Russian Literature Research Articles

Claudin is a promising biomarker of intestinal wall permeability

To date, sufficient information is available on changes in the levels of tight contact proteins (TCPs) in various diseases. Of greatest interest is the study of claudin due to numerous studies confirming the important role of this protein in the development of pathologies. Deafness, behavioural changes, and nerve conduction disorders occur due to insufficient claudin production. Claudin is involved in the maintenance of cell polarity due to its apical location in the cell. When pathological processes occur, claudin may undergo phosphorylation, leading to changes in cell polarity and impaired regulation of APC levels. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the possible causes of impaired regulation of claudin levels. In this pathology there is adecrease in claudin-1 expression. In addition, claudins play different roles in different tumour tissues, and the same protein may be differentially expressed in different forms of cancer. Claudin-4 expression is upregulated as disease progresses in colorectal cancer (CRC), oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and its upregulation is associated with decreased invasiveness and metastatic potential, which is positively correlated with improved prognosis. In contrast, overexpression of CLDN 4 in breast cancer (BC) and pancreatic cancer (PC) is positively correlated with invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Aim: systematisation of available data on the biological role and clinical significance of claudin. Materials: review of Russian and foreign literature from 2013-2023.

Allergic contact dermatitis in the beauty industry

Allergic contact dermatitis in the beauty industry is a common and growing problem in dermatology, due to both the annual increase in the popularity of existing beauty services and the emergence of new fashion trends. Cosmetic products in hairdressing, manicure, permanent makeup, eyelash extensions, tattooing and piercing contain a number of potent haptens, sensitization to which results in a classic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The development of contact allergic reactions is important not only for consumers of these services, but also for hairdressers and beauty salon technicians themselves. Thus, hairdressers take first place in the incidence statistics of occupational contact dermatitis associated with allergens and haptens in hair dyes, products for bleaching, curling or straightening hair. In 65% of cases, allergic contact dermatitis to acrylates develops among manicurists within the first years of work. The basis of treatment for allergic contact dermatitis is external therapy using topical glucocorticosteroids. The article contains Russian and foreign literature data about the most common allergens in products used in hairdressing, permanent tattooing, eyelash extensions, manicure and piercing, on the prevalence and characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis in these areas of the beauty industry and our own clinical observations of the effectiveness of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis using Comfoderm K cream (methylprednisolone aceponate with ceramides in the base).

МЕТОДЫ ИСТОРИКО-ПОЛИТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО ИДЕАЛА В РУССКОЙ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ XIX ВЕКА

В статье предпринята попытка определить основные методы историко-политологического анализа произведений русской художественной литературы, которую нельзя изучать и классифицировать по аналогии с социально-политической публицистикой. Выявление, реконструкция общественного идеала в наиболее резонансных произведениях русской художественной литературы XIX в., а также изучение их воздействия на читателей и социально-политическую жизнь России требует, по меньшей мере, применения шести специальных методов, разработанных в рамках историко-политологического подхода: формального метода, исторического метода, биографического метода, метода реконструкции социально-политических взглядов писателя, метода рецептивного анализа, а также ретроспективного метода. The article describes the main methods of historical and political analysis of works of Russian literature. The public ideal in literature cannot be studied by analogy with the public ideal in journalism. The public ideal can be reconstructed in literature using six special methods. The first is the formal method, the second is the historical method, the third is the biographical method, the fourth is the method of reconstructing the socio-political views of the writer, the fifth is the method of receptive analysis, the sixth is the retrospective method.

“The Struggle of the Worlds”: the Representation of the Future War in the Soviet Science Fiction of the 1930s

In pre-revolutionary fiction, the struggle of the worlds was perceived mainly as a clash between earthlings and an extraterrestrial civilization. After the emergence of the Soviet state, the struggle between the Bolshevik and antiBolshevik worlds became one of the key themes in fiction. By the early 1930s, the formula “struggle of the worlds” existed in Russian literature both as fantastic and non-fantastic, reflecting a real social confrontation. However, the idea of a world revolution as the goal and result of the struggle of the worlds is actually eliminated from science fiction. The social struggle, which can transform into an interstate conflict, by the end of the 1930s turns into a war of the worlds, where the military clash between the USSR and a hostile state is the decisive factor. The changes taking place in the international arena led to the fact that in science fiction, too, England and France are replaced by Germany, Italy and Japan as the main opponents. In the war of the future the victory is determined not by heroism and national unity, but also by military and technical superiority. Along with the apparently fantastic weapons possessed by both the USSR and the enemies in the future, the writers described technical achievements, whose fantastic nature is not always noticeable even to a non-specialist contemporary, since some weapons that were fantastic in the late 1930s already became a reality during the Great Patriotic War. One of the distinctive features of the works of 1938–1939 about the future war is the minimal differentiation between the fantastic and non-fantastic. On the one hand, there is no war yet, on the other hand, the distance between the future and the present is practically absent, and the “effect of the future” is leveled due to image of reality that maximally corresponds to the present. This artistic technique helps to convey to the reader the confidence that victory is the logical conclusion of the present, and not a fantasy.

Болезнь легионеров с неврологическими проявлениями: клинический случай

INTRODUCTION. Legionnaires' disease may be manifested by neurological symptoms along with lung damage. Cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria are rare extrapulmonary manifestations of legionellosis. These symptoms significantly reduce the quality of life of patients. AIM. To analyze the literature data on neurological manifestations of legionellosis and to present a clinical case of Legionnaires' disease manifestation with neurological symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We performed an analysis of the available literature. Twenty-four Russian and international literature sources (PubMed databases) were evaluated, describing the characteristics and prevalence of neurological manifestations in Legionnaires' disease. We also described the main theories of the pathogenesis of these clinical manifestations. Our clinical case is presented. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. As of today, few cases of Legionnaires' disease with cerebellar symptoms have been described. Dysarthria and ataxia are the most frequent manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction in legionellosis. Cases where neurologic symptoms persisted after the resolution of pneumonia have been described previously. There are also reports of manifestation of Legionnaires' disease with cerebellar ataxia. The pathophysiology of cerebellar involvement is unknown. There are hypotheses of toxin-mediated and immune-mediated mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that L. pneumophila can activate receptors responsible for enacting the inflammasome pathway. This mechanism promotes cell death that occurs to remove the intracellular pathogen, which may be responsible for central nervous system dysfunction. CASE PRESENTATION. A 48-year-old woman was hospitalized with a suspected stroke. She works in diamond production and is in contact with aerosolized liquids. Four days before hospitalization she complained of a headache, and in the evening before she lost consciousness. Slurred speech, unsteadiness, and inability to walk were noted. At hospitalization, no instrumental evidence of stroke was obtained. Inflammatory markers were elevated. Chest computer tomography showed infiltrative changes. The rapid test for antigenuria (L. pneumophila) was positive, and community-acquired legionellosis was confirmed. Levofloxacin was administrated. After discharge, dysarthria, dysphagia, and instability in the Romberg pose persisted. CONCLUSION. The example of this clinical observation demonstrates that in rare cases Legionnaires' disease can manifest as other diseases, which requires a certain vigilance of doctors of different specialities in order to timely diagnose the disease. KEYWORDS: Legionnaires' disease, legionellosis, community-acquired pneumonia, central nervous system, infectious disease

К вопросу об осложнениях сахарного диабета: систематический обзор литературы

INTRODUCTION. The article presents an overview of the trigger role of diabetes mellitus in the development of periodontal pathology in patients aged 40-70 years. During the analytical systematic review, the emphasis was placed on the currently studied issues related to the characteristics of the clinic, glycemic status and risks of a complicated course, including with regard to microvascular, neurological and other disorders. The focus is on the dental status and glycemic profile of patients with diabetes mellitus and its role in regulating the adaptive potential of patients with diabetes mellitus. AIM. To assess the risks of diabetes in the regulation of periodontal pathology and other most significant complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS. the search was conducted in the database on evidence-based physiotherapy (PEDro), by keywords: "diabetes mellitus", "rehabilitation", "microvascular and other complications", "periodontal pathology" from 2000 to 2024. A total of 284 sources were selected as of March 2024, of which 26 were systematic reviews, 9 were Cochrane reviews, 17 – Clinical recommendations (American Association for Diabetes Mellitus), as well as Clinical recommendations for diabetes mellitus (70.5%). The search was conducted in the sources Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus in accordance with the principles of PRISMA and initially revealed 185 entries. Of these, 40 articles were included in the 2013-2024 publication study. Keywords were used: "periodontal pathology", "diabetes mellitus", "rehabilitation", "microvascular and other complications". RESULTS: the analysis of the collected Russian and foreign literature allowed us to summarize that in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes with periodontal pathology, the participation of specialists (endocrinologist, dentist, rehabilitologist, hygienist, neurologist) of a multidisciplinary team is necessary to compile an optimal rehabilitation program aimed at preventing the occurrence of complications and their progression, to achieve a speedy and complete restoration of lost dental functions and reduce glycemic risks. CONCLUSION. A personalized approach, individually selected therapies with an assessment of the dental status and glycemic profile in patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontal pathology will help to achieve the best results in recovery and elimination of complications. KEYWORDS: diabetes mellitus patients, dental status, glycemic profile, microvascular, neurological disorders

Methodological regulation of the education of family values of students – future literature teachers in the process of professional training

Introduction. In a period of permanent social upheaval, the education of traditional family values among new generations of Russian citizens plays a huge role in the development of society. In this regard, it is relevant to study the technological aspects of preparing a literature teacher for the fruitful formation of traditional family values among schoolchildren of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the process of literary education. The purpose of the article is to develop and test in the process of training future teachers of the Russian language and literature a system of methods and techniques for the formation of traditional family values in teaching literature at school. Materials and methods. The study involved students from the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «North-Eastern Federal University named after. M.K. Ammosov» in the field of training 03/44/05 Pedagogical education (with two profiles of training). Methods: content analysis of legal, scientific, scientific and methodological literature, questionnaires, pedagogical experiment, analysis of student creative works. Results. The study identified such key family values of students as mutual help and «care for relatives» (39%), «respect for elders» (37.5%), «mutual respect» (35%). The prevalence of the educational role of the grandmother (32%) in the traditional Yakut family was revealed. The formation of family values is closely related to the use of conversations, joint family events, analysis of literary texts by Russian and regional authors in literature classes using dialogization and problem situations. Conclusion. The results of the study showed that students are aware of the important mission of a language teacher in the formation of traditional family values of schoolchildren in the process of teaching literature and are ready to use such current technologies as dialogization, problem-based learning, and visualization in their activities.

Интерпретационная деятельность обучающихся на уроках русского языка и литературы в 11 классе как основа подготовки к государственной итоговой аттестации (итоговое сочинение)

The research aims to identify effective methods and forms of interpretive activity of students in Russian language and literature classes aimed at achieving subject-specific and meta-subject results within the framework of preparing for the state final certification in the 11th grade. The paper examines one of the key methodological problems of the modern educational space, i.e., the organization of text work among graduates in Russian language and literature classes in the context of preparing for the final essay. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it presents a communicative-cognitive approach to text work in Russian language and literature classes in high school in the context of preparing students for the final essay. As a result, the stages of text work have been identified, the methods and techniques of students’ interpretive activity have been described. In addition, the paper has systematized questions and tasks that contribute to the organization of a dialogic classroom space, understanding of the text, help to actualize analytical work in class, activate the generation of students’ own texts based on the use of cognitive teaching methods, and also ensure the implementation of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education in the area of achieving students’ subject-specific, meta-subject and personal results during preparation for the state final certification.

Особенности функционирования аллегории в произведениях русской монашеской словесности XX века

The aim of the research is to present the main features of the functioning of allegory in the works of 20th-century Russian monastic writers. The paper examines Christian allegory as a specific tropeic phenomenon. The specificity of the use of Christian allegory lies in its orientation toward the culture-forming texts of the Bible; in its fixation in the didactic parts of the text dedicated to the salvation of the soul, spiritual perfection, the need to strive for virtue; in the authors’ appeal to allegorical images with stable interpretations embedded in the culture; in its concentration on allegories that are part of the established allegorical imagery corpus, which formed as Christian literature were developing. The central place in the work is occupied by the study of the representation of ideas important for church writers through allegory, the actualization of Christian meanings. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it uses theolinguistic analysis to study the works of Russian monastic literature, indicates the stylistic functions of allegory in the ecclesiastical-religious style, and identifies the main features of the use of allegory. As a result, the following has been proved: when affirming thoughts related to the perniciousness of sins, authors resort to Christian allegories, using images of a swamp, abyss, net, thorns, tree branches, spiderwebs; when describing the life of a person and the path of a Christian, images of a ship, boat, sea, storm, and house are used; in reasoning about virtues, images of water, sun, and sky are chosen. There are several stylistic functions of allegory identified in the texts of monastic literature, such as pictorial, syndicating, emotive, prescriptive, meaning-forming, didactic, axiological. The features of the functional orientation of allegory in the works of monastic literature are as follows: the use with didactic religious-Christian goals, i.e., aversion from sin and encouragement to acquire virtues, strive for the salvation of the soul, moral perfection, spiritual alertness, and the cultivation of the inner person.

Experience of using Beers criteria in clinical practice (according to Russian literature)

Objective: analysis of domestic scientific literature to identify ways of applying the Beers criteria, frequency of prescriptions and the structure of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in elderly patients.Material and methods. The search for publications was carried out in Google Scholar abstract database, as wel as in eLibrary and CyberLeninka information-bearing networks for the period from 2013 to 2023. In total, 34 articles were found, among which 18 sources used Beers criteria as a tool for identifying PIMs.Results. In inpatient therapeutic departments, the maximum frequency of PIMs prescriptions according to the Beers criteria was 66.6% of cases, in surgical departments – 70%, in psychiatric departments – 90.4%, and in outpatient treatment settings – 28%. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at different diseases were the most prescribed group of PIMs in both inpatients and outpatients. Surgical hospitals took the leading position in prescribing these drugs; specifically, more than 2/3 of elderly patients (75%) received them. According to two studies describing clinical cases of drug-induced falls in patients, the Beers criteria were effective in identifying drugs that can provoke this condition. One of papers presented application of Beers criteria to assess the economic affordability of replacing PIMs with safer new generation drugs.Conclusion. An analysis of domestic literature data has shown various ways of applying the Beers criteria, the frequency of prescriptions, and the most common PIMs. This information will help healthcare workers to be more wary of such drugs and think over applying the Beers criteria in routine practice of geriatric patients, which will further prevent or reduce the number of adverse drug reactions.

Analyzing the image of mother in women's prose in the modern world of development of innovative technologies

This article explores the depiction of motherhood in modern women's prose, particularly in the context of the development of innovative technologies and their impact on Russian literature. By analyzing the works of prominent female writers such as Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, and others, the study investigates how the image of the mother is portrayed in contemporary literature. The research emphasizes the role of new information technologies in shaping these literary narratives and their significance in reflecting societal changes. The article also examines the intersection of traditional maternal themes with modern technological advancements, offering insights into the evolving portrayal of women’s roles in literature.

Compositional structure of prefaces to Chinese translations of Russian literature: cultural perspective

Compositional structure of prefaces to Chinese translations of Russian literature: cultural perspective

The theme of “memento mori" in Russian literature of the 19th century (N. V. Gogol and L. N. Tolstoy)

The theme of “memento mori" in Russian literature of the 19th century (N. V. Gogol and L. N. Tolstoy)

Nikolai Leskov’s Eccentric Wanderers and the Tradition of Religious Wandering in Russia

The motif of travel has always been popular, and the metaphor of life as a path remains extremely powerful. Both seem to be especially important within Christian culture because of the image of Christ the Wanderer, who “has no place to lay his head”, an image that influenced the growing popularity of pilgrimages and religiously motivated wandering. The latter became particularly widespread in Russian culture and resulted in numerous representations of wandering people in Russian art and literature. In my article, I focus on literary representations of wanderers in the oeuvre of Nikolai Leskov, whose works are abundant with these types of characters. I argue that the writer portrays his wanderers as ambivalent eccentrics who combine elements characteristic of diverse types of travelers, both religious and secular. To prove my hypothesis, I combine traditional literary analysis of Leskov’s texts with the examination of cultural and religious practices of Russian wandering. As I demonstrate, the complexity and multifacetedness of the writer’s wanderers correspond with Russian reality, where the boundary between pilgrims and vagrants was also blurred.

Research on the Translation and Influence of LiaoZhai ZhiYi in 20th Century Russia

With the accelerated exchange of different civilizations in the context of globalization, the overseas dissemination of Chinese classic literature is also playing an increasingly important role in shaping national cultural confidence. Since the beginning of the 21st century, cultural exchanges between China and Russia have become increasingly close, and the two countries have also invested key attention in the relationship between Russian literature and Chinese literature. In the past, research on the Russian translation of Chinese literature was mostly limited to the field of translation and cultural customs, while there was a lack of attention to the phenomenon of Chinese literature entering the creation of Russian writers. This leads to a lack of concrete and clear experience and theory in exploring the overseas dissemination of Chinese classic literature and promoting mutual learning and learning among different civilizations in the new situation of cultural exchange. Liaozhai Zhiyi represents the highest achievement of ancient Chinese classical short stories and is also an outstanding representative of Chinese supernatural and legendary novels. This article intends to provide an overview of the dissemination process of Pu Songling's " LiaoZhai ZhiYi " in 20th century Russia from a historical perspective, using a literature review method; On this basis, comprehensively accepting theories, comparative literary principles, etc., this study analyzes the influence of "LiaoZhai ZhiYi" on contemporary Russian literature in the 20th century, as well as the reasons and motivations behind this phenomenon. Research has found that since the beginning of the 20th century, the motivation to seek a national way out and reshape national values has driven Russia to turn its attention to China, and the characteristics of legendary supernatural novels have garnered a lot of attention; As a result, "LiaoZhai ZhiYi" formed a continuous and tumultuous process of dissemination in Russia, with Alexeyev's translation having the greatest impact; On this basis, 20th century Russian literature has formed a phenomenon of displacement or displacement in terms of characters, cultural symbols, philosophical ideas, etc., providing specific references for mutual learning and mutual learning between different cultures.

Comparative analysis of the efficiency and ergonomics of wired and wireless ultrasound systems

The form factor of an ultrasound device with a wireless sensor has become firmly established in the standards for equipping medical institutions in recent years. In the Russian science literature there is a limited number of works on the practical application of such systems and a description of their advantages and disadvantages. It is important to evaluate the capabilities of a wireless ultrasound device in diagnosing urgent conditions.Purpose of the study: to compare the effectiveness, advantages and ease of use of wireless ultrasound diagnostic sensors in relation to stationary devices. A comparative analysis of the wireless ultrasonic sensor "Uprobe-C5PL" (Sonostar, China) with stationary devices "DC-70" (Mindray, China), "CX-50" (Philips, Netherlands), "Logic E9" (GE, USA). A total of 40 patients were studied. The comparison was carried out based on the following characteristics: comparison of measured organ sizes, identification of pathological conditions, consistency of results between several medical experts, ergonomic characteristics and ease of use.Results: there was no statistically significant differences (Mann– Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, p > 0.05) and a strong correlation (r = 0.99; p < 0.01) between the measured values of organ sizes and pathological structures. The wireless sensor showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity – 91.7% and accuracy – 97.5% in detecting free fluid in the main cavities. A high agreement of results between expert was revealed (Kappa-Cohen coefficient, K = 0.836).Conclusion. The wireless ultra-sound sensor is not inferior to stationary devices in identifying free fluid and other pathological conditions within the framework of urgent studies. At the same time, the wireless form factor increases ease of use in confined spaces due to the mobility of the diagnostician and the autonomy of the device. When routinely examining a large number of patients, a wireless sensor is less convenient and informative than high-end devices.

Greenwashing in green finance and measures to prevent it

Aim. To study the phenomenon of greenwashing in the spheres of green bonds issuance and banks’ activities.Objectives. To show the degree of study of the problem in foreign and Russian scientific literature; to analyze the methods of combating greenwashing; to estimate the probability of greenwashing in the financial sphere in Russia.Methods. The author used the methods of bibliographic analysis, studied the legislation and documentation of banking organizations in the context of greenwashing prevention.Results. The author traces the growth of cases of greenwashing in the financial sphere, shows the main forms of its manifestation emphasized in modern scientific literature. As a result of the analysis of the European Union (EU) legislation on counteraction to financial greenwashing the ineffectiveness of the EU measures on prevention of unfair behavior of issuers of “green” bonds and banking institutions is proved. The analysis of the Russian practice of green finance shows the low demand for the services of green bond verifiers and the low degree of state control over this sphere, which may affect the spread of financial greenwashing in Russia. Based on the results of the analysis of the sphere of counteraction to greenwashing in the sphere of green finance in Russia, the main directions of improvement of the domestic policy of counteraction to greenwashing are proposed.Conclusions. Greenwashing is an urgent problem for the development of green finance. The measures taken by the EU to regulate the green bond market do not lead to a reduction in greenwashing and even provoke its development. Measures on state control and tougher penalties for greenwashing are more effective than the emphasis on information disclosure. This seems significant not only for the European market, but also for the Russian market, which will have to face this problem. It is necessary to develop measures to detect and overcome unfair behavior of participants of Russian financial markets, including the development of state control mechanisms, a unified methodology for assessing green bonds and issuers’ reporting, as well as the responsibility of issuers and verifiers when greenwashing is detected. Equally important are incentives for banks to finance green projects and control of the banking system in the framework of greenwashing prevention.

A. N. Radishchev as an "archaist and innovator": linguopoetic and linguostylistic features of the great book (to the 275th anniversary of the birth)

The article considers the most important linguopoetic and linguostylistic characteristics of A. N. Radishchev’s "A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". The research also focuses on the precedent phenomena in the text of the book, its connections with the European artistic tradition, and influence on the Russian literary language evolution, as well as on particular genres of Russian literature. The text is examined against the background of the dominant literary canons of sentimentalism at the time of its writing; the author creatively mastered some of these canons. Radishchev developed his individual style which synthesised three main linguistic elements: emotional-sensual, civic rhetorical, and common colloquial. Each of them is characterised by a certain set of linguistic means that are compositionally anchored in the text. The figurative devices of classicistic poetics, tropeic expressiveness, refined linguistic expressions borrowed from Western literature, and vocabulary new for the late 18th century form the compositional parts characteristic of the journey as a distinct literary genre. A. N. Radishchev uses Slavicisms, archaic morphological forms and obsolete syntactic constructions, neologisms based on Church Slavonic patterns to create high civic pathos and embody freedom-loving ideas. Low colloquial speech, folk phraseology, folklore inserts, aphorisms, and mixtures of styles shape the author’s narrative fragments and reflections related to specific life situations.

Ladder locus in Chekhov’s work of 1890s–1900s: from the spiritual to the obscene

The research focuses on studying the structure of the ladder locus in Chekhov’s works of the 1890s–1900s, fixing non-classical shifts in the structure of the locus and assessing their amount. Using the historical and literary approach (M. M. Bakhtin, Yu. M. Lotman, and D. S. Likhachev), the author continues the study of the symbolic potential of Chekhov’s creativity, started by A. P. Chudakov, I. N. Sukhoi, and S. A. Komarov. In spatial terms, the article relies on M. O. Goryacheva and N. E. Razumova’s research. Using the continuous sampling method, 56 fragments from 1888 to 1903 were selected, 32 fragments were analyzed. The results show that when creating the author’s myth, Chekhov relies on the folklore, biblical context, imagery of Nietzsche, Merezhkovsky, Griboyedov, Gogol, and Dostoevsky; he creatively rethinks the material of the sources. Three individual author’s motives related to the ladder locus are identified: 1) the motive of the shameful and obscene, 2) falling down the stairs, and 3) the vertical gap. The analysis of the structure of the Chekhov ladder locus confirms the conclusions drawn earlier on the material of other spatial units: the topos of the garden, forest, manor, and the locus of the bench. The non-classical nature of spaces in the late creative period of the writer leads to the need to remove the attitude towards the realism of Chekhov’s texts and indicates the beginning of the modernization process in Russian literature in the last decade of the 19th c.

THE KALMYK-NOGAI RELATIONS FROM THE MID-16TH CENTURY TO THE MID-17TH CENTURY

This article is written about the Kalmyks, who have not been studied much by historians in our country. An attempt is made to look at the history of the Kalmyks through their relations with the Nogais from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century. The relations between the two sides are explained using the archival documents and the Russian literature. The methodology of the article is based on the principles of historicism, complexity and objectivity. Basing the article on these principles allows a better understanding of how the relations between the two sides are shaped according to historical events and facts. As a result, based on the information we provide in the article, it is possible to make the following inferences: The Kalmyk-Nogai relations followed two different courses, before and after 1632. The main factor that determines the course of the relations between the two sides is the goals of the Kalmyks. The goal of the Kalmyks until 1632 was to find a safe place. In this direction, they migrated west from the Irtysh River and had to fight against the Nogais they encountered. On the other hand, the goal of the Kalmyks since 1632 has been to subdue the Nogais in the North Caucasus.