Century India Research Articles

Consanguinity in twenty-first century India

Consanguineous marriage, which involves the union of close biological relatives, is a global practice, including in India. Consanguineous marriage and its effect remained an interest to the geneticists, medical and social scientists. Numerous studies have been conducted to delve into these aspects of consanguinity. This review paper seeks to examine various dimensions of consanguinity in twenty-first-century India. We conducted thorough searches on PUBMED, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and JSTOR specifically for articles on consanguinity in India since 2001. It was observed that the rate of consanguinity was approximately 10.0% which varies state-wise, and the trend indicates a decrease. Socio-demographic characteristics such as age at marriage, educational attainments, place of residence, and economic condition are the major contributing factors. Religious beliefs, especially Islamic views, significantly affect the prevalence of consanguineous marriage. Many studies reveal that consanguinity helps to lower dowry, maintain family peace, and increase social security within groups. Recent studies reveal that consanguinity still affects reproductive outcomes and increases congenital and medical disorders, while the inclusion of external factors reduces the effect of consanguinity. Studies show consanguinity reduces the overall strength of a population and increases the selection pressure within it. This review helps in understanding the effects of consanguinity among concerned couples and family members and encourages policymakers to motivate them to seek genetic counselling for a better future, while also involving policymakers

Commerce and Management Education in India: 21st Century

Commerce and Management education in India has undergone significant transformations in the 21st century, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and changing market dynamics. This abstract provides a concise overview of the evolution, challenges, and prospects of commerce and management education in India during this era, Evolution: The 21st century witnessed a paradigm shift in commerce and management education in India. Traditional classroom teaching evolved into experiential learning methodologies, incorporating case studies, internships, and industry collaborations. The emergence of digital platforms facilitated distance learning, enabling access to quality education beyond geographical constraints. Additionally, interdisciplinary studies gained prominence, emphasizing holistic skill development among students. Challenges: Despite progress, commerce and management education in India face several challenges. Outdated curricula often fail to align with industry requirements, leading to a gap between academia and the corporate world. Quality assurance remains a concern, with issues like faculty shortages and infrastructure deficiencies affecting educational standards. Moreover, the rapid pace of technological advancements necessitates constant curriculum updates to ensure relevance and competitiveness. Prospects: The future of commerce and management education in India holds promising opportunities. Integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and data analytics into curriculum design can enhance students’ analytical and decision-making skills. Collaborations with industry players for skill-based training programs can bridge the gap between academia and industry expectations. Moreover, fostering entrepreneurship and innovation through incubation centres and startup initiatives can nurture a culture of creativity and enterprise among students. Conclusion: In conclusion, commerce and management education in 21st century India has evolved significantly to adapt to the dynamic global landscape. While challenges persist, such as outdated curricula and quality assurance issues, promising prospects lie ahead. By embracing technological advancements, fostering industry-academia collaborations, and promoting entrepreneurial spirit, India can further enhance the quality and relevance of commerce and management education, preparing students to thrive in the competitive global economy of the 21st century.

“...and the Twentieth Century Took Over from the Sixteenth”: Literary Modernism and the Colonial World in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India

A Passage to India (1924) by E. M. Forster is a significant modernist novel and emerged as a benchmark for representing the colonial world. The novel is simultaneously embedded within the “ideologies of the Raj” and orientalist framework mediated with modernist ethos that determined the dynamics of representation. Forster challenges the certitudes of empire building and utilitarian values of Victorian and Edwardian England in crucial ways. This paper interrogates the contradictions in Forster’s literary aesthetic of modernism and political ideology of imperialism. This paper also explores the conflicted relationship between the colonial state and Indian nationalism in the context of early twentieth century India.

Efsunlu Şehirde Edep: Nizâmeddîn Evliyâ’nın Melfûzât’ı

Civility has been variously described as a social norm, an attitude, even a virtue. The wide variety of ascriptions attached to it indicate as much its versatility as its indispensability for the construction of a sustainable society. Yet how widespread is civility, across history and societies? This is a question that attempts to wean the concept off its often-Eurocentric conceptualization, wherein civility was tied to the ‘civilizing process’ described and championed by Norbert Elias. This article undertakes a study of civility in a very different social context, by zooming onto the Chishti khānqāh of Ḥażrat Niẓāmuddīn Awliyā’ in early thirteenth century India. The underlying contention is that civility in this milieu was expressed through the key Sufi vocabulary of adab, futuwwa and gharīb nawazi, it was not tied to the civilizing process of a Leviathan State. Rather, it was the individual moral self, trained and elevated by a charismatic Shaykh, aided by the comradeship of the khānqāh, and grounded in a world that was resolutely ‘enchanted’ that made the acquisition and solidification of civility a feasible process. This article seeks a sociological examination of that project.

Paradoxes of Partition and Railways: A Symposium of Cinema and Literature Identity in Twentieth Century India

Paradoxes of Partition and Railways: A Symposium of Cinema and Literature Identity in Twentieth Century India

Linkages between consanguinity, pregnancy outcomes and offspring mortality in twenty-first century India.

We hypothesized that consanguineous marriage will remain a risk factor for pregnancy outcome and offspring mortality, but the development in demographic, socioeconomic conditions and increased utilization of maternal and child health care services during postglobalization era would work as a buffer in the reduction of child mortality rates. Data fromNational Family Health Surveys 4(2015-2016) and 5(2019-2021) were pooled and used for the analysis. Binary logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the effects of close (CC) and distant (DC) consanguinity on spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, post-neonatal, and child mortality respectively compared to non-consanguinity (NC). The final model showed that the risk of spontaneous abortion (both CC and DC, p < 0.001) and neonatal mortality (DC, p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared to NC. No significant association was found between consanguinity and child mortality. We conclude that the endogenous effect of consanguinity still pose a serious challenge to the survival of fetus and new born; but exogenous effect reduces the risk of child death. We propose to incorporate socially entrenched practice of consanguinity explicitly into Mosley and Chen's (1984) framework for the aid in understanding child survival in developing countries.

An Investigation into Educated Women's Perceptions of the family's Influence on Women's Education in 21st Century India. A Comparative study

The role of the family in society is evolving in the social environment, especially in the urbansector. A woman's ability to choose a job is being facilitated by education. The percentage of Indianwomen who attend school is now higher than the global average and rising. Family support and loftyemployment goals are to blame for this. Indian women have benefited from education to some extent,and many of them have earned higher degrees and are employed in a variety of fields. The researcher inthis work examined how educated women in 21st-century India perceived the impact of the family onwomen's education.

Internalized Misogyny: A Transnational Exploration of Select Literary Narratives

Patriarchy is a pervasive global phenomenon, that creates social, cultural and political disparities and perpetuates gender inequality, discrimination and bias. It is deeply embedded in various discourses of human civilization, operating through both identifiable and unidentifiable mechanisms. Internalized misogyny, many a time is a subtle apparatus that manifests and maintains patriarchy and gender inequality. Identifying internalized misogyny is a complex task owing to the fact that its practices are often legitimized and internalized by women, thus making it unrecognized. Periodically, when overt structures of patriarchal hegemonies are criticized, the covert means of hegemonic functioning, particularly internalized misogyny remains underrepresented and uncritiqued. Thus, addressing the problem of internalized misogyny is the need of the hour. This study adopts two literary narratives namely, The Bonesetter’s Daughter by Amy Tan and Idris: Keeper of the Light by Anita Nair for the ongoing discussion on internalized misogyny. The Bonesetter’s Daughter by Amy Tan inquire into multigenerational reverberations of internalized misogyny, through the traction of mothers and daughters impelling Chinese traditions and gender roles upon themselves and other women around them. Idris: Keeper of the Light by Anita Nair clasps the reader’s attention towards 17th Century India and how the female characters grapples with societal norms that incarcerate them into subservient roles. Hence, this proposed paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the select works to identify and examine the discourse of internalized misogyny, that perpetuates gender inequality. By scrutinizing both works, this paper divulges into the omnipresent nature of internalized misogyny irrespective of contrasting historical and cultural contexts.

Life Skills - The 21st Century Skills

“Skills have become the global currency of the 21st century, but this currency can depreciate if it isn’t used” said Andreas Schleicher, Deputy Director for Education at the OECD Forum (25 May 2012). Our educational system gives more importance to learning of 3 R’s- reading, writing and arithmetic. It is concentrated more on the cognitive dimension rather than on reflective and psychological dimensions. It is achievement oriented than child oriented. But today changes and challenges of fast-growing society demands more contextual approach in education to meet actual use in real life situations. In 21st century India there is raising problem of unemployment, inequality, violence and environmental destruction, etc., demands a new set of skills, and creative problem-solving potential. Life skills are group of psychological competencies and interpersonal skills that help people make informed decisions, communicate effectively and develop coping and self-management skills to lead a healthy and productive life. Life skill learning should be made integral part of the curriculum to promote the well-being of the youth

Progressivism, Modernity and Decadence: A Study of Select Works of Ahmed Ali

The modernity of the progressive writers has long borne the blame for being indebted to the Western trends of modernist thoughts. This article engages in challenging this notion by tracing the roots of Islamic modernity to the qasbati tradition of medieval eastern culture and its residual traces in 18th and 19th century India. The pre-Renaissance Muslim cultures in the Middle East and South Asia during the Caliphate rulers had a high intellectual heritage which propagated to India during the Mughals and concentrated within the qasbahs, thus resulting in the formation of a unique literary and cultural tradition. This dissertation shall argue with substantial historical evidence from Muslim literary history since the medieval era, that the modernity of the Progressive writers was not necessarily a Western import in colonial India rather it is rooted in a vibrant intellectual and cultural tradition propagated through generations in the qasbahs. In the process, it also aims to understand ‘modernity’ as a dynamic and allencompassing state of intellectual understanding. Taking up select works of Ahmed Ali, this article attempts to substantiate the claim that progressive modernity is unique and is characterised by an attitude of assertion (of their own social values), interrogation and selective participation (in the new system), as manifested in the life and culture of the qasbati tradition.

An Analytical Study of the National Education Policy 2020: Transformation, Issues, and Challenges

The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP2020) is embarked upon a vision of transforming the system to meet the needs of 21st century India. Education policies worldwide are increasingly being realigned to economic prosperity, vertical mobility, and social citizenship of the people. One of the fundamental principles of the NEP 2020 is “flexibility so that learners can choose their learning trajectories and programmes, and thereby choose their paths in life according to their talents and interests”. Here, the NEP 2020 shows us the way, as It recommends an interdisciplinary structure of programmes. Integrative thinking is the need of the hour and our education policymakers may very well start with themselves in this journey. There is an urgent need to re-examine our education policies at the regional level to provide an environment where individuals can utilize their education and training to gain employment, improve their living standards, and contribute to the social development of the area. The paper suggested some measures to preserve quality education and promote the transformation of educators towards the changing nature of work.

Savitribai Phule -A Beacon of Change In the Landscape Of Education During The 19 Century In India

Savitribai Phule -A Beacon of Change In the Landscape Of Education During The 19 Century In India

Growth of Public Health Care System in British India

The public healthcare system in India founded during colonial rule. At that time various researches and surveys were done, medical topography was prepared, legislations for public health were brought and various commissions were set up to monitor British troops by the colonial administration. Gradually this led to the foundation of public healthcare system in India. The period of 19th century and early 20th century India witnessed the development of new trends in medical systems and a transition from surveys to microscopic studies in medicine. The history of disease and their prevention in the colonial context traces back the epidemiology of infectious disease.

Writing About Writing: Reading Academia Anew

Since the inauguration of the first European universities in the medieval era, at Bologna in 1088 and Oxford in 1096, and before that, al-Qarawiyyin in 859 in Fez, Morocco, Nalanda University in 5th century India, and Taixue University in China in 156, universities have been places of publishing, writing, and disseminating scholarly ideas. Socrates, who himself wrote nothing, worried in 400 B.C.E. that writing would weaken the mind, promote forgetfulness (Ong, 2002), and allow for the pretention of knowledge rather than the real thing, “the appearance of wisdom, not true wisdom” (Plato, 370 B.C.E./1901,Phaedrus, section 275a).

A Deeper Look at the Origin and Evolution of the Social Work Profession

This article explores how social work has changed from its beginnings to the early 21st century in India, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. It emphasises the significance of understanding social work's past to consider the field's potential future. The researchers used a qualitative research method and gathered information from existing literature, knowledgeable persons, and field visits for observation and verification to validate the collected data. Almshouses, or choultries, in India, can trace their origins back to the time of Buddha. Records from the Chinese travellers Fa-Hien and Xuanzang reveal that similar hospitals/Buddha Vihars existed in India around 400 BC. From the 7th century AD, the temples served food to devotees through 'temple kitchens. These institutions paved the way for almshouses in China, the Middle East, Europe, and Britain, signifying that Social Work's groundwork in India predates the Charity Organisation Society and the Settlement House Movement. Available records also reveal how the British Poor Laws systematised welfare services and played an important role in turning them into rights for the poor. Although social work, both as a career and as a way of living, evolved in India, countless books on social work published over the decades did not explicitly mention it as such.

A Deeper Look at the Origin and Evolution of the Social Work Profession

The purpose of this article is to examine how social work has changed from its beginnings to the early 21st century in India, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. It emphasises the significance of understanding social work's past in order to consider the field's potential futures. Qualitative research methods were utilised, and information was gathered from existing literature, informants, and through field visits for observation and verification to validate the collected data. Almshouses, or choultries, in India, can trace their origins back to the time of Buddha. Records from the Chinese traveller Fa-Hien reveals similar hospitals in India around 400 BCE. From the 7th century AD, the temples served food to devotees through 'temple kitchens. These institutions paved the way for almshouses in China, the Middle East, Europe, and Britain, signifying that the groundwork for Social Work as a profession in India predates the Charity Organisation Society and the Settlement House Movement. Although Social Work, both as a career and as a way of living, evolved in India, they were not explicitly mentioned as such in the countless books on Social Work that have been published over the decades.

Impact of NEP-2020 on School, Higher &amp; Teacher Education level: A holistic approach

The National Education Policy (NEP-2020) is the first education policy of the 21st century in India. The first education policy for education has established in 1968 &amp; with the second one the National Education Policy was held in 1986. And third one the National Education Policy has been established in 2020. It is only the third education policy of India at post-independence period. The aim of NEP-2020 is universalization of education from pre-school to secondary level with 100% GER in school by 2030. Another its aim is holistic development of learners, reduction in curricular content and promote the essential learning etc. Besides, structure of school curriculum, higher education &amp; teacher education has been changed. This paper has been discussed of all educational level in India. I think that NEP-2020 will great impact on education system &amp; also will be developed human resource in our India. That’s why I hope that through reform of NEP-2020 quality of students &amp; teacher will be developed in school level, higher education level &amp; teacher education level and also beneficial impact overall educational stages in India.

Girls’ education in Colonial India: a critique on the trajectory of Savitribai Phule in the twenty-first century India

ABSTRACT Savitribai Phule, the first female school teacher in India, with the support of her husband and mentor, Jyotirao Phule pioneered a pivotal role in educating Indian girls in the nineteen-century Colonial India. Her philosophical underpinnings and activism for the education of the girls and the oppressed classes in India are still relevant and inspiring even today. This article primarily intends to reassess the trajectory of her philosophy, policy reforms and pedagogical practices towards girls’ education in the nineteen-century Colonial India even when the demand for compulsory primary education was not raised in India, in the light of twenty-first century India. Before delving into the whole spectrum of her trajectory, it retraces the British Colonial policies pertaining to the provision of girls’ compulsory schooling in Colonial India against which the missionaries, British philanthropic and Savitribai together with other Indian reformers made a series of efforts towards girls’ education in Colonial India.

From Buddha to Bose: exploring 19th-20th century India- Japan relations

From Buddha to Bose: exploring 19th-20th century India- Japan relations

Christian-Muslim Relations in the Second Half of 19th Century India in View of Syed Nāṣir-ul-Dīn Muḥammad Abūlmanṣūr Dehlvī (d. 1903)

The current study examined the nature of Christian-Muslim relationships in 19th-century India. It is argued that their relationships were largely shaped in the context of the polemical debates that were developed to defend the teachings and tenets of their respective religions. Syed Nāṣir-ul-Dīn Muḥammad Abūlmanṣūr Dehlvī (d. 1903) was a polemical Muslim writer who wrote approximately 25 books in the refutation of Christianity. He also defended the religion of Islam; however, his work remains in oblivion. The primary objective of the current research was to analyse Dehlvī's major works dedicated to refute Christianity and to assess their significance. This research holds importance under two key reasons. Firstly, it sheds light on the nature of Christian-Muslim relationships during the 19th century and secondly, it highlights the significance of Muslim writings about other religions, particularly Christianity, in the modern world. The research concluded that while the polemical technique, due to its confrontational aspect, may no longer be the primary method of religious studies. The texts, however, generated through this approach can still be significant resources for students and academics since they offer opportunities for critical thinking, historical investigation, and a better understanding of intricate relationships that exist between religious traditions. Therefore, polemical writings play a significant role in advancing the academic knowledge in the field of religious studies.