metode pengukuran tinggi badan alternatif yaitu surrogate height measurement . Surrogate height measurement dapatdiukurmenggunakan formula khusus berdasarkan ukuran tulang, misalnya ukuran antropometri cephalofacial . Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptifobservasionaldengandesainpotong-lintang. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui pengukuran lebar maksimal kepala, lingkar kepala horizontal, lebar minimal dahi, dan tinggi badan pada 110 subjek perempuan dan 57 subjek laki-laki. Data dianalisis dengan uji normalitas Kolmogorov-Smirnov , uji korelasi Pearson antara tinggi badan dan parameter antropometri cephalofacial , dan uji regresi linier untuk mendapatkan model prediksi tinggi badan.Hasil uji korelasi Pearson antara lingkar kepala horizontal dan tinggi badan, baik dengan atau tanpa stratifikasi jenis kelamin bermakna signifikan (p 0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson antara lebar dahi minimal dan tinggi badan, baik dengan atau tanpa stratifikasi jenis kelamin tidak bermakna signifikan (p>0,05).Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara lebar minimal dahi dan tinggi badan.Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara lingkar kepala horizontal danlebarmaksimalkepalaterhadaptinggi badan.

Correlation of Stature with Cephalofacial Measurements

Tinggi badan merupakan parameter antropometri yang dapat digunakan dalam penentuan status gizi dan identifikasi jenazah. Pada individu dengan kondisi yang tidak memungkinkan dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan secara konvensional dibutuhkan suatu metode pengukuran tinggi badan alternatif. Salah satu metode pengukuran tinggi badan alternatif yaitu surrogate height measurement. Surrogate height measurement dapatdiukurmenggunakan formula khusus berdasarkan ukuran tulang, misalnya ukuran antropometri cephalofacial. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptifobservasionaldengandesainpotong-lintang. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui pengukuran lebar maksimal kepala, lingkar kepala horizontal, lebar minimal dahi, dan tinggi badan pada 110 subjek perempuan dan 57 subjek laki-laki. Data dianalisis dengan uji normalitas Kolmogorov-Smirnov, uji korelasi Pearson antara tinggi badan dan parameter antropometri cephalofacial, dan uji regresi linier untuk mendapatkan model prediksi tinggi badan.Hasil uji korelasi Pearson antara lingkar kepala horizontal dan tinggi badan, baik dengan atau tanpa stratifikasi jenis kelamin bermakna signifikan (p<0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson antara lebar maksimal kepala dan tinggi badan pada populasi total dan kelompok perempuan bermakna signifikan (p<0,05), sementara pada kelompok laki-laki korelasi tidak bermakna signifikan (p>0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson antara lebar dahi minimal dan tinggi badan, baik dengan atau tanpa stratifikasi jenis kelamin tidak bermakna signifikan (p>0,05).Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara lebar minimal dahi dan tinggi badan.Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara lingkar kepala horizontal danlebarmaksimalkepalaterhadaptinggi badan.

Study of Cephalic Index among the Tamil Population

Various cephalofacial measurements are helpful to establish human identity with respect to sex, race, stature etc. The objective of this study is documenting the craniofacial traits and sex differences with respect to Cephalic Index of Tamil population. Maximum breadth and length of human head are measured in subjects comprising of 100 males and 100 females in the age group of 18–23 years. The mean Cephalic Index calculated based on above metric data for males and females comes to 77.93 ± 5.10 and 75.22 ± 2.92 respectively. As per our findings, the predominant head shape of the study subjects in Tamil population is Mesocephalic for both sexes.

Estimation of Stature from Cephalo-facial Measurements in Adult Nepali Females of Kurseong

Estimation of stature is one of the most important aspects in forensic investigation for personal identification. The objective of the present study was to derive regression equations to estimate stature from different cephalofacial measurements in adult Nepali females. The sample for the study constituted one hundred and eight adult females from Kurseong of Darjeeling district, India. The age range of the participants was between 18 to 46 years. Anthropometric measurements include stature (ST) and five cephalo-facial measurements namely head length (HL), head breadth (HB), head circumference (HC), morphological facial height (MFH) and bizygomatic breadth (BB). The mean age of the studied population was 35.36 (SD, 8.57) years. Results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient of stature with different cephalo-facial measurements revealed that all cephalo-facial measurements were positively correlated with stature. Results of the linear regression analysis revealed that BBgives the most accurate estimation of stature by linear regression analysis.

Correlation and estimation of stature from cephalofacial measurements: A study on Western Uttar Pradesh population.

Background:Identification of an individual from fragmented remains is still a very challenging task for forensic experts in spite of the many studies which have been carried out till date, across the globe. Stature, one of the criteria of personal identification, has a definite and proportional biological relationship with every part of the human body which includes the cephalofacial (CF) region. At instances, where only CF remains are available, it becomes difficult for the forensic scientist to identify the deceased since there is a paucity of studies pertaining to the estimation of stature from CF dimensions. Results from such a study can be used as database for forensic investigations and other anthropometric studies.Aim:To estimate stature of an individual using data derived from CF measurements.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 540 representative candidates (270 males and 270 females) in the age group of 20–25 years. Stature (S) and CF measurements (maximum head length [MHL], maximum head breadth [MHB], horizontal circumference of head [HHC], bigonial diameter [BGD], and morphological facial length [MFL]) of each candidate were recorded and tabulated. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics v. 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) for the CF dimensions obtained. Comparisons were made between the CF measurements recorded with respect to the gender using statistical mean, standard deviation, range, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression equation of height to the parameters recorded was derived.Results:Findings suggest that all the CF measurements are significantly correlated with stature (P < 0.01). MHL, MHB, and HHC show higher correlation coefficients (r value) when compared to MFL and BGD. The CF measurements arranged in descending order based on their r value is HHC > MHL > MHB > MFL > BGD. In general, head measurements show lower values of standard error of estimate (SEE) compared to facial measurements. Among both sexes, HHC shows the least and BGD shows the highest SEE value when compared to all the other CF measurements.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the recommended anthropometric measurements provided serve as a template and confirm that there are geographical and sexual dimorphism in anthropometric parameters; therefore, these should be considered in forensic or criminal investigations.

Cephalo-facial analysis to estimate stature in a Sudanese population.

Medico-legal practitioners are often confronted with dismembered remains from which they need to develop a biological profile to establish identity. Accurate estimation of stature is an initial, crucial component of any meaningful medico-legal evaluation. However, sometimes only cephalo-facial remains are available. The most accurate statistical estimations of biological attributes are based on population-specific standards. Therefore, this study assessed the ability to estimate stature using 15 cephalo-facial measurements in 240 Sudanese adults (120 men, 120 women) aged 18-25years. Stature and cephalo-facial measurements of men were significantly higher than those of women. Most of the measurements were significantly correlated with stature (p<0.05), with better correlations for women than for men. The accuracy of stature estimation using sex-specific simple and stepwise multiple regression equations ranged from ±52.53 to ±60.28mm. This study provides new forensic standards for stature prediction in a Sudanese population. However, the equations should be used with caution in forensic cases when the more reliable body parts (e.g., limbs) are not available for human identification.

Estimation of stature by cephalometric facial dimensions in skeletonized bodies: study from a sample modern Colombians skeletal remains

Estimation of stature is an important factor in the identification of the deceased from unknown fragmentary and dismembered remains. The skull sometimes is the only remain available for identification. The aim of the present study was to estimate the stature of an individual from cephalo-facial dimensions. The study was carried out on 54 males and 16 females from the bone collection of the contemporary Colombian population that belongs to the National Institute of Legal Medicine. Ten cephalo-facial measurements were also made on each subject. The stature of each individual in centimeters was taken from the registration and/or from the autopsy document. The results indicate that the measurements N-M (p<0.001) and G-Op, Ba-N, Ma-SN (p<0.05) are correlated with stature for males. The correlation between these measures with stature for females was not significant. However, the formulae obtained from univariate linear regression analysis using cephalo-facial measurements showed a greater degree of reliability for estimation of stature in males and females.

Assessment of Cephalic and Facial Indices: A proof for Ethnic and Sexual Dimorphism

Cephalofacial measurements and indices are used to estimate sex and race. The aim of this is to document the craniofacial characteristics and sex differences from cephalic index and facial index of the studied groups. Maximum head length, maximum head width, morphological facial length and morphological facial width were determined for 901 Gujarati (676 male, 225 female) and 300 Non-Gujarati (100 male, 100 female) of Gujarat, India. The standard deviation of cephalic and facial index of Gujarati is 5.3345 and 6.0040 and of Non-Gujarati is 7.3472 and 6.0525 respectively. The mean cephalic index and facial index in study were 77.20 and 75.19 respectively in Gujarati and 74.13 and 75.17 respectively in Non-Gujarati. According to the cephalic index Gujarati subjects (40.2% males, 42.7% females) mainly belongs to mesocephalic and dolicocephalic and Non-Gujarati subjects belongs to dolicocephalic (80% males) and brachycephalic (30% females). According to the total facial index both the studied groups are mainly distributed into hypereuryprosopic followed by euryprosopic types of the face.

Stature Estimation of the Igbos Using Cephalo-Facial Anthropometry

Estimation of stature is one of the biological profiles used in the identification of individuals in cases of mass disasters, plane crash, fatal auto crash, bombing, homicides, and in crime investigations. It is an important tool in Medico legal practice. In the present study an attempt has been made to derive regression formulae to determine stature from cephalofacial dimensions. Informed consent was obtained and measurements were taken following standard protocols. The prediction function was derived through linear regression and multiple regressions for each of the measurement with stature, for the general population and for males and females separately. Cephalo-facial dimensions of 211 subjects females n=123 and males n=88 with mean age 23.58 ± 4.95 belonging to the Igbo population of Nigeria were studied. Eleven cephalo-facial measurements including stature were taken. The mean stature of both genders put together was 167.55 ± 9.10 cm while that of females and males were 163.17 ± 7.64 cm and 173.66 ± 7.30 cm respectively. Males were significantly taller than the females (p<0.0001). Accuracy of determination ‘R’ of stature from Cephalo-facial dimensions was highest for IOB and EBB in both genders put together; it was also highest using IOB in the females while MFH and MHB yielded that of the males.

Estimation of Stature from Cephalo-Facial Dimensions by Regression Analysis in Gujarati Population

During investigation in cases of missing body parts or unknown identity, the expert is often required to opine about the personal identification of the body. Stature of a person is a useful indicator of physical identity. Stature estimation leads to a positive identification of the living or when only cephalo-facial are brought under examination. The current study dealt with developing regression equation for stature estimation from cephalo-facial dimensions and to find out the correlation among body height with each cephalo-facial dimensions of Gujarati people. This leads to positive identification of the living or cadaver. Eight cephalo-facial dimensions of 901 Gujarati (676 male and 225 female) namely maximum head length, maximum head breadth, bizygomatic breadth, bigonial diameter, morphological facial length, physiognomic facial length, and total cephalo-facial height and biocular breadth along with body height was measured. It was marked that the mean stature and cephalo-facial measurements of males were significantly higher than that of females. The correlation coefficient (r) of all cephalo-facial dimensions were less than 0.5 which means stature estimation from cephalo-facial dimensions is not reliable. Multiple regression equations are more reliable than linear regression equations.

Clustering of the cephalofacial measurements

The purpose of this study was to study the latent structure of the cephalofacial variables and to explain the clustering of these measurements. Eleven cephalofacial measurements were done on 561 male entities aged 18-35 years. The collected data are analysed through descriptive parameters, correlation analysis, and factorial analyses. Correlation analysis confirms three sets of variables that realise the higher correlations with each other. According to the principal component analysis of the factor analysis three latent factors have been extracted that explain 53.3% of the total variance: the neurocranial volume factor; the transversal factor of the face; and the longitudinal factor of the face. The reduction of multiple measured manifest variables in a small number of latent factors may facilitate the work of anthropologists in studying and explaining of the genetic basis of development of bones, cartilages and soft tissues of the head and their morphological construction.

The relations between cephalofacial and body measurements measured on adult males of Kosovo Albanian population

The aim of this study was to research the relationships between set of body variables and set of cephalofacial variables, using statistical method of canonical analysis. The measurements were done on 288 adult male entities, aged 18-35 years old. Correlation analysis indicates mediocre inter-correlation among two sets of variables. Canonical analysis has enabled the extraction of two significant canonical roots for each set of variables. While left canonical roots explain 48.9% of total variance computed for the set of body variables, the right canonical roots explain 52.8% of the set of cephalofacial variables. Reduction of the measured variables in a small number of canonical roots may facilitate the work of the physical anthropologists in studying and explaining the genetic development of the bones, cartilages and soft tissues of humans, as well as their morphological construction.

Estimation of stature from cephalo-facial anthropometry in north Indian population

Estimation of stature is considered as an important parameter in medico-legal and forensic examinations. When highly decomposed and mutilated dead bodies with fragmentary remains are brought for postmortem examination, it becomes difficult to identify the deceased. Sometimes, cephalo-facial remains are brought in for forensic and postmortem examination. In such a situation, estimation of stature becomes equally important along with other parameters like age, sex, race, etc. (the ‘Big Four’ of forensic anthropology). The present investigation attempts to estimate stature from various anthropometric measurements of cephalo-facial region of individuals belonging to an endogamous group in north India. The material for the present study comprises 996 adult male Gujjars of north India ranging in age from 18 to 30 years. Five cephalo-facial measurements were taken on each subject following internationally recommended standard methods and techniques. The results indicate that all the cephalo-facial measurements are strongly and positively correlated ( p < 0.001) with stature. The measurements of the cephalic region have strong correlation with stature than those of facial region. The regression analysis also showed that the cephalic measurements give better prediction of stature. The regression formulae were checked for their accuracy and reliability not only in the sample which was originally used for making these formulae (genetically disparate population, n = 996) but also in a mixed population of north India (heterogeneous population, n = 100).

Determination of stature from cephalo-facial dimensions in a North Indian population

A forensic medicine specialist, while a conducting medico-legal autopsy, is often asked to opine about the identity of the deceased in unknown fragmentary and dismembered remains. Determination of stature is an important aspect in establishing identity in such cases. Sometimes, cephalo-facial remains are brought for postmortem and forensic examination. The aim of the present study was to estimate the stature from cephalo-facial dimensions in a sample of 252 Koli male adolescents from North India. As a part of Indian caste system, Kolis are an endogamous group of North India. Along with stature, sixteen cephalo-facial measurements were taken on each subject. The findings suggest that all the cephalo-facial measurements are significantly correlated with stature ( P < 0.001, P < 0.01); the measurements of the cephalic region have strong correlation with stature than those of the facial region. This was also supported by the regression analysis, which shows that the cephalic measurements give better prediction of stature. Reliability of the regression formulae was checked by comparing the estimated and actual stature within the same sample (genetically homogeneous population, n = 252) and in another sample taken from a mixed population of North India (genetically heterogeneous population, n = 90).

Emergence and Agenesis of Third Molar and Its Relationship with Cephalo-Facial Measurements in Punjabi Girls

Emergence and Agenesis of Third Molar and Its Relationship with Cephalo-Facial Measurements in Punjabi Girls

Phased Growth Pattern of the Cephalofacial Measurements on the Children in Taiwn

Phased Growth Pattern of the Cephalofacial Measurements on the Children in Taiwn