Century Literature Research Articles

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY READING MATERIALS TO THE READING COMPREHENSION OF GRADE 11 GAS STUDENTS

This study aimed to find out the effect of supplementary reading materials to the reading comprehension of Grade 11 GAS students of San Cristobal Integrated High School for the school year 2020-2021. This research used supplementary reading materials to the experimental group in teaching the 21st Century Literature subject to measure their reading comprehension level. The respondents are composed of 60 Grade 11- GAS students where mostly are female and are on the age bracket of 16 to 17. The respondents reading comprehension level was measured using a thirty (30) item researcher-made pretest and posttest as the instruments of this research.The following are significant findings of the study: In terms of the respondents reading level, the experimental group obtained a mean score of 4.00 in their overall reading level. This implies that they are in frustration level before using the supplementary reading materials. Meanwhile, a mean score of 5.54 was obtained by the control group before using the modular instruction which reveals that the overall reading level of the control group is in instructional level. After the implementation of the study, the experimental groups overall reading level turned to instructional level having a mean score of 6.49 the control group, however, remains in instructional level with an overall mean score of 6.40. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the respondents in the experimental group after using the supplementary reading materials. However, a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the respondents in the control group was also observed after using the modular instructions. After comparing the post-test of the experimental and control group, it was found out that there is no significant difference in the reading comprehension of the experimental and control group after using supplementary materials and modular instruction.

The literary work as dialogue and relationship

The intention of this article is to present the results of a collective scientific research project in the theory of literature that was carried out in a period of more than ten years (2011–2022) on the topic “Dialogism of the literary work”. These results determined another collective contribution in the theory of literary criticism. By the notion of “scientific project” we understand the PhD thesis (Aliona Grati) and other four doctoral theses (Oxana Popa, Elisaveta Iovu-Macari, Diana Dementieva, Rodica Gotca), which were carried out in the same research direction and a collective monograph. The objective of this vast project was to present the development directions of dialogic theory/aesthetics and dialogism that Mikhail Bakhtin imposed on the international circuit. The scientist insisted on the idea that the literary work is the aesthetic area for the full unfolding of dialogic relationships, thus foreshadowing a paradigm in the research of 20th century literature. The doctoral theses presented how dialogic theory was approached within some theoretical schools and systems, as well as by some brand personalities. These researches constituted pretexts for the theorization of five new models of literary criticism that grew from the stem of dialogism: Dialogic, Imagology, Sociocriticism, Criticism oriented towards the reader, Ergocriticism. They aim at modern, complex and layered literary works that represent the existence and the world with human voices in dialogue, with texts in relation and with systems in relation.

Recepciya koncepcii L.N. Gumileva v russkoj literature rubezha XX–XXI vv.

The article deals with the reception of L.N. Gumilev's views in the Russian literature of the 20th-21st centuries. The relevance of the study is due to the wide spread of Gumilev's views in the post-Soviet space and the presence of a wide creative reception of them in fiction. The article makes a conclusion about the variability of the creative reception of the views of Gumilev in historical novelism: schematic with the updating of history and the acceptance as a philosophy of history, when the author, avoids updating history, using Gumilev's concept to convey the dynamics of the historical process.

GROßSTÄDTE ALS TOPOI DER MIGRATIONSKRISE IN DEUTSCHSPRACHIGER LITERATUR AM ANFANG DES 21. JAHRHUNDERTS

The following paper offers a transgeneric analysis of three contemporary German literary texts which shows how the plot setting - which is in all these cases an urban environment, i.e. a city – can be described as a topos to address ongoing migration crises. These urban places of action and the depicted migration crises create a state of paradox and irony: big cities attract the population and represent a place that is desirable to live in, yet they seem to marginalize and ostracize the very groups that migrate towards them. The research presented in this paper stems from an ongoing research project that deals with the phenomenon of crisis in contemporary English, German and Croatian literature, with an emphasis on systems in crisis, where the systems are defined from a sociological perspective as the family, the local community, the state, the region, and so on. The research was conducted within the installation research project “UIP-2020-02-3695 Analysis of Systems in Crisis and of New Consciousness in 21st Century Literature” (2021.-2026) funded by the Croatian Science Fund. The aim of the project is to prove the hypothesis that what we have at hand is a predominantly subversive attitude on the part of literature towards the phenomenon of crisis and towards systems in crisis. The research done in the first year of the project (2021) shows that of the 126 German-language prose and drama texts included in the corpus, focusing on texts published from 2000 to 2021, 29 deal explicitly with crises in the local community or in the city and 23 with migration crises (cf. Novak et al. 2021, p. 3). The literary works selected for analysis, which offer urban areas as the setting of the narrative, show how, at the expense of the protagonists’/characters’ isolated experience, a shared, global view is illustrated that might indicate literary trends in dealing with contemporary problems in society, such as the attitude towards the ‘other’, the marginalized, or the ‘different’. Paradoxically, at the same time, through the way they subtly address these problematic attitudes, the literary texts become topoi that allow space for criticism. The novel and two plays that are the focus of this research have all been published in German since the year 2000 and are part of the project’s corpus. They have been selected as representative examples of how the urban, civilized, dominant community acts and reacts when it comes into contact with the ‘other’. They encompass both the individual and the collective, tragedy and comedy, but also social satire which addresses many problems of the world we consider to be structured and ordered, revealing that it is in reality a place of complex dynamics of centricity versus provinciality and inclusion versus exclusion. The paper takes a close look at Robert Menasse’s novel Die Hauptstadt (2017), Philipp Löhle’s play Wir sind keine Barbaren! (2015) and Lutz Hübner and Sarah Nemitz’s play Phantom (Ein Spiel) (2015). The transgeneric analysis of the selected literary texts shows how the migration crises in the big cities are not explicitly addressed, but rather pushed to the sides and margins – both literally and figuratively - and overlooked, and thus made even deeper within the system of the narrative (that is, in the narrative of both the prose as well as the drama text). In all three examples, the “we” is often emphasized as dominant, while “the others” are marginalized, both geographically and symbolically, due to this dominance. The migrants/refugees appear and remain on the geographical periphery, while also not even being recognized, and listened to, or else they become condemned to a life in symbolic parallel worlds. The community in all three examples acts globally in the economic and communication-strategic sense, but limits its self-image and the conception of “we” locally, and in doing so emphasizes the meaningfulness of their own tradition, while diminishing the existence of the others.

Latin in medieval Kyiv: the outline of history of a royal family in the context of its international contacts

Kyivan Rus’ had extensive political, economic and cultural connections with other European states. Knowledge of foreign languages, the Latin language in particular, was in demand to maintain these connections. The article outlines the context in which the Latin literature in medieval Kyiv emerged and also the spheres where the Latin language was used. The history of one ruling family, Prince Iziaslav of Kyiv, Princess Gertruda of Kyiv, their son Prince Yaropolk and daughter-in-law Cunigunda, is preserved in texts and artefacts. Primary and secondary sources as well as the sphragistic data, related to international contacts of the family with Pope Gregory VII, the Papal legates, Duke Bolesław II the Bold of Poland and King of Germany Heinrich IV, provide facts of usage of Latin by the Kyivan royals. The article analyses usage of Latin in foreign relations of Kyiv and in literature of the second half of the 11th century. The Latin language was used in Kyivan Rus’ in the second half of the 11th century in literature (prayers, religious poetry and chants), votive inscriptions, in administration (seals) and ecclesiastic and foreign correspondence.

Viper on the Hearth's Unfinished Business: Anti-Mormonism and Mormon Studies

<i>Viper on the Hearth</i>'s Unfinished Business: Anti-Mormonism and Mormon Studies

Пушкинские «Цыганы»: об одном сюжетном прецеденте в рассказах М. Горького и И. А. Бунина

The paper considers the moral, philosophical, ethical, and aesthetic potential of Pushkin’s poem “The Gypsies” in the vast historical, cultural, and literary context. This potential served as the ideological, semantic, and artistic-eidetic source of all subsequent “gypsy texts” of Russian literature reinterpreting the motifs, images, narratives, mythologemes, and archetypes stemming from the romantic story of the tragic love of Aleko and Zemfira. The focus is on the transformation poetics of the plot under study and its motif-image structure in the prose of the early 20th century. Following the methodological principles of cognitive literary criticism, the phenomenon of the “gypsy semiosphere” is studied in the stories of M. Gorky, “Makar Chudra,” and I. A. Bunin, “Bonfire,” at different levels of textual creation using historical-genetic, structural-semantic, systemic, and holistic research methods. The study has revealed a system of concepts and narrative schemes coming from “The Gypsies” and having a constant character enriched by the life and historical experience of Russian writers of the Silver Age. The ethnographic exoticism of the gypsy world in Russian literature proved to actualize the exceptional feelings and spiritual intensity of the internal processes of human existence subject to the power of the “passions of the fatal.” The love theme in its gypsy national-cultural nuance acquires a stereotypical character in the literature of the late 19th early 20th centuries. The image of the bonfire as a semiotic marker is analyzed through the artistic creation of the precedent “burning heart” plot by M. Gorky and I. A. Bunin.

ФУНКЦИИ ОКНА В ПРОЗЕ С. КРЖИЖАНОВСКОГО

The article is devoted to the analysis of the image of a window and its functions in the prose works of S. Krzhizhanovsky. The relevance of the study is driven by the important role of this image in modeling the artistic space of the text, in the development of the plot and in creating the character of the hero, in revealing the philosophical and aesthetic problems that determine the uniqueness of the writer’s works. The article demonstrates that the window becomes for the hero not only an “insurmountable boundary” that does not allow him to leave the “minus” space saturated with trouble, as V.N. Toporov wrote about. Cases where the use of this image performs the function of expanding space and creating ecphrasis are considered. It is shown that the success of overcoming the window boundary is due to the genre features of Krzhizhanovsky’s works and the type of hero, which is different in the writer’s short stories and essays. It is demonstrated that Krzhizhanovsky’s window not only models space, but also expands artistic time (“Memories of the Future”). The article also analyzes examples of metaphorization of an image and explores its world-modeling function, which shapes the character and personality of the character and generates the plot of the work. The image of a window in Krzhizhanovsky is considered in the context of intertextual connections with literature of the 19th-20th centuries.

Kotsiubiiv, Kachibei or Kochubiev? Which name is more appropriate to use for Odesa in the XV-XVI centuries

In the note the author examines the history of the spread in the historical literature of the XIXth-XXth centuries of the version about the founding of the city of Kochubiiv (Odesa) by the nobleman Bohdan Kotsiuba-Yakushynskyi and the origin of the name «Kotsiubiiv», which is sometimes used about Odesa of the XVth-XVIth centuries in the literature and on the Internet. The researcher makes a conclusion about the probable mistake of mentioned version of the origin of the city and about the inappropriateness of the use of the name «Kotsiubiiv».

Apresentação - Dossiê Temático

Literature, like other art forms, has always served an instrument for resistance, which through various discursive strategies responds to manifestations of oppression, despotism and dogmatism of various kinds. Above all, 20th century literary production — a century that witnessed a proliferation of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes, armed conflicts, wars and genocides, despite humanity's extraordinary progress in multiple areas — was marked by a strong sense of social, cultural or political engagement, which also extends to literary creation in the 21st century. Also in the Portuguese-speaking countries, one of the recurrent themes in modern and contemporary literary production has been the criticism towards the arbitrariness by authoritarian governments, as is the case of the Salazar regime — which stifled Portuguese society for over forty years and prolonged colonial exploitation in Africa — and by the dictatorial regimes established in the second half of the last century in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The aim of this dossier is to present some expressions of critical thinking on the literary production that deals with this subject. Therefore, eight studies devoted to the analysis of works by Portuguese and Brazilian authors who, at different times and through different forms of expression, reacted against authoritarian tendencies in Lusophone societies are gathered here.

Comprehension of Human Existence by Philosophical Anthropology in the Theoretical Space of Modern Historical-Anthropological Concepts

Purpose. The paper seeks to prove the thesis of the significance and importance of the theories and methodological approaches of historical anthropology, which are aimed at understanding the meanings, essence and value systems of human existence in the past for philosophical anthropology. The study of this problem is relevant for understanding the evolution of human identity with philosophical and anthropological concepts, understanding the essence of one’s own existence and attitude to the world. Theoretical basis. The author conducts research in the analysis of the reflexive field of philosophical anthropology and related disciplines, in particular historical anthropology, implemented in the philosophical literature of recent centuries, that is, in the space of non-classical and modern philosophical thought. Originality. I raise and substantiate the theoretical question of the scientific significance of the analysis of human existence in the past thanks to the involvement of theoretical approaches and concepts formed in the reflexive field of modern historical and anthropological research. This forms the prerequisites for understanding complex and interdisciplinary explorations of the essence and cultural and spiritual values of human existence. I analyse the problems of the work in the context of the concept of the incompleteness of the project of philosophical anthropology without its involvement in the theoretical achievements of historical-anthropological investigations. Conclusions. In my opinion, modern historical and anthropological studies of the essence and meanings of being a person of the past form an extensive theoretical system. It is realized through such theoretical aspects of comprehension of human existence by historical and anthropological studies as "history of mentalities", "microhistory", "history of women", "new cultural history", "history of identity", "history of memory", history of mental aspects of political processes. Methodological approaches and concepts of modern historical anthropology form the basis of mental reconstruction and understanding of the mental and cultural causes and factors of human existence, thanks to the analysis of the evolution of the worldview, behaviour, outlook, various forms of individual and social activity of the individual.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF MOTIVES OF RELIGIOUS DRAMA IN THE LITERATURE OF THE 20TH-21ST CENTURIES: THE PHILOSOPHIC ASPECT

The article studies the transformation of motives of religious drama in the literature of the 20th-21st centuries from the point of view of religious philosophy, namely the neo-Thomism paradigm. The concept of transformation is interpreted as a transition to the use of meaning-generating models close to drama as a kind of literature in the context of the visual turn in the culture of the 20th-21st centuries. The actualization of action as a form-creating means along with the explicit or implicit accentuation of the integrity of the world picture is interpreted as a search for metaphysical grounds for the aesthetic systems of modernism and postmodernism and the poetics of individual authors and their works. The article substantiates the philosophical aspect of the interpretation of religious drama accepted in scientific literature as a metagenre for the literature of the 20th-21st centuries. The study outlines the universal character of generic methods and means of expressiveness of religious drama for literature in the conditions of the visual turn.&#x0D; The aesthetics of literature between phenomenological and metaphysical approaches to human action may be inclined to the fluctuation (metaxis) between them, which conditions the stylistic and genre openness of religious drama. In this context, its elements are used both in traditional genres and to rethink the genre and stylistic boundaries of the representation of human action in art in general and in literature in particular. Motives of religious drama (journey, overcoming obstacles, battle, feat as a leap of faith, love, despair, hatred, boredom as existential aspects of the human condition, service, sacrifice) in the works of P. Claudel, H. Chubai and D. Barthelmy are presented with significant differences, but with the preservation of paradigmatic features – symbolism and metaphysics as an indication of the ultimate integrity, unattainable neither rationally nor sensually. The universalism of the motives of religious drama is interpreted as the present ambivalence, which brings together high and low, profane and sacred, parody and grotesque with pathos, etc.

Virtues in Islamic Tamil Short Stories

History of literature proves that literature is undergoing various changes from time to time. In this way the short stories are a part in the contemporary literary world. At present era, short stories are one of the emerging genres of literature. Numerous short stories are appearing in the twenty-first century literature. Not all short stories produced by writers’ catches audience hearts. This article discusses the virtues that are explained in Islamic short stories, such as helping the poor people through hospitality, doing educational work, doing educational service, creating awareness about education, doing humanitarian work and so on. All these are highlighted in this article. This article also provides the future research ideas that can be under this topic.

:Libel and Lampoon: Satire in the Courts, 1670–1792

:<i>Libel and Lampoon: Satire in the Courts, 1670–1792</i>

Bell's Palsy and Its Semantic Change over Time.

From 1821 to 1829, Sir Charles Bell presented cases of facial paralysis from infection, trauma, and unknown causes. As such, "Bell's palsy" initially referred to facial palsy of any etiology. Today, the term is reserved for idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. The objectives of this analysis were to establish when the eponym came to vogue and delineate the semantic shift from its original definition to its current one. Extensive review of available 19th and 20th century literature mentioning "Bell's palsy" and "Bell's paralysis." Historical accounts have eponymously attached Bell's name to facial paralysis as early as the 1840s-Bell's palsy was first used to describe cases of facial palsy of any cause. In 1886, Gowers characterized Bell's palsy as a "neuritis usually within the Fallopian Canal," distinguishing it as a separate etiology. Over the next decades, the definition narrowed to peripheral facial paralysis from cold exposure or unknown causes. By the 1940s, its natural history was well described-an acute, unilateral, idiopathic, and usually self-limited peripheral facial palsy. The semantic change of a word over time can tell us a remarkable story of its history and origins. Absence of a discrete lesion, lack of proven treatment, and good prognosis without intervention distinguished Bell's palsy from other causes of facial paralysis. Over time, the definition has narrowed from a facial palsy of any cause to an idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. Recent evidence supporting Bell's palsy as a viral mononeuritis may have driven its recent semantic change toward this specific etiology.

Large Panel System Technology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century—Literature Review, Recycling Possibilities and Research Gaps

Large panel system (LPS) buildings, during the 1950s–1990s, were the most widespread among precast systems and are still a huge part of some national housing stocks. Disadvantages in characteristics, poor quality of all construction stages, sudden disasters and poor retrofit and repair techniques can result in demolishing some LPS buildings and thus the creation of huge amounts of waste. There is urgent need of evaluating the possibility of reusing the elements of LPS buildings. The novelty of the article is based on the formulation of research gaps in terms of recycling these buildings and the justification of such need. The authors reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding characteristics of LPS buildings, directions of retrofitting, durability and their locations within cities. The possibility of recycling elements of LPS buildings was analysed. The findings are that concrete load bearing panels, proved to be in satisfactory conditions in terms of strength and durability, have the possibility to be recycled into recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), so such waste could be beneficial for concrete. However, there are research gaps of such an application highlighted in the text. The authors suggest that conducting comprehensive basic research in this area could have significant benefits for the next generation of researchers and engineers.

Strategies in Teaching 21st Century Literature: Results from a Systematic Review of Literature

The concept strategy has been relevant in literature. Teachers use instructional strategies to motivate students to focus their attention, organize material for understanding and memorizing, monitor and analyze progress. Furthermore, instructional strategies provide a path to learning success. With several researches on the field of education, this systematic review analyzed thirty-nine (39) research articles to determine the fundamental strategies used by teachers in the teaching of literature. The review also determined the technological tools and revealed the gaps from the different research articles. Results showed that teachers use a variety of instructional strategies categorized as direct, indirect, interactive, independent, and experiential. Likewise, teachers around the world used technological tools in the teaching of literature such as multimedia and web tools, flipped classroom, and more. As revealed, the strategies and technological tools yielded a positive impact on student learning. It demonstrated significant advantages especially on the enhancement of students’ learning of 21st century literature. Challenges of implementing the technological tools were likewise identified and presented several implications.

Figurative Language Competence and Poetry Writing Skills of Senior High School Students

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World offers activities and topics that engage students in critical study and enjoyment of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and throughout the world, embracing their different aspects, genres, components, structures, settings, and traditions. Meanwhile, poetry, like other genres of literature, is written to communicate ideas, convey emotions, and generate imagery. Poets select words based on their meaning and acoustics The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the relationship between figurative language competence and poetry writing skills of Senior High School (SHS) students. The studys respondents were fifty (50) randomly selected grade 11 students who had recently completed the SHS core subject 21st century Literature from the Philippines and the World. Based on the results gathered, the following was therefore brought into conclusion: 1) students figurative language competence is at the average level which signifies that they have knowledge about figurative language competence but there are still several sorts of figurative language that students should be more aware of 2) students poetry writing skills are high that signifies that they do good poems, and, 3) being a good poet does not always mean that he/she is a figurative language competent as well. One must be able to write poems following its structure and some of its elements because figurative language competence is not the sole determinant in writing or making a poetry. Therefore, schools may still promote the teaching of figurative language in poetry for the students to write better poems and future researchers may explore the relationship between the students poetry writing process and their poetry writing skills.

Influencing of Religious-Mystical Views on Ancient Common Turkic Written Monuments (X-XII Centuries)

Since history and literature are closely interrelated in the life of society, in this article we will briefly dwell on the ancient history of related Turkic nations and among them, of course, the Kyrgyz, with an emphasis on artistic and ideological problems that reflect the ideology of society. Our conclusions are based on the opinions of Turkic scientists. Basically, in the literary analysis, we took into consideration the influence of the religious and mystical views of Sufism on the literary process of the X-XII centuries. The workpaper considers the influence of such representatives of the Common Turkic written literature of the X-XII centuries as Kul Khoja Ahmed Yassawi (“Book of Manual”) and Jusup Balasagyn (“Beneficial Knowledge).

Дорога как предмет концептуальной рефлексии

This article is dedicated to making sense of the cultural term “road” in research literature. Also, the author makes a disclosure of different “road” term interpretations in various scientific articles. The necessity of this analysis is contingent on terminological variety, which leads to problems while using terms even in one and the same article. In this article we are trying to highlight a dominant term for different fields of knowledge for the word “road”. It turns out that in ethnologist articles specialists describe the road as an archetype, a mythologeme. The archetype of the road as a sort of spatial archetype appeared in the collective mind and outspoken in ethnic texts; traditions and rituals play an important role in the world view of different nations. Describing a road as a mythologeme allows to give it a sacral meaning, a road as a way to the “other world”, the borderland between ‘us’ and ‘them’, a dark place. In literary articles the road is viewed as chronotopos, assembling spatial and time relationship in literary texts. A number of researchers highlight that the “road” chronotopos as a storyline creator and organizer is reflected in Russian literature of XIX-XXI centuries and act independently in the texts of different periods and different authors. The analysis of the road as a metaphor can also be found in linguistic research. Authors suggest different ways of metaphorization, such as “way of life/way of death”, “way of perception”, “way of work”, “way of salvation/way of sin”, “way of creation/way of destruction”. The culturological method permits the authors to look at the road as a concept and divine the terms “road” and “way”. Within philosophy of culture a “road” had a meaning of a cultural universal relevant to different cultures, world models: mythological, religious, philosophical, artistical. Art science makes an accent on characteristic art’s image of the road. The article concludes about the importance of the phenomenon of the road as an integral part of culture at all stages of its development, as well as a fairly thorough study of the road as a cultural phenomenon, the formation of various conceptual schemes for its description in the domestic research literature.