Century France Research Articles

19世紀フランスにおける農村民衆の「政治化」をめぐって(研究動向)

19世紀フランスにおける農村民衆の「政治化」をめぐって(研究動向)

ARAGON -VALENCIA: Holy Grail Territory

The objective of the present study is to show the importance of creating a touristic description of a region or a locality based on its history that will be of interest to a visitor. There is no doubt that the curious tourist who possesses the knowledge of the past will experience an enhanced appreciation for the destination visited. The methodology to achieve this objective begins with research into the literary traditions based on the pursuit of the Holy Grail. It was widespread throughout Medieval Europe and revived at the end of the XIX Century in France and Great Britain. In addition, we searched for the historic sources that inspired the legends that were based on the deeds which took place in the Kingdom of Aragon and its territories between the XI and XIV Centuries. As human beings, the search for inner divinity is a reality that we cannot overlook. Everywhere we go there is a legend, an initiatory journey that induces us to connect with this inner divinity of ours and with Nature itself. We propose an example found in Spanish lands that can be used to envisage and to extrapolate stories of inner growth. These stories can be used by the tourists who visit these locations to increase their enjoyment of the new experiences related to an understanding of humanity and its inherent goodness. They will travel roads that have always existed and now, more than ever, are being taken again. This paper ends recommendations that future research should focus on the combined efforts of the regions of Aragon and Valencia for a structuring the Route of the Holy Grail, in order to offer the tourist an experience based on historical facts.

Translation and Audience: Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Gold-Bug”

This study intends to explore how the intended audience of a translation shapes the techniques used by the translators of the same text in order to convey the same message in a different manner. Focusing on two translations of a work done by Edgar Allen Poe, this work demonstrates how the translator shapes a translation to its audience, whether it is a pedagogical purpose or a literary one. In nineteenth century France, translations of Edgar Allan Poe began appearing in newspapers and journals catching the attention of well-known authors, such as Charles Baudelaire. While many academics, such as Wallaert and Bonnefoy, have compared Baudelaire’s translations and language choice to the original works and other translators working in the intellectual arena, the translation of “The Gold-Bug” in a young women’s magazine has not been included in the conversation. Twenty-two years before Baudelaire translates “The Gold-Bug,” originally published in English in 1843, Le magasin de desmoiselles offered a version of “Le scarabée d’or” which differed greatly in style from the version Baudelaire would provide. Comparing the two versions of the story through Schleiermacher’s theory on moving the text and Nida’s theory of equivalencies demonstrates how methods of translation fit for specific audiences in terms of a text’s foreignization and domestication. Le magasin strove to educate young bourgeoisie women à l’aristocrat while Baudelaire found inspiration in Poe’s work which would influence other movements in France. These purposes led to two translations that educate readers on foreign authors also allowing a view into how audience has influenced the translation of Poe for the French public.

Destruction of Cultural Heritage in 19th-Century France: Old Stones versus Modern Identities by Michael Greenhalgh

Reviews 247 la Méditerranée,voici une lecture qui s’impose et que les esprits curieux ne manqueront pas d’applaudir. Auburn University (AL) Samia I. Spencer Greenhalgh, Michael. Destruction of Cultural Heritage in 19th -Century France: Old Stones versus Modern Identities. Boston: Brill, 2015. ISBN 978-90-04-28920-8. Pp. xii + 427. Greenhalgh surveys the vast array of antiquities sacrificed to the cause of modernization in nineteenth-century France, a significant loss for French architectural identity. The work is “an essential antidote to the official narrative, which proclaims that France generally treasured and conserved her important monuments” (353– 54). Today little remains of the Gallo-Roman structures which were scattered over all of present-day France, including fortifications, amphitheaters, arenas, temples, sarcophagi, villas, baths, and aqueducts. In the succeeding centuries, these structures fell into ruin or were pillaged as sources of building materials for later purposes. Rapid modernization in the nineteenth century accelerated the process of destruction to the point of almost complete eradication of most remains. The central government, commercial interests, and the military all rushed to expand cities, provide modern conveniences, and connect the country through roads and railways. Today the antiquities which remain are located mostly in Provence, the last region reached by industrialization. The dilemma was that“preservation and modernization were simply irreconcilable opposites” (7), and no adequate policy existed to control the process. The population, most of whom were “indifferent to any sense of national memory” (121), accepted the destruction without protest. Important losses occurred in every province. Paris lost almost all of its antiquities, as did the northern towns of Beauvais and Évreux. Reims was more concerned about its historical treasures, yet it lost an ancient triumphal arch to the railway. In Soissons, no trace remains of a Roman theatre or a Gallo-Roman palace. Merovingian cemeteries outside the walls of Rouen,Angers, and Nancy disappeared. Lyon and Toulouse lost all of their standing ancient monuments . A few cities fared somewhat better. Nîmes saved the Maison Carrée, and Narbonne managed to preserve parts of significant structures, but these were the exception. The chief defenders of the antiquities were newly-established sociétés archéologiques, created in dozens of cities and supported by the work of Prosper Mérimée, Inspector-General of historical monuments (1834–1852). Although the preservation societies were no match for the impatient forces of modernization, they deserve great credit for the documents they left behind. Their publications and annals form a major source of information about the structures which were lost. Unfortunately, there were surely others about which no knowledge remains. The acts of destruction impeded the emerging work of France’s archaeologists and permanently diminished the country’s cultural heritage. Greenhalgh is also critical of restoration projects which imposed the restorer’s ideas onto ruins in an implicit attempt to improve on the original. Comparing before-and-after views of Viollet-le-Duc’s restoration of Carcassonne, he laments that “Disneyland starts here.” Readers can get a visual sense of the destruction in the fascinating appendix of 135 annotated illustrations and photographs of lost structures. Written in English with abundant French quotations, this superb study presents an enormous amount of information in a lively and humorous manner. It convincingly challenges the view that the nineteenth century showed great concern for the past. The work belongs in every collection of French history and culture. Southeast Missouri State University Alice J. Strange Knox, Katelyn E. Race on Display in 20th - and 21st -Century France. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2016. ISBN 978-1-78138-309-4. Pp. 229. The book inscribes itself in the panoply of texts that aim at bringing France to forcibly exorcise its past. It is a work about Black presence in French collective memory. Through a combination of several art forms, Knox re-investigates and broadens the matter in addressing it as a central tension that fluctuates between race, ethnicity, immigration, and national identity. The readers will discover through archival inquiry (from various genres starting from art exhibition, children’s comic strips, novels of the Francophone world, African pop songs, to fashion and dance) how the notion of Black as other is produced...

Development of Mutual Insurance in France : 1960-2017

Mutuality is the oldest social movement on French soil as the first mutual support groups were founded just before the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century, that is half a century before the first cooperatives and one century before workers’ unions. The tremendous development that the mutuality underwent in the second half of the 20th century in France, especially in the non-life insurance market where it was not a real actor until then, attracted the attention of professionals the world over. It is a reference that is even contemplated in the Islamic World where it could serve as a model for Takaful, and in developing countries where it could be adapted to micro-insurance. Beyond their importance in the French insurance markets, both non-life and life mutuals insurance play an important role in European economy and society, providing social coverage and other types of insurance to a significant proportion of European citizens. Some have questioned whether the liberal inspired European legal environment might threaten the future growth of mutual in the 21st century, or even the existing market shares, for a model that has proven efficient not only in its initial domain healthcare, but also in non-life insurance where it has really bloomed since World War 2. Following a presentation of the historic development of the mutuals in France since the Revolution, this article presents an overview of the specific features and roles of mutual societies in France, mentions relevant French and EU law applicable to mutuals, and considers the performance of mutuals through the financial crisis. The article takes the view that mutuals have the potential to contribute to the inclusive and sustainable growth of the European Union.

Outdoor Activities and Urbanization: A Constant Bridging Throughout the Twentieth Century in France

The development of outdoor activities has been dominated by a two-fold movement: first, it has been regularly renewed through the appropriation of new spaces and the creation of new sports equipment enabling nature to be explored in different ways; second, increased accessibility to practice areas has made practice more democratic. Our study focuses on the practice areas and their implications for the evolution of the activity. We will show that accessibility was first made possible by the urbanization of nature, especially through the creation of tourist destinations. This led to the planning and creation of practice areas in and around urban zones at the expense of an artificial landscaping of sites, which raises serious issues as to the future of the activities. This study uses an extensive corpus of French sources ranging from publications by outdoor activity groups to public archives, especially from the Ministry of Sports and the Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Greater Paris region.

The French picturesque and the invention of landscape architecture as a design discipline

‘Landscape architect’ as a term was invented at the start of the nineteenth century in France. It referred to a new way of thinking about spatial design that originated from a collaboration between different disciplines. This contribution investigates this disciplinary shift in design practices and how it deeply influenced the discourses on what landscape design ought to be. It is argued that these new specialized professionals in France with their own body of design expertise_who came to describe themselves as ‘landscape architects’_were able to bypass some of the inherent constraints of these earlier transdisciplinary design practices, but that, on the other hand, landscape design was also at a loss when this far-reaching dialogue with other disciplinary fields diminished.

Institutions and Discourses on Childcare for Children Under the Age of Three in a Comparative French-Czech Perspective

The article compares the development of policies pertaining to care for preschool children in the course of the second half of the 20th century in France and in the Czech Republic. It aims at identifying the key factors that led to the differentiation of the policies and institutions in the two countries, especially with respect to support for extra-familial care and formal care institutions (nurseries). We build on the theories of ‘new’ institutionalisms and we apply framing analysis, which allows us to understand the formation of ideas that precede policy changes. Specifically, we discuss the role of expert discourse and the framings of care for young children in the process of social policy change. We argue that expert knowledge in interaction with the political, economic, and demographic contexts and how it has been presented in public have had a fundamental impact on the formation of childcare policies and institutions in the two countries.

教育思想としての18世紀言語論 : 文字の復権のために(会長就任論文)

教育思想としての18世紀言語論 : 文字の復権のために(会長就任論文)

Say a prayer for the safe cutting of a child's teeth: The folklore of teething.

Say a prayer for the safe cutting of a child's teeth: The folklore of teething.

Building and Diffusing the Image of Cultural Heritage: Pausanias in Ancient Greece and the Voyages Pittoresques et Romantiques in 19th Century France

Building and Diffusing the Image of Cultural Heritage: Pausanias in Ancient Greece and the Voyages Pittoresques et Romantiques in 19th Century France

Switched at Birth: A Game Changer for All Audiences

Switched at Birth: A Game Changer for All Audiences

Can Musical Machines Be Expressive? Views from the Enlightenment and Today

How can music produced by automated technologies be expressive? Transitive theories of expression dominated 18th-century ideas of automated music, and many contemporary designers of robotic instruments adhere to this idea, increasing sonic nuance to make their instruments seem closer to expressive human performers. A listener-centered understanding of expression—an “intransitive” perspective—allows us to reconcile automatic instruments’ capacity for expressivity, even without human performers. The expressive potential of these instruments is best understood as a product of their mechanical nature—their idiomatic movements and sounds, which remain distinct from human-operated instruments. This paper explores two case studies in the history of “expressive” automated instruments: Diderot and Engramelle’s cylinder-driven instruments from 18th century France and contemporary musical robotics.

フランス19世紀のダンディズム(ダンディズム、その主題と変奏-今、ダンディとは?そして粋とは?,シンポジウム1 プロシーディングス,第60回支部大会,中部英文学)

フランス19世紀のダンディズム(ダンディズム、その主題と変奏-今、ダンディとは?そして粋とは?,シンポジウム1 プロシーディングス,第60回支部大会,中部英文学)

Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France

This paper assesses antisemitism in France and provides an overview of antisemitic acts and attitudes presented in survey results over the past decades. A clear rise in both the number of antisemitic incidents and the level of violence can be traced since 2000. Attitude surveys, on the other hand, do not show such a clear rise of antisemitic attitudes. There are two plausible explanations for this seeming discrepancy. The first is that antisemitic stereotypes may have changed over the years and that therefore no comparable survey data exist. Anti-Zionist forms of antisemitism, which are rarely surveyed, are likely to have become more widespread, whereas older biases contesting the Frenchness of French Jews have waned. The second is that perpetrators of antisemitic acts are a small minority of people who hardly influence the results of representative surveys. Particularly high levels of classic antisemitic attitudes can be found among Muslims and among sympathizers of the far right, and, to a lesser extent among the far left. Antisemitism seems to have radicalized within small groups of French society, including the use of extreme violence against Jews. Fringe groups of radicalized French Islamists pose an additional security threat to French Jews in particular and to society in general.

17世紀末フランスにおける父観の変容 : 『テレマックの冒険』の父子関係をめぐって

17世紀末フランスにおける父観の変容 : 『テレマックの冒険』の父子関係をめぐって

The Rectum Is for Gravediggers: Homicide, HIV, Homophobia and Identity in Late Twentieth Century France

In June 2000, the French Senator Francoise Abadie defined homosexuals as ‘les fossoyeurs de l’humanite’ [‘the gravediggers of humanity’]. This definition, which came as the Senator’s reaction to the recently enacted PaCS or Civil Partnership legislation, neatly circumscribes the homophobia of the twenty-year period that had preceded it from the beginning of the HIV/AIDS crisis. Concentrating on gay men, this paper focusses on the connections between HIV/AIDSphobia and homophobia in France by focussing firstly in particular on one case of homicide in the late 1980s – that of ‘le tueur de vieilles dames’ [‘the killer of old ladies’], Thierry Paulin, who admitted to at least twenty-one killings, but whose murderous acts were imbricated indissociably by the press not only with his ‘identity’ as a homosexual, but also with his serological status – thought perhaps to have rendered him disturbed. In this period, HIV infection, homophobia and identity become intertwined with murder, be it in the literal bludgeonings of Paulin, or the fear of gays as spreaders of a deadly disease to the ‘innocent’ heterosexual population in what ACT Up-Paris call ‘le fantasme du seropositif meurtrier’ [‘the fantasy of the murderous HIV-positive person’]. More worryingly, this logic extended to isolationist and even homicidal logic against HIV sufferers around the world, leading Leo Bersani to ask in in 1987 – ‘Is the rectum a grave?’ Just over a decade later, the Pacte Civil de Solidarite (PaCS) [‘Civil Union’] debates saw similar amalgamations between HIV/AIDS and gay identity, mixed with the homicidal rage of certain of the anti-PaCS demonstrators. This time, however, in transgressing the boundaries of sexual and family norms (in requesting and defending civil partnership rights for the gay ‘community’), homosexuals in France had arguably, yet unwittingly and unintentionally, aided in provoking this murderous homophobia in a double bind, and thus to dig their own graves, rather than simply those of the ‘rest’ of humanity. Therefore, in an extension to Bersani and Abadie’s logic, this paper ultimately posits that, in modern homophobic/AIDSphobic society, the rectum is for gravediggers. To read or download this article, please follow this link: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1558869 DOI: 10.14324/111.2057-2212.072

The Modal Equivalence Rules of the Port-Royal Logic

The Port-Royal Logic includes a brief discussion of modal propositions, containing several mnemonic devices for rules of equivalence governing the possibility, necessity, impossibility, and contingency of propositions. When the mnemonics are decoded, it can be seen that these rules treat possibility and contingency as formally equivalent modes. The aim of this paper is twofold: to show that this identification of possibility and contingency follows from the Logic’s formal treatment of those modes; and to show that such a treatment of these modes conflicts with claims the authors make in other contexts. In particular, the equivalence of possibility and contingency conflicts with the Cartesian principle that whatever is clearly and distinctly conceivable is possible—a principle that Arnauld and Nicole explicitly endorse elsewhere in the Logic. Why, then, would the authors adopt such equivalence rules? The paper concludes with a discussion of the historical precedents for these rules: they were a standard feature of Scholastic logic textbooks in seventeenth century France. It is likely that Arnauld and Nicole simply reproduced the rules for this reason, without recognizing that they were a poor fit for a Cartesian logic textbook like the Port-Royal Logic.

Free Riding in the Monastery: Club Goods, the Cistercian Order and Agricultural Investment in Ancien Regime France

How can transaction costs prevent effective monitoring of members in an organization? In this paper I test for a relationship between the cost of monitoring and free riding behavior within a religious organization by using a historical case study: the Cistercian Order in Ancien Regime France. The advantage of using the Cistercian Order comes from the two monitoring devices used to discourage market-orientated behavior: (1) an annual visit by the head of a ’supervising’ monastery and, (2) attendance at an annual General Chapter meeting at Citeaux. Since the transaction costs for both monitoring devices are likely correlated with transportation costs, I use newly digitized maps of transportation networks in eighteenth century France and the locations of Cistercian monasteries to derive monitoring costs for each trip. I then use a new data set of agricultural properties confiscated at the beginning of the French Revolution and sold at auction to create a proxy for free riding behavior by the monks – the value of agricultural investment. After matching each property with its owner’s costs, I find that where monitoring costs are higher, monasteries engage in more free riding behavior. The results hold after controlling for characteristics of the monasteries, potential issues of sample selection and bias from major houses.

The Sublime and French Seventeenth-Century Theories of the Spectacle: Toward an Aesthetic Approach to Performance

Theatre scholars and historians assume too easily that theoretical reflection on the performative qualities of the theatre began only in the eighteenth century. In mid-eighteenth century France, writers and philosophers such as Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond D'Alembert, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Antoine-François Riccoboni, or Jean-Georges Noverre (to name but a few) showed a passionate interest in the aesthetics and the morality of performance practices in dramatic theatre, music theatre, or dance. Compared to this rich diversity of ideas in the eighteenth century, seventeenth-century French writings on theatre and the performing arts seem, at first sight, far less interesting or daring. However, this is merely a modern perception. Our idea ofle théâtre classiqueis still rather reductionist, and often limited to the theatrical canon of Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, and Molière. It affords a view of the performing arts that is dominated by tragedy and comedy and that, firmly embedded within a neo-Aristotelian poetics, privileges dramatic concerns above performative interests.