Century Crisis Research Articles

Католическая Церковь: история современного институционального кризиса

This article is devoted the deepest since the Reformation of the 16th century crisis of the Catholic Church. The author connects its causes with tectonic shifts in the history of our civilization and the whole world in the last 200 years. It is the end of the Constantinian era in the history of Christianity And the cultural (in Western terminology, anthropological) crises and technological revolutions of the late 60s and mid-70s XX century led to a crisis of all institutionally organized Christianity. The crisis of the Catholic Church became part of this global crisis of church institutions. The actual Catholic reasons for it were: the preserve in the 20th and 21st centuries the post-Tridentine clerical model of the Church and the transformation of the Catholic Church by the middle of the 20th century from Western European to the world’s church. An additional source of the crisis was the crisis of two important and male oriented leadership institutions: the traditional family model and the celibate-based hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. As a result, over the past 50 years, the growth in the number of clergy and monascitism has practically ceased. Thus worsened the very possibility of the Church fulfilling its Mission. A paradoxical situation has developed in the Catholic Church today: the numerical increase of the baptized is accompanied by a mass exodus of believers. Awareness of the crisis is happening very slowly. Public discussion of church problems began only with the election of Pope Francis. The institutional nature of the crisis is illustrated in the article using the example of the “pedophile scandal.” It made it possible to identify the problem of spiritual and physical violence in the Church not only against children, but also against adults (seminarians, nuns, disabled people). The crisis has made it possible to draw attention to the presence of mental problems among young people entering seminaries and those ordained. The scandal virtually destroyed the moral authority of the clergy in Catholic countries. The author believes that the entire church hierarchy has been struck by paralysis: the inability to respond in time and effectively to problems and challenges. All this seriously complicates the way out of the crisis.

Agricultural Development in the Context of the 6th Century Crisis – A Synthesis of Plant-Macrofossil Data from Southwestern Norway

ABSTRACT The transition between the Early and Late Iron Age in Southwestern Norway, around AD 550, is a transformative time when the archaeological material displays major changes and the number of finds and settlement sites decreases significantly. This period coincides with the 6th century crisis when volcanic cooling and subsequent plague pandemic caused famine, demographic decline and disruption in Europe. Recent research suggests harsh conditions for crop cultivation in southwestern Norway, with up to 3.5° C lower temperatures. This paper synthesizes plant macrofossil data and radiocarbon dates from 20 settlement sites to explore agricultural development from AD 400–1050 and to investigate whether the crisis influenced the agricultural practices and strategies. Reduced settlement activity is suggsted from the time of the cooling. The plant macrofossil compilation shows a focus on barley and oat cultivation , but a decrease in oats in favour of barley is seen from AD 550 forward. Rye was temporarily introduced in the 7th century. An indicated increased focus on animal husbandry is most prominent from the late Merovingian Period (AD 650–800). A comparison between sites based on their main crop suggests that sites with a high ratio of oats relative to barley had a lower chance of surviving the crisis. .

Geç Antik Çağ'da Aizanoi: Polis'in Çözülüşü

Aizanoi, one of the important cities of Phrygia, had experienced a transformation by 3rd Century Crisis which was felt throughout Roman Empire. Local elites lost their economic privileges because the transferring Temple Lands income to the imperial treasury now, and their political dominance for the increasing pressure of central bureaucracy upon the provinces, so they withdrew from the urban life. Aizanoi lost its autonomy, and its council became dysfunctional. The public buildings, which are the symbols of the Greco-Roman urban tradition, were either abandoned or lost their functions. In this process, the use of classical necropoleis ended and cemeteries around new churches appeared. The burial customs changed, and tombstones were not produced anymore. Use of writing had also dramatically decreased. Finally, Aizanoi transformed to a medieval settlement at the end of Late Antiquity. It was also disintegration of classical urban culture and the ideal of Polis.

Long-term mortality effects of century crises: A warning from the past for the decades after COVID-19?

Long-term mortality effects of century crises: A warning from the past for the decades after COVID-19?

An Iron Age Shock Doctrine

In this article, a dataset of burial grounds is considered in relation to the question of a probable demographic crisis in the 6th century AD, as a consequence of the cosmic event in AD 536-7. Although indications of an extensive crisis can be seen in a wide range of sources, it is difficult to make any estimate of the extent of the crisis. Some hypothetical social consequences are, however, discussed and compared to the Black Death in the 14th century AD. For the 6th century crisis, a widespread upheaval and renegotiation of property rights for land that has been abandoned is suggested, together with a possible redefinition of the nature of property rights. After the crisis there seem to be increased possibilities for private ownership of land, which enables the acquisition of large landholdings among a limited number of people. This is related to an increasingly stratified social structure in the Late Iron Age, where an elite is thought to have been able to take advantage of the crisis for their own benefit. It is argued that this is reflected in the Late Iron Age/Vendel Period burial grounds and their locations, as these might have been used to manifestrenewed property rights.

AL-QUR'AN'S SOLUTION IN THE QUARTER LIFE CRISIS PHASE TO ANXIETY (THEMATIC STUDY OF THE QUR'AN)

Human life is not without problems. When problems arise, humans tend to feel anxiety, stress, or even other illnesses that often result in confusion about what is the right solution to solve the problem. even though Allah SWT, in the Al-Qur'an has included many verses that provide solutions for all kinds of anxiety. One example of life anxiety is the quarter life crisis or a quarter century crisis. who feel worried about the future, have no clear direction, confused and distraught about the uncertainty. Usually this anxiety includes relationships, romantic relationships, careers, and social life. Based on this phenomenon mentioned, the author tries to further examine the Qur'an's solutions to the quarter life crisis phase. The method used to analyze the Al-Qur'an's solution to future anxiety uses thematic study of the Qur'an or commonly called maudhu'i. namely finding and collecting verses that contain anxiety and verses that provide solutions to anxiety in the Qur'an. The result of the research is that anxiety is not specifically discussed in the Qur'an, but reflects a broad implied value including its meaning. 1. Khauf, namely the state of the heart, there is no peace about something in the future 2.diiq namely the narrowness of the soul, triggered by doubts originating in the heart, 3.Halu’a namely the nature of complaining, and 4.huzn that is sad. Then the solutions in the Qur'an to avoid anxiety include: Striving hard to look at the future, Continuously trying to follow Allah's instructions, Istiqomah in goodness, Sincere, Reaching for the future with faith, piety and good deeds.

Demographic Development in Light of the 21st Century Crises: a Theoretical Analysis

Demographic Development in Light of the 21st Century Crises: a Theoretical Analysis

Târih-i Gılmânî'nin 17. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Tarih yazımındaki Yeri Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Considering seventeenth century Ottoman historical writing and the place of Mehmed Halife’s Târih-i Gılmânî within it requires one to closely examine the social, economic, and political changes that took place in the seventeenth century Ottoman Empire. It was a century during which the empire was going through a substantial transformation, not only in political and economical terms, but also intellectually. The economic and demographic ramifications of the “seventeenth century crisis” would affect the entire system. Thus, the seventeenth century is considered to have been a crucial era in the history of the Ottoman Empire due to its changing internal dynamics and characteristics that were to give way to the modernization of the Ottoman State. This paper analyzes the place of the Târih-i Gılmânî in seventeenth century history writing emphasizing its linguistic and thematic peculiarities. Like many seventeenth-century chronicles, the Târih-i Gılmânî used the similar stylistic patterns portraying the world as wie es eigentlich gewesen. Nonetheless, one ought to tread carefully when considering the linguistic style of the chronicle, which may include additional revelations between the lines. For example, words carefully chosen may reveal the closeness of the writer to high post officials, who were likely his protectors or commissioners. Therefore, one should be cautious in describing seventeenth century history writing as portraying the world wie es eigentlich gewesen. Nor would it be true to disparage the existence of the sultan’s personality in seventeenth century history writing as a non-issue.

Mulberry Trees, Shipwrecks, and Silver: Silk Raising and the Decline of the Ming Dynasty

Abstract During the seventeenth century crisis, China witnessed the decline and fall of the Ming dynasty. Scholars have long discussed the role of silver in the Ming crisis, but less attention has been paid to the effects of the production and circulation of silk. This paper examines both internal and external factors that contributed to the decline of Chinese sericulture and silk production, as well as consequent damages to the economy and social relations. Converging environmental and economic factors within major silk-producing regions, as well as a number of incidents that affected the Pacific trade of silk, exacerbated the problems of the late Ming. This paper applies the Law of Supplies and Demands to analyse interconnections between China, Manila, and New Spain. An understanding of the silk industry is essential to explain significant economic connections both within Ming China and between China and the outside world during the seventeenth century.

Economic Crises and Women’s Experiences in the United States

In the intellectual tradition of Thorstein Veblen, the status of women (“woman’s place”) provides insight into the value systems dominant in society. This article asks what we learn about U.S. society when we examine economic crises through women’s experiences. This discussion focuses on the twenty-first century crises of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 recession, both of which were assigned gender pronouns—“Hecession” and “Shesession”—in popular discourse, reflecting in each case a particular pattern of gender differences (“gender gaps”) in unemployment rates. Taking a feminist institutional economics approach, this article briefly examines some key aspects of the experiences of women in these two crises, considering a broad range of demographic characteristics and indicators of well-being, over a timeframe that extends beyond the initial economic downturn. The article concludes with thoughts on what this means for our understanding of societal values and valuing.

Agricultural Resilience during the 6th Century Crisis: Exploring Strategies and Adaptations Using Plant-Macrofossil Data from Hove-Sørbø and Forsandmoen in Southwestern Norway

Major changes in the archaeological material in Rogaland, southwestern Norway, from the mid-6th century AD have been interpreted as a population decline and an economic recession connected to the 6th century crisis. This event is known from historical and archaeological sources in continental Europe and has recently gained much attention in the Scandinavian archaeological debate. Sudden climate change, pandemic and collapsed trading networks likely induced new conditions, which would have had a major impact on the society in southwestern Norway. This paper uses plant-macrofossil data, supplemented by zooarchaeological data, and radiocarbon dates, from two archaeological sites with different prerequisites and trajectories, to reconstruct agricultural development. Based on this reconstruction, it explores agricultural resilience in connection with the 6th century crisis and investigates the merits of various agricultural strategies and adaptations. The macrofossil data reveals a change in crop composition, with a temporary introduction of rye at one of the sites, suggesting an adjustment to new circumstances. The studied sites display different subsistence strategies based on local conditions, and the data suggests complete abandonment of the site that probably depended on trade, while the people living at the more self-sufficient site were able to adapt their agriculture and survive the crisis.

Replicability: 21st Century Crisis of the Positivist Social Sciences

Replicability in social research forms the essence of the positivist attempt to discover the universal and self-supporting method of the exploration of “truth”. However, the principle of replication as a meta-judge which is regarded as the legitimate baseline of science raises certain difficulties where the object of research is not independent of the researcher. The replication crisis is an ongoing methodological crisis that has emerged as a result of the failure of experiments on the repetition of social psychology-based studies. The crisis has deeply shaken the medical, natural, social, and further positivist sciences which in general work with the replicability principle. The aim of this paper is to identify the replicability issue as the latest methodological discussion in the social sciences in line with the critiques of positivism that marked the 20th century to demonstrate which scholars and schools of thought criticized the positivistic principles of replicability and universality, and to show whether these principles are still a topic of debate in 21st century social sciences. As a result of the study, it is concluded that positivist claims: replication and universality principles lose their validity in sociology due to ontological, epistemological, individual and structural aspects.

Current Situation and Future Prospects for Plastic Waste in Maysan Governorate: Effects and Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Perils‏ ‏of plastic waste (PW) from polymers (ex: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density ‎polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride ‎‎(PVC), nylon, polystyrene (PS), etc.) ‎, the mechanism of its spread in ‎general and all of these types that are included ‎in our daily life system as a product expelled ‎continuously and/or frequently are 21st century crisis as reported from United Nations in 2019, and especially after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. PW is a very serious issue that has negative and harmful effects on the ecosystem, beside; health and the ‎economy through direct proportionality with the rate of increase in the state population, moreover, weak ‎environmental awareness and Energy International Administration (EIA) towards this dangerous issue. ‎ The aim of the current survey study is to shed light on the importance of plastics in our daily life needs for food packaging, single-use personal protective equipment's, laboratory tests, etc... PW problems by knowing the chemical composition, components, uses, and harms, as well as knowing the possibility of benefiting from these wastes within the solid waste management system (MSW / Municipal). By providing some suggestions that helps reduce the harm of this waste either recycling or disposal. This study will also include approximate theoretical equations to calculate the percentage of PW in particular at Maysan governorate, Iraq; because we haven't any physical mechanism at the operational level that deals with waste sorting, especially PW; as these statistics generally depend on the official information published by the competent authority about the total amount of waste presented at the governorate level.‎

Resource mobilization and contributing resources to a collective task by emergency responders: an experimental study on collaboration in crisis response

PurposeTwenty-first century crises reaffirm the need of faster mobilization of resources during crises. Without interorganizational collaboration and resource mobilization, organizing efficient response is not possible. Resource mobilization is an essential aspect of response. It ensures a faster and better response. Collaboration between teams of emergency responders may include commonly known boundary spanning activities such as resource sharing, information sharing and communication. The purpose of this paper is to contribute our knowledge of how to organize a better crisis response through collaboration. More precisely, what strategies work as drivers for emergency responder teams during collaboration in crisis scenarios.Design/methodology/approachThrough design of experiments, using tabletop exercises and online surveys, this study investigates the drivers of collaboration during a crisis scenario. Participants of this study are decision makers and emergency responders from various public actors in crisis management from Sweden.FindingsCollaboration is essential to manage cross-functional services in normal times, as well as meet the growing needs during crises. In absence of collaboration, boundary spanning activities such as sharing resources or information to provide any kind of service will not be possible. For teams to survive in fast-changing environment, they must be able to adapt to the changing demands accordingly. This paper demonstrates which factors are drivers for emergency responders to mobilize resources, especially during crises. It captures the tension between individual and collective goals in crisis response and highlights the drivers that affect decision-making during crises.Originality/valueThe novelty of the paper lies in its methodology using tabletop exercises, design of experiments as part of Six Sigma toolbox and online surveys in combination with weightage of agreements and disagreements and free text answers. Although scientific research so far has demonstrated the need for collaboration during crises, however, which factors act as drivers for emergency responders to collaborate, is lacking scientific evidence. Incentives for collaboration have not been studied enough. These can tell us which strategies can improve collaboration during crises. This research paper is a scientific contribution in that direction.

Appropriate Budgetary Policy for a Changing Economy

The XXI century's contemporary challenges and crises indicate that fiscal policy is an appropriate tool for countercyclical regulation, ensuring sustainable economic growth and social justice. In this regard, society's requirements for the quality of budgetary policy have changed, which has shifted the focus in setting goals and choosing tools for its implementation from the position of ensuring sustainable economic growth and the principles of fair distribution of income. The analysis allows us to conclude that to ensure the proper quality of budgetary policy, its goals and objectives must correspond to the strategic goals of developing public law education, and coordination of budgetary and monetary policy is necessary. To achieve the goals of justice, the author of the article propose to differentiate the instruments of inter-budgetary reallocation of funds depending on the level of debt sustainability of the regions and to use targeted grants to motivate the authorities of public law entities to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. The article shows that for improvement of the formation mechanism of state programs and national projects and budget efficiency growth, it is necessary to monitor the compliance of tax expenditures and budget subsidies with the target indicators of state programs.

Regional and sectoral profile of the 21st century crises

Regional and sectoral profile of the 21st century crises

The structure and organization of mobile army of the Emperor Gallienus in 260 – 268

In the middle of the III century, the Roman Empire marked the advent of a prolonged crisis. In order to confront the barbarian invasions and usurpers revolt, military transformations, the Roman Empire was in needed for military transformations and revision of the military machine that has formed in the previous periods. In the late 250s – early 260s, the Emperor Gallienus created a mobile army corps, which in the ancient sources received a name of the “Dalmatian horsemen”. The following questions arise on the structure and size of this mobile corps. Relying on numismatic, narrative, and epigraphic sources, this article examines the changes in organizational and staffing structure of the Roman army in the middle of the III century; assesses the size and composition, and tasks of the Gallienus’ mobile corps. The author analyzes the opinions that have accumulated in the Russian and foreign historiography throughout 200 years, and develops a relevant perspective on the problem of creating a field army during the third century crisis.  The conclusion is made that the Emperor Gallienus had formed a strong mobile army. It was not just a cavalry, but was based on the vexilationes of the border legions of infantry and horsemen. Gallienus did not seek to create a permanent mobile army, being guided by the prevailing military and political circumstances. He used the mobile corps for retaining the controlled territories, repelled the barbarian invasions and suppressed the usurpers. Gallienus’ mobile army has proven to be an effective instrument in hands of the central government. Aurelian reinforced the army with additional detachments, and later on successfully used it against Palmyrene and Gallic separatists, having restored the unity of the empire.

Populism as the Cause of Legitimising Racism in Western Societies

The article aims at demonstrating that a spike in populist narratives (fear management in order to evoke fear of the Other) in Western societies leads to the legitimization of a new type of racism, xenoracism. Societies belonging to the so-called Western culture in the second half of the 20th century were attached to the liberal values where every sign of racism was negatively perceived as pejorative and attempts were made at eradicating it. In the 21st century, in turn, various economic and social crises caused by, inter alia, globalizing processes, were attributed to liberal values which contributed to doing politics through fear management towards the Other. The difference between racism and xenoracism lies in the fact that the former was an ideology focused on biological differences while xenoracism abandoned such differences in favour of socially and culturally imbuing them with objective and unalterable character. Populist narratives evoking fear of the Other question that behaviours triggered by this fear result from racism despite the fact that these actions are virtually identical to the ones motivated by the ideology of racism. Therefore, such behaviours and activities are more commonly perceived as positive and not pejorative and as in effect acceptable.

El obispado y el cabildo eclesiástico de Linares, 1777-1808

En este artículo se reseñan los primeros años de existencia del obispado de Linares, creado en 1777, y de su cabildo eclesiástico, constituido en 1790. Tras estudiar las actas capitulares de la catedral y distintos documentos del Archivo General de Indias se muestra que la conformación de dicha diócesis buscaba facilitar la colonización del noreste novohispano que, todavía a finales del siglo XVIII, se encontraba poco poblado y amenazado por ataques de indios nómadas. La historia del cuerpo capitular refleja algunas de las circunstancias adversas que acompañaron la creación del obispado en un territorio de frontera. Asimismo, nos muestra algunas de las posturas que la Corona tuvo ante la Iglesia a finales del Antiguo Régimen y principios del siglo XIX, cuando los tiempos de guerra y la crisis financiera pusieron en riesgo la hegemonía de la monarquía en Indias.

Abandoned landscape project design

Conversion and transformation of historic buildings and industrial site reclamation projects are becoming topics of renewed interest. Many industrial buildings beckon architecture design theory to revitalize urban areas and make new use of public space. Ruins and historic sites speak to us about the need to rethink settings which belong to long-lost ages and yet are contemporary in the stories they reveal. There are present-day problematic and sensitive areas (abandoned quarries, ex industrial plants, landfills, etc.) which inspire renewed critical thinking; themes of memory and recollection touch us in the here and now. In contrast with the 1970s and 1980 s’ tendency to treat such topics with a mix of lightheartedness and nostalgia, the projects presented in this work regard history as a process of revision and reclamation of profound spatial and social principles. Contact with historic, industrial and modern spaces pushes us to apply new methodological approaches in an effort to re-write the present. In fact, nowadays it is imperative that we engage a relationship with the past which takes into consideration not only ancient legacies but also those entrenched in 20th century crises—uncomfortable memories often embodied in areas of great landscape or historic value. How are we to approach our relationship with these legacies? Critical studies illustrate the value of those projects capable of breathing new life into the fabric of urban space by creating public areas and city parks. Memory, seemingly pushed into a playful, irreverently lighthearted vein for years, is thus allowed once again to speak to us of the human and social desire to reclaim time and provide urban and suburban areas with new opportunities for regeneration and growth.