Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump Research Articles

A comparative study of structural parameters for spiral groove bearing in centrifugal rotary blood pump

In this work, the hydrodynamic characteristics of spiral groove bearing in centrifugal rotary blood pump is investigated for the cases with different structural parameters. The simulation model is proposed based on the CFD technology and the effectiveness of simulation model is demonstrated by the published data. Then, the pressure, load carrying capacity and friction torque are calculated and the characteristics of pressure distribution are analyzed. It is found that the structural parameters of spiral groove would lead to the complex pressure distribution of blood film and the load carrying capacity also changes at the same time. Moreover, the deep analysis of structural characteristics for spiral groove bearing is conducted based on the orthogonal design method, which could improve the computational efficiency of hydrodynamic behavior of spiral groove bearing. And, the mapping relationship between structural parameter and hydrodynamic performance of bearing preferably is also illustrated.

Investigation on the effects of blade thickness for a centrifugal rotary blood pump

Investigation on the effects of blade thickness for a centrifugal rotary blood pump

Estimation of the turbulent viscous shear stress in a centrifugal rotary blood pump by the large eddy particle image velocimetry method

The non-physiologic turbulent flows in centrifugal rotary blood pumps (RBPs) may result in complications such as the hemolysis and the platelet activation. Recent researches suggest that the turbulent viscous dissipation in the smallest eddies is the main factor of the blood trauma caused by the turbulent flow. The turbulent viscous shear stress (TVSS) was taken as the realistic physical force acting on the cells. However, limited by the temporal and spatial resolutions of the instrumentation currently available, very limited studies are available for the TVSS in the RBPs. In this paper, the large eddy particle image velocimetry (PIV) method is used to estimate the turbulent dissipation rate in the sub-grid scale, to investigate the effect of the TVSS on the blood trauma. Detailed flow characteristics, such as the relative velocity vectors, the estimated TVSS levels and the Kolmogorov length scales, are analyzed in three impeller phases at three constant flow rates (3 L/min, 5 L/min and 7 L/min). Over the measures range in this study, the maximum TVSS in the investigated RBP is lower than the reported critical value of stress. This study demonstrates that the large eddy PIV method is effective to evaluate the flow-dependent force on the cells. On the other hand, it is found that the TVSS is highly dependent on the flow behavior. Under severe off-design conditions, the complex flow characteristics, such as the flow separation and the vortical structures, will increase the TVSS. Thus, in order to reduce the hemolysis in the RBPs, the flow disturbance, induced by the departure of the incidence angle, should be avoided during the design of the RBPs.

Effect of the Center Post Establishment and Its Design Variations on the Performance of a Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump

The main purpose is to compare the characteristics and performance of a centrifugal blood pump with and without center post. Furthermore, to propose a center post design guide for the development of centrifugal blood pumps: finding the appropriate height and diameter of the center post. A centrifugal blood pump with different center post configurations is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in an extensive parametric approach. Height and diameter of the center post are varied on 4 levels each. Pressure head and hydraulic efficiency curves, pressure and velocity contours and volumetric histograms of scalar shear stress (SSS) distribution are discussed in detail. The simulation results show uniform pressure distribution around the casing in the baseline design. Although obtaining the minimum Normalized Index of Hemolysis (NIH), average scalar shear stress (ASSS), and volumetric percentage ratios (SSS > 9, 50 and 150Pa), a stagnation and recirculation zone in the impeller eye above the casing bottom is detected in center post free (H = 0mm) pump. With the establishment and further increase of the center post height, the stagnation zone disappears gradually. The results also indicate that flow recirculation and stagnation around the circumference of the center post occurs when the center post has a small diameter. As the diameter increases, a reversed flow is formed between the impeller and the center post. The center post can greatly reduce the stagnation zone occurring in the center post free pump. The diameter of center post makes a difference to the flow field in the gap between the impeller and the center post.

Influence of Impeller Speed Patterns on Hemodynamic Characteristics and Hemolysis of the Blood Pump

A continuous-flow output mode of a rotary blood pump reduces the fluctuation range of arterial blood pressure and easily causes complications. For a centrifugal rotary blood pump, sinusoidal and pulsatile speed patterns are designed using the impeller speed modulation. This study aimed to analyze the hemodynamic characteristics and hemolysis of different speed patterns of a blood pump in patients with heart failure using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the lumped parameter model (LPM). The results showed that the impeller with three speed patterns (including the constant speed pattern) met the normal blood demand of the human body. The pulsating flow generated by the impeller speed modulation effectively increased the maximum pulse pressure (PP) to 12.7 mm Hg, but the hemolysis index (HI) in the sinusoidal and pulsatile speed patterns was higher than that in the constant speed pattern, which was about 2.1 × 10−5. The flow path of the pulsating flow field in the spiral groove of the hydrodynamic suspension bearing was uniform, but the alternating high shear stress (0~157 Pa) was caused by the impeller speed modulation, causing blood damage. Therefore, the rational modulation of the impeller speed and the structural optimization of a blood pump are important for improving hydrodynamic characteristics and hemolysis.

A Novel Rotary Blood Pump for HFpEF

Purpose Heart Failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) currently has no treatment options for improving symptoms or survival. We have developed a long-term novel pulsed assist device for treatment of patients with HFpEF. Methods We have developed a small diagonal centrifugal rotary blood pump which utilizes hydrodynamic suspension for magnetically elevated support of a four-blade impeller with partial unloading from the left atrium (LA) to the descending aorta. The pump is adaptive: the physiological needs of the patient are adjusted by both ECG and sensor feedback algorithms. Pulsed power and speed (rpm) maintain pulse pressure at a normal level. The device is designed for minimally invasive Implantation through a 9 × 3 cm thoracotomy. Repeated animal testing (sheeps) is performed. Results Animal studies testing a spectrum of unloading with simultanous hemodynamic and echocardiographic monitoring, have demonstrated adequate pulsed pump unloading between 1.5-3.0 l/min. ECG gated rpm increase in systole avoids LA suction, interference with mitral valve opening and ventricular filling. Blood pressure was maintained at 95-70 mmHg, central venous pressure (CVP) at 10 mmHg and native cardiac output of 3 l/m. Repeated studies with human whole blood without added anticoagulation in a mock loop for 8 hours have demonstrated no hemolysis, no increase in energy consumption or heat, and no clotting inside the pump. Long-term animal studies are planned. Conclusion Partial systolic pulsed unloading of the LA using a novel rotary blood pump demonstrated adequate hemodynamics and maintained normal pulse pressure. This novel pump may become the first possible treatment for patients with HFpEF.

Computational Parametric Study of the Axial and Radial Clearances in a Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump.

In centrifugal rotary blood pumps (RBP), clearances are a critical parameter in determining blood trauma. This study investigates the effect of axial clearance (Cax) and radial clearance (Crad) on the hydrodynamic and hemolytic performance of a centrifugal RBP. A centrifugal pump was parameterized so that it could be defined by geometric variables Cax and Crad. Optimal Latin hypercube sampling was used to determine design points based on Cax, Crad, and rotor speed (ω). For each design point, a computational simulation was conducted to determine efficiency (η) and normalized index of hemolysis (NIH). Next, a response surface (RS) was created to estimate these performance parameters based on the design variables. The results show that for a given Cax, when Crad is decreased, η increases until Crad = 0.15 mm, beyond which η deceases. For a given Crad, Cax has a unimodal relationship with η. The NIH has a unimodal relationship with both Cax and Crad. The mechanisms behind these relationships were investigated by various analytical methods. It was found that vortices in the secondary flow paths were a critical factor in determining efficiency and hemolysis. The optimal clearance values discerned in this study are only valid for the specific impeller geometry and operating conditions analyzed.

Left ventricular volume unloading with axial and centrifugal rotary blood pumps.

Axial (AX) and centrifugal (CFG) rotary blood pumps have gained clinical acceptance for the treatment of advanced heart failure. Differences between AX and CFG designs and mechanism of blood flow delivery may offer clinical advantages. In this study, pump characteristics, and acute physiologic responses during support with AX (HeartMate II) and CFG (HVAD) left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) were investigated in mock loop and chronic ischemic heart failure bovine models. In the mock loop model, pump performance was characterized over a range of pump speeds (HeartMate II: 7,000-11,000 rpm, HVAD: 2,000-3,600 rpm) and fluid viscosities (2.7 cP, 3.2 cP, 3.7 cP). In the ischemic heart failure bovine model, hemodynamics, echocardiography, and end-organ perfusion were investigated. CFG LVAD had a flatter HQ curve, required less power, and had a more linear flow estimation relation than AX LVAD. The flow estimation error for the AX LVAD (±0.9 L/min at 2.7 cP, ±0.7 L/min at 3.2 cP, ±0.8 L/min at 3.7 cP) was higher than the CFG LVAD (±0.5 L/min at 2.7 cP, ±0.2 L/min at 3.2 cP, ±0.5 L/min at 3.7 cP). No differences in acute hemodynamics, echocardiography, or end-organ perfusion between AX and CFG LVAD over a wide range of support were statistically discernible. These findings suggest no pronounced acute differences in LV volume unloading between AX and CFG LVAD.

The Spiral Groove Bearing as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Secondary Flow in a Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump

The rapid evolution of rotary blood pump (RBP) technology in the last few decades was shaped by devices with increased durability, frequently employing magnetic or hydrodynamic suspension techniques. However, the potential for low flow in small gaps between the rotor and pump casing is still a problem for hemocompatibility. In this study, a spiral groove hydrodynamic bearing (SGB) is applied with two distinct objectives: first, as a mechanism to enhance the washout in the secondary flow path of a centrifugal RBP, lowering the exposure to high shear stresses and avoiding thrombus formation; and second, as a way to allow smaller gaps without compromising the washout, enhancing the overall pump efficiency. Computational fluid dynamics was applied and verified via bench-top experiments. An optimization of selected geometric parameters (groove angle, width and depth) focusing on the washout in the gap rather than generating suspension force was conducted. An optimized SGB geometry reduced the residence time of the cells in the gap from 31 to 27 ms, an improvement of 14% compared with the baseline geometry of 200 μm without grooves. When optimizing for pump performance, a 15% smaller gap yielded a slightly better rate of fluid exchange compared with the baseline, followed by a 22% reduction in the volumetric loss from the primary pathway. Finally, an improved washout can be achieved in a pulsatile environment due to the SGB ability to pump inwardly, even in the absence of a pressure head.

Flow Characteristics of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices in a Novel Open-Loop System

Fluid-pumping technology is a mature engineering subject area with a well-documented knowledge base. However, the pump design optimization techniques accepted in industry are geared toward steady-state constant-flow conditions. In contrast, the implantation of a continuous-flow pump to aid the output of the human left ventricle subjects the device to perpetual variation. This study measures pressure-flow performance characteristics for both axial- and centrifugal continuous-flow rotary blood pumps across a wide range of pressure differential values under uniform conditions by means of a novel open-loop flow system. The axial-flow devices show lower hydraulic efficiency. All pumps yield best efficiency point at a head to flow coefficient ratio of approximately 1.7. The open-loop flow system accounts for the dynamic changes associated with human heart physiology and allows for more precise characterization of existing heart pumps and those in development.

Clinical Outcomes of Individualized Antiplatelet Therapy in Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump Recipients

Background: Antiplatelet therapy routinely follows oral anticoagulation in rotary blood pump recipients. However, in the long-term course, withdrawal of Aspirin due to bleeding events is required in some patients. Our study evaluated thromboembolic (TE) and bleeding events (BE) and their relationship to regimes of antiplatelet therapy. Methods: We included 84 patients with implantation of HeartWare HVAD (HeartWare Int., Inc, Framingham, MA) between 08/2009 and 10/2011 and still on support at latest follow-up of 1.11.11. All TE and BE episodes after initial discharge and data at time of event, anticoagulation regime, laboratory data and other factors were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Cumulative follow-up is 85.7 pt/years. Cumulative rate for any BE was 0.17 events per pt/year and for any TE 0.10 events per pt/year. 24 events in 20 pts were observed. BE: epistaxis n=10, gastrointestinal n=3, intracranial bleeding n=2. TE: transitory ischemic attack n=7, stroke n=1, and pump thrombosis n=1. Median time for cumulative event onset was 217 days (range 14-554). Four of 9 TE occurred in absence of any antiplatelet therapy and 5 under ASA, in 4 cases in association with dipyridamol. In 4 BE cases, patients had been free of any antiplatelet agents; 11 others episodes occurred on ASA therapy, in 10 in combination with dipyridamol. International normalized ratio was in therapeutic range in 23 of 24 cases. Conclusion: We observed in centrifugal pump recipients more bleeding episodes than thromboembolism despite relatively low aggressivity of our institutional antiplatelet protocol. It seems that event onset is not related to INR level. Individualized antiplatelet therapy is safe for long-term thromboembolic/bleeding event free support.

A Novel Design of Spiral Groove Bearing in a Hydrodynamically Levitated Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump

Good washout is very important in spiral groove bearing (SGB) designs when applied to blood pumps due to the micrometer scales of lubrication films and groove depths. To improve washout, flow rate or leakage through SGBs should be as large as possible. However, this special goal violates conventional SGB designs in which no leakage is desired as the leakage would decrease load-carrying capacity significantly. So, a design concept is formed fulfilling the two goals of high load-carrying capacity and large flow rate: let groove width decrease along flow path and the mating surface of the rotor rotate with a direction facilitating the flow through the grooves. Under this concept, a novel SGB is designed, contrary to conventional ones, with groove width decreasing with increasing spiral radius. This SGB is mounted on the motionless upper plate of our designed centrifugal blood pump, with the mating surface of rotor rotating with a direction facilitating the outward flow. To assess SGB designs, a characteristic plane is originally presented relating to pressure-normalized load-carrying capacity and flow rate. Comparisons between various kinds of SGB designs are made, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are plotted in this characteristic plane from which load/flow performances can be directly read out. CFD and comparison results show that the new designs have superior load/flow characteristics. However, the impact of SGB designs upon hemolysis/thrombus formation is still to be verified according to the concept presented.

566 Clinical Outcomes of Individualized Antiplatelet Therapy in Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump Recipients

566 Clinical Outcomes of Individualized Antiplatelet Therapy in Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump Recipients

Evaluation of Hydraulic Radial Forces on the Impeller by the Volute in a Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump

In many state-of-the-art rotary blood pumps for long-term ventricular assistance, the impeller is suspended within the casing by magnetic or hydrodynamic means. For the design of such suspension systems, profound knowledge of the acting forces on the impeller is crucial. Hydrodynamic bearings running at low clearance gaps can yield increased blood damage and magnetic bearings counteracting high forces consume excessive power. Most current rotary blood pump devices with contactless bearings are centrifugal pumps that incorporate a radial diffuser volute where hydraulic forces on the impeller develop. The yielding radial forces are highly dependent on impeller design, operating point and volute design. There are three basic types of volute design--singular, circular, and double volute. In this study, the hydraulic radial forces on the impeller created by the volute in an investigational centrifugal blood pump are evaluated and discussed with regard to the choice of contactless suspension systems. Each volute type was tested experimentally in a centrifugal pump test setup at various rotational speeds and flow rates. For the pump's design point at 5 L/min and 2500 rpm, the single volute had the lowest radial force (∼0 N), the circular volute yielded the highest force (∼2 N), and the double volute possessed a force of approx. 0.5 N. Results of radial force magnitude and direction were obtained and compared with a previously performed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study.

Noninvasive Activity‐based Control of an Implantable Rotary Blood Pump: Comparative Software Simulation Study

A control algorithm for an implantable centrifugal rotary blood pump (RBP) based on a noninvasive indicator of the implant recipient's activity level has been proposed and evaluated in a software simulation environment. An activity level index (ALI)-derived from a noninvasive estimate of heart rate and the output of a triaxial accelerometer-forms the noninvasive indicator of metabolic energy expenditure. Pump speed is then varied linearly according to the ALI within a defined range. This ALI-based control module operates within a hierarchical multiobjective framework, which imposes several constraints on the operating region, such as minimum flow and minimum speed amplitude thresholds. Three class IV heart failure (HF) cases of varying severity were simulated under rest and exercise conditions, and a comparison with other popular RBP control strategies was performed. Pump flow increases of 2.54, 1.94, and 1.15 L/min were achieved for the three HF cases, from rest to exercise. Compared with constant speed control, this represents a relative flow change of 30.3, 19.8, and -15.4%, respectively. Simulations of the proposed control algorithm exhibited the effective intervention of each constraint, resulting in an improved flow response and the maintenance of a safe operating condition, compared with other control modes.

Magnetic Drive System for a New Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump

The purpose of this investigation was to design a novel magnetic drive and bearing system for a new centrifugal rotary blood pump (CRBP). The drive system consists of two components: (i) permanent magnets within the impeller of the CRBP; and (ii) the driving electromagnets. Orientation of the magnets varies from axial through to 60 degrees included out-lean (conical configuration). Permanent magnets replace the electromagnet drive to allow easier characterization. The performance characteristics tested were the axial force of attraction between the stator and rotor at angles of rotational alignment, Ø, and the corresponding torque at those angles. The drive components were tested for various magnetic cone angles, theta. The test was repeated for three backing conditions: (i) non-backed; (ii) steel-cupped; and (iii) steel plate back-iron, performed on an Instron tensile testing machine. Experimental results were expanded upon through finite element and boundary element analysis (BEM). The force/torque characteristics were maximal for a 12-magnet configuration at 0 degree cone angle with steel-back iron (axial force = 60 N, torque = 0.375 Nm). BEM showed how introducing a cone angle increases the radial restoring force threefold while not compromising axial bearing force. Magnets in the drive system may be orientated not only to provide adequate coupling to drive the CRBP, but to provide significant axial and radial bearing forces capable of withstanding over 100 m/s(2) shock excitation on the impeller. Although the 12 magnet 0 degree (theta) configuration yielded the greatest force/torque characteristic, this was seen as potentially unattractive as this magnetic cone angle yielded poor radial restoring force characteristics.

Hemolytic Performance of a MagLev Disposable Rotary Blood Pump (MedTech Dispo): Effects of MagLev Gap Clearance and Surface Roughness

Mechanical shaft seal bearing incorporated in the centrifugal blood pumps contributes to hemolysis and thrombus formation. In addition, the problem of durability and corrosion of mechanical shaft seal bearing has been recently reported from the safety point of view. To amend the shortcomings of the blood-immersed mechanical bearings, a magnetic levitated centrifugal rotary blood pump (MedTech Dispo Model 1; Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan) has been developed for extracorporeal disposable application. In this study, the hemolytic performance of the MedTech Dispo Model 1 centrifugal blood pump system was evaluated, with special focus on the narrow blood path clearance at the magnetic bearing between rotor and stator, and on the pump housing surface roughness. A pump flow of 5 L/min against the head pressure of 100 mm Hg for 4 h was included in the hemolytic test conditions. Anticoagulated fresh porcine blood was used as a working fluid. The clearance of blood path at the magnetic bearing was in the range of 100-250 micro m. Pump housing surface roughness was controlled to be around Ra = 0.1-1.5 micro m. The lowest hemolytic results were obtained at the clearance of 250 micro m and with the polished surface (Ra = 0.1 micro m) yielding the normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) of less than 0.001 g/100 L, which was 1/5 of the Biopump BP-80 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA, and 1/4 of the BPX-80. In spite of rough surface and narrow blood path, NIH levels were less than clinically acceptable level of 0.005 g/100 L. The noncontact, levitated impeller system is useful to improve pump performance in blood environment.

Detection of Left Ventricle Function From a Magnetically Levitated Impeller Behavior

The magnetically levitated (Mag-Lev) centrifugal rotary blood pump (CRBP) with two-degrees-of-freedom active control is promising for safe and long-term support of circulation. In this study, Mag-Lev CRBP controllability and impeller behavior were studied in the simulated heart failure circulatory model. A pneumatically driven pulsatile blood pump (Medos VAD [ventricular assist device]-54 mL) was used to simulate the left ventricle (LV). The Mag-Lev CRBP was placed between the LV apex and aortic compliance tank simulating LV assistance. The impeller behavior in five axes (x, y, z, theta, and phi) was continuously monitored using five eddy current sensors. The signals of the x- and y-axes were used for feedback active control, while the behaviors of the other three axes were passively controlled by the permanent magnets. In the static mock circuit, the impeller movement was controlled to within +/-10-+/-20 microm in the x- and y-axes, while in the pulsatile circuit, LV pulsation was modulated in the impeller movement with the amplitude being 2-22 microm. The amplitude of impeller movement measured at 1800 rpm with the simulated failing heart (peak LV pressure [LVP] = 70 mm Hg, mean aortic pressure [AoP(mean)] = 55 +/- 20 mm Hg, aortic flow = 2.7 L/min) was 12.6 microm, while it increased to 19.2 microm with the recovered heart (peak LVP = 122 mm Hg, AoP(mean) = 100 +/- 20 mm Hg, aortic flow = 3.9 L/min). The impeller repeated the reciprocating movement from the center of the pump toward the outlet port with LV pulsation. Angular rotation (theta, phi) was around +/-0.002 rad without z-axis displacement. Power requirements ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 W. Five-axis impeller behavior and Mag-Lev controller stability were demonstrated in the pulsatile mock circuit. Noncontact drive and low power requirements were shown despite the effects of LV pulsation. The impeller position signals in the x- and y-axes reflected LV function. The Mag-Lev CRBP is effective not only for noncontact low power control of the impeller, but also for diagnosis of cardiac function noninvasively.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Pediatric Tiny Centrifugal Blood Pump (TinyPump)

We have developed a tiny rotary centrifugal blood pump for the purpose of supporting circulation of children and infants. The pump is designed to provide a flow of 0.1-4.0 L/min against a head pressure of 50-120 mm Hg. The diameter of the impeller is 30 mm with six straight vanes. The impeller is supported by a hydrodynamic bearing at its center and rotated with a radial coupled magnetic driver. The bearing that supports rotation of the impeller of the tiny centrifugal blood pump is very critical to achieve durability, and clot-free and antihemolytic performance. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to quantify the secondary flow through the hydrodynamic bearing at the center of the impeller and investigated the effects of bearing clearance on shear stress to optimize hemolytic performance of the pump. Two types of bearing clearance (0.1 and 0.2 mm) were studied. The wall shear stress of the 0.1-mm bearing clearance was lower than that of 0.2-mm bearing clearance at 2 L/min and 3000 rpm. This was because the axial component of the shear rate significantly decreased due to the narrower clearance even though the circumferential component of the shear rate increased. Hemolysis tests showed that the normalized index of hemolysis was reduced to 0.0076 g/100 L when the bearing clearance was reduced to 0.1 mm. It was found that the CFD prediction supported the experimental trend. The CFD is a useful tool for optimization of the hydrodynamic bearing design of the centrifugal rotary blood pump to optimize the performance of the pump in terms of mechanical effect on blood cell elements, durability of the bearing, and antithrombogenic performance.

IN VITRO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NEW DESIGNED MAGNETIC LEVITATED DISPOSABLE EXTRACORPOREAL CENTRIFUGAL BLOOD PUMP SYSTEM

Purpose: Mechanical shaft-seal bearing incorporated in the centrifugal blood pumps contributes to hemolysis or thrombus formation, durability and corrosion of shaft-seal bearing has been recently reported from the safety point of view. Magnetic Levitated Centrifugal Rotary Blood Pump (MagLev-CRBP) has been developed for Disposable CRBP system as a non-contact system. In this study we evaluate the of MagLev-CRBP system at in vitro test. Method: Hemolytic performance was evaluated at the 5L/min against head pressure of 100mmHg. Durastudy was performed in Pulsatile mock circuit loop to evaluate the long-term MagLev control stability. Results: The maximum flow and head pressure of MagLev-CRBP were 10 L/min and 210 mmHg respectively at the rotational speed of 2400rpm. Then the MagLev power was less than 1W, rotor amplitude was controlled within 25±μm. The Value of NIH was 0.001g/100L, and one fifth of BioPump BP-80. MagLev control stability was demonstrated for 4 month over and on going. MagLev power kept around 0.7W. Conclusion: Hemolytic performance and Long-term MagLev control stability were demonstrated.Figure