Centrifugal Movements Research Articles

Chão suprimido: do trapiche ao porto vertical de Santos

This article explores the interaction between the hydrological regime and the population in the insular region of Santos (São Paulo, Brazil) by means of an infrastructure project and its primary sources. We investigate how coexistence with the waters, in an attempt to domesticate them, supports land planning at the Port of Santos, highlighting the centripetal and centrifugal movements within the Anthropocene. We analyze the historical and cultural heritage and the natural and anthropic elements of tropical coastal regions, applying a theoretical-methodological approach that clarifies these dynamics. We propose three prospective scenarios based on the identified movements: the first scenario, centripetal, focuses on historical techniques for water domestication and integrating these practices into current urban planning. The second, centrifugal, reflects a strategic distancing aiming to transform the port ground into areas such as natural parks and spaces of “common urbanism.” The third scenario, marked by the disappearance of the planned logistic ground, introduces the “binary amphibious quay,” an infrastructure that operates in harmony with the sea, inspired by historical studies on sea-level rise and climate projections. The concept of “suppressing” encompasses both physical elements, such as docks and quay walls, and now obsolete natural, social, cultural, and political aspects of estuaries. We argue that the construction of large infrastructures must consider their integration with the environment, using architecture that dialogues with various fields of knowledge to prevent disasters and improve urban life. In this essay we propose the “Vertical Port,” a project that challenges paradigms by minimizing land use and maximizing the use of airspace, promoting ecological balance, and revitalizing the “suppressed grounds” in the port area of Santos. This project, in the investigation phase, seeks to challenge existing norms and engage.

Let us play something else: Thoughts on ‘games are different’ and game scholarship in the Trump era

This piece takes its cue from a pair of incidents – a not unfamiliar theme in game studies – relating to game scholarship and its engagement with right-wing politics. In the first case, well-known game scholar Bonnie ‘Bo’ Ruberg called on editors and reviewers to stop insisting that scholars include a reference to a certain online campaign of harassment, doxing and threats of physical violence. In the second case, I had a reviewer insist that I had to include a reference to the ‘Fortnite to alt-right pipeline’ because clearly games were causing alt-right lunacy. To be sure, these both constitute genre criticism – among others – at its most reductive and cynical, deciding what the institutional and audience expectations entail based on an assumption of the industrial ones. Then, biographical criticism and assertions about authorial intent or the necessary ‘touchstones’ began to appear. There seems to be a consistent and persistent insistence that somehow even the best and most accomplished scholars should forget decades of scholarship because ‘games are different’ and this tendency has been conditioned and shaped by reading games through the ‘lens’ of the Trump presidency. This is important because it confirms that essays about games still tend to fit into one of the two boxes Ruberg ticks: game scholars who are not necessarily adept at the specific content area or specialists in a given field who are not really game scholars. It is telling and symptomatic of the centripetal and centrifugal movements in game studies; that is, from within and without. Admittedly, games are different, but not so different that we should forget or ignore decades of scholarship or worse, do not bother to find out if it exists at all. Not only are many of these positions ahistorical – ignoring the fact that, as some much maligned games quite cleverly point out repeatedly within, the same things have been said about the corrupting power of soap operas, romance novels, comic books, wrestling, rap and hip hop, backwards masking in heavy metal and plain old rock ‘n’ roll – the positions are also tacitly or unwittingly ageist, classist and/or occasionally racist, homophobic and transphobic even as the author purports to be concerned with inequitable representations. Moreover, there are peculiarly US American concerns that are transposed onto ostensibly universal ones. These reveal that even the most ‘woke’ of the American left can be a cultural imperialist and that American exceptionalism is inescapable if not ineluctable.

Négocier la terre en attendant la ville: marchés fonciers et gouvernance périurbaine en Afrique subsaharienne

RÉSUMÉ Les franges des métropoles d’Afrique subsaharienne sont gagnées par un rapide étalement urbain, qui se caractérise par des changements massifs de l’usage des sols: des terres agricoles ou des pacages communautaires sont convertis en foncier urbain ou industriel. La compréhension des processus à l’œuvre demeure partielle, les acteurs de ces marchés fonciers étant trop souvent restreints aux impulsions des grands projets urbains, aux restructurations de grandes firmes agro-alimentaires ou aux mouvements centrifuges des habitants des villes. En comparant deux métropoles ouest- et est-africaines, Bamako et Nairobi, cet article met en lumière les transactions menées sur les terres, les diverses stratégies d’anticipation, de spéculation et d’intéressement immobilier, et la manière dont ces pratiques s’articulent aux régulations politiques nationales et locales des marchés fonciers. Cette approche nous permet de proposer trois critères de caractérisation et de comparaison des placements dans la terre, en lien avec les dynamiques d’urbanisation.

EVALUATION OF BLOOD OXYGEN SATURATION OF HIGH JUMPERS BASED ON ISOKINETIC TEST

ABSTRACT Introduction: An isokinetic test refers to the test of the force of a muscle or muscle group during centripetal and centrifugal movements at a constant speed in the whole range of joint motion by means of a isokinetic force tester. Objective: To explore the application of the knee centripetal flexor and extensor muscle groups in the blood oxygen saturation of high jumpers. Methods: Eighteen teenage female high jumper athletes above level 2 in a city sports school were selected. Their ages was 16.89±1.02 years old; height, 168.31±6.32cm; weight, 55.36±6.75kg. Results: At 60° S and 120° S test speed, the peak moment of the extensor muscle group on the same side of the knee was significantly greater than that of the flexor muscle group (P<0.05), while at 240° S test speed, it was the opposite. There was a significant difference in the peak moment of the flexor muscle group on the left and right side of the knee (P<0.01). Conclusions: The function of the dynamic muscle strength test system is one of the methods of studying the human muscle function. and can be used to test and evaluate the general strength of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

FACE THREATENING ACTS (FTAs) IN AIPAC POLITICAL ANNUAL SPEECHES BETWEEN 2006 AND 2012

Face Threatening Acts are politeness forms which have been struggled over in the past and now as they are pragmatically deemed relevant in identifying centripetal and centrifugal movements exerted by political actors on their interlocutors. The findings on approaching political discourse from politeness perspective have been controversial and ranged from being confined to the interactional level to negotiating implicit power relations.This present study offers a politeness theoretical framework to examine AIPAC political annual speeches between 2006 and 2012. The target of this research is to understand which politeness strategies political actors deploy when addressing the audience and how these political speakers please the other and fulfill political ends. The results display an over-reliance on Face Threatening Acts on record with redressive action at the expense of Face Threatening Acts on record without redressive action and Face Threatening Acts off record. Positive politeness, notably expressive speech acts, play an inclusive role, gain the audience sympathy and reshape public opinion. The study fills the gap in the study of the impact of positive politeness on political discourse and calls for the consideration of expressive speech acts as means of power negotiation rather than mere interaction.

El comercio en las estrategias de vertebración territorial de la Comunidad Valenciana

The expansive city model extensively developed by the Comunidad Valenciana, has led to changes in the habits and customs of its citizens which in turn has led to alterations in the way they consume, seduced by advertising and the attractive design of new shopping centres and, in particular their links with leisure activities. These processes have substantially modified the business model and the social relations in the city. The first governments of the Comunidad Valenciana developed legal apparatus designed to regulate and profit from the role of commerce as a tool for social and territorial cohesion. This resulted in Commercial Action Plans designed to safeguard and ensure the survival of older and more traditional commercial quarters of the city (historic centres and surroundings) which have been severely affected by these changes. They consist of financial programmes with a modest urban planning component designed to recover the lost financial incentives and regain the city’s capacity for social interaction and relation. However, as it has tended to be a piecemeal effort, it has not been possible to counteract the major centrifugal movements of commercial facilities.

“Obstructing the thoroughfare”: A Report on the Dublin James Joyce Summer School, 3-9 July 2016

“Obstructing the thoroughfare”:A Report on the Dublin James Joyce Summer School, 3-9 July 2016 Niels Caul The Dublin James Joyce Summer School convened once more from 3-9 July 2016 in a city marking a significant anniversary. In its centenary year, there has been a tendency to make everything about the 1916 Easter Rising. The lectures that bookended the week, though dealing with the influence of 1916 on Ulysses, avoided this temptation, instead delivering skilled and learned readings of the events of Easter Week one hundred years ago alongside Joyce’s work. The Summer School opened with Director Anne Fogarty placing constructions of Irishness in “Cyclops” alongside Roger Casement. Fogarty noted that Casement is the only 1916 leader who is explicitly named in the text. Just as the novel does, Fogarty viewed Casement through both sides of a prism, looking to his past as well as his future through the focal point of his position in the text and, in turn, the Dublin of 1904. The trajectory of Casement’s life from British diplomat to Irish nationalist sees Leopold Bloom become both a double and an anti-Casement figure in the course of his exchanges with the Citizen. Fogarty positioned Casement as the invisible third person in the conversation between [End Page 9] Bloom and the Citizen, the fulcrum and intersection around which they talk. Luke Gibbons also explored the tacit influence the insurrection may have had on Ulysses and painted a picture of a city that, like its son and chronicler Joyce, was immersed in the popular culture of the day. During the Rising, there was an inversion of time and space that mirrored the narratives of modernist fiction, which Gibbons termed centrifugal movements. Elaborating on this, he illustrated how the tunnels between buildings used by the rebels shifted in a zigzag fashion much like the lateral shifts in modernist narrative. These lectures illustrated the prevalent theme of all the talks given in the course of the week, in effect, the movement of seemingly peripheral elements of Joyce’s texts to center stage in reading his body of work. Frank Shovlin followed suit in that he was primarily concerned with the manner in which Joyce’s writings treat Irish history. Shovlin interrogated the significance of the Jacobite and Williamite wars, specifically accessing the symbolic nature of the role of the song “The Lass of Aughrim” in “The Dead.” Aughrim prompts memories of a defeated Catholic Ireland, since it hosted one of the bloodiest battles of the Williamite War. The song is an example of how Catholic Ireland recuperates and reclaims this site of defeat through the Aisling mode, which has serious implications for the way we interpret Gabriel Conroy’s epiphany as he looks out of the window of the Gresham Hotel. Later in the week, the Summer School attendees would stand under this very window, as part of a walking tour that traversed many of the same streets as some of the hopeless and helpless characters that populate Dubliners. David Rando examined the manifold symbolic meanings of a song in Joyce’s work too. Moving to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Rando specifically analyzed the scene in which the Dedalus children communally sing Thomas Moore’s “Oft in the Stilly Night.” Citing Ernst Bloch’s The Principle of Hope in regard to the novel as a Künstlerroman,1 Rando asserted that the irony between the lyrical content of the song and the young voices singing it paints a fundamentally hopeful picture. Valérie Bénéjam identified features in Joyce’s first novel that are largely considered absent, including the theatrical references and dramatic elements with which Stephen Hero is replete. She posed the question of why Joyce’s early obsession with theater did not manifest itself in A Portrait and proceeded to answer it by arguing that its presence is implicit, since many of the situations in the novel are inherently theatrical. The play in chapter 2 only has eleven lines about its performance and thus is elided, because it cannot be portrayed. Instead, the focus is on the crowd. The audience becomes the void, just as Stephen is during...

LA IMAGINACIÓN: ¿ORNAMENTO O CREACIÓN DE MUNDOS?

Con la palabra “imaginación” se hace referencia a prácticas muy diversas. Este trabajo procura responder dos preguntas. En primer lugar, se intenta ofrecer, de manera descriptiva, una caracterización general enumerando varios candidatos a propiedades comunes de las diversas formas de imaginación: intervención imaginante, desarrollo de un escenario imaginario que se constituye con bloqueos parciales de la dimensión de verdad. En segundo lugar, se traza una diferencia normativa entre fantasía e imaginación desarrollando la metáfora “murallas versus puentes”: la fantasía levanta “murallas” frente a la realidad y, así, los movimientos mentales que se desplegan son centrípetos. La imaginación desarrolla “puentes” con movimientos centrífugos.

Centre et périphérie : le nouveau modèle québécois

Cet article présente une analyse spatioéconomique de la recomposition des territoires dans le Québec contemporain. Un positionnement des diverses contributions scientifiques est effectué selon quatre composantes principales qui démontrent la mouvance centrifuge et le polycentrisme sur l’espace Québec. Nous constatons aussi que l’approche classique « centre – périphérie » demeure tout à fait pertinente tout en illustrant des modalités différentes Le centre principal devient progressivement multipolaire au sein de la vallée du Saint-Laurent.. Tandis que la vaste périphérie bénéficie d’un nouveau front nordique très actuel. Entre centre et périphérie au Québec, la présence d’une zone intermédiaire, en difficultés économiques et sociales questionne la politique publique dans un esprit d’équilibre spatial global. En guise de réponse, le rôle des pôles nordiques de développement devient pertinent dans un esprit de captage optimal d, une part des effets de diffusion de la zone centrale et, d’autre part, de la richesse périphérique en érosion croissante.

The Role of the Caudal Superior Parietal Lobule in Updating Hand Location in Peripheral Vision: Further Evidence from Optic Ataxia

Patients with optic ataxia (OA), who are missing the caudal portion of their superior parietal lobule (SPL), have difficulty performing visually-guided reaches towards extra-foveal targets. Such gaze and hand decoupling also occurs in commonly performed non-standard visuomotor transformations such as the use of a computer mouse. In this study, we test two unilateral OA patients in conditions of 1) a change in the physical location of the visual stimulus relative to the plane of the limb movement, 2) a cue that signals a required limb movement 180° opposite to the cued visual target location, or 3) both of these situations combined. In these non-standard visuomotor transformations, the OA deficit is not observed as the well-documented field-dependent misreach. Instead, OA patients make additional eye movements to update hand and goal location during motor execution in order to complete these slow movements. Overall, the OA patients struggled when having to guide centrifugal movements in peripheral vision, even when they were instructed from visual stimuli that could be foveated. We propose that an intact caudal SPL is crucial for any visuomotor control that involves updating ongoing hand location in space without foveating it, i.e. from peripheral vision, proprioceptive or predictive information.

Jonah and the Imitation of God: Rethinking Evangelism and the Old Testament

Abstract The OT continues to be neglected in Christian theological reflection. Recent treatments of evangelism and mission illustrate this tendency. The book of Jonah offers a narrative context for the retrieval of a robust OT witness, not only for practices of evangelism but also for Christian biblical theology. Relating Jonah directly to the topic of Christian vocation confirms "verbal proclamation" to be a reductive account of evangelism. The concept of evangelism should instead be expanded to include the entire missio dei of global reconciliation, particularly through the imitatio dei of God's people in their care for creation and all its creatures. Social justice, peace, and ecological concern are not beyond the scope of evangelism. Moreover, such a reading of Jonah demonstrates that the two testaments are not divided by a fundamental, sequential distinction between centripetal and centrifugal movements of God's people vis-à-vis the world. God sent a prophet of Israel to Nineveh and Jesus' disciples are charged to gather diverse peoples into the unified family of God. While recognizing the existence of discontinuity between the testaments and yet avoiding a supersessionist hermeneutic, Jonah can be read according to a trajectory of divine action that unites all of Scripture and warrants the OT's Christian witness. Throughout Scripture's story, God is the main actor in salvation. Even the recurrent resistance of God's people to a communal life of imitatio dei finally yields to the power of God's love for all.

Jonah and the Imitation of God: Rethinking Evangelism and the Old Testament

Abstract The OT continues to be neglected in Christian theological reflection. Recent treatments of evangelism and mission illustrate this tendency. The book of Jonah offers a narrative context for the retrieval of a robust OT witness, not only for practices of evangelism but also for Christian biblical theology. Relating Jonah directly to the topic of Christian vocation confirms "verbal proclamation" to be a reductive account of evangelism. The concept of evangelism should instead be expanded to include the entire missio dei of global reconciliation, particularly through the imitatio dei of God's people in their care for creation and all its creatures. Social justice, peace, and ecological concern are not beyond the scope of evangelism. Moreover, such a reading of Jonah demonstrates that the two testaments are not divided by a fundamental, sequential distinction between centripetal and centrifugal movements of God's people vis-à-vis the world. God sent a prophet of Israel to Nineveh and Jesus' disciples are charged to gather diverse peoples into the unified family of God. While recognizing the existence of discontinuity between the testaments and yet avoiding a supersessionist hermeneutic, Jonah can be read according to a trajectory of divine action that unites all of Scripture and warrants the OT's Christian witness. Throughout Scripture's story, God is the main actor in salvation. Even the recurrent resistance of God's people to a communal life of imitatio dei finally yields to the power of God's love for all.

Suburbanization and the Changes of Urban Internal Spatial Structure in Hangzhou, China

First of all, systematic studies are conducted on the spatial variation of population in Hangzhou over more than 30 years, based on data from several national censuses including the most recent one, the fifth census in 2000. It is found that centripetal movements of population in Hangzhou dominated in the 1960s and 1970s, while centrifugal movements of population dominated and suburbanization occurred in the 1980s. Throughout the 1990s, the centrifugal movements and suburbanization of population greatly accelerated. This study also examines the distribution of temporary population in 1983, 1991, and 2000. Based on the spatial variation of total urban population during different periods and the distribution of temporary population in different years, models of the changes in internal urban spatial structure in Hangzhou are developed. By analyzing urban industrial land-use data and its distribution changes, we find that industrial suburbanization started and developed in Hangzhou in the 1980s, and that its pace has quickened during the period 1996-2000. Detailed descriptions and analyses are presented on the development of industrial suburbanization and the evolution of industrial spatial structure in Hangzhou. It is concluded that industrial suburbanization spurred the evolution of industrial spatial structure rationally and effectively in Hangzhou. Suburbanization of population and industry gradually deformed the shape of the Hangzhou urban area from handlike to fanlike one.

Length perception and production of normal subjects in proximal versus distal peripersonal space

We investigated whether the perception or production of a given line length in normal subjects varies according to where in peripersonal space the line is perceived or produced. We also investigated the influence of the direction of movement used to make the line. In Experiment 1, blindfolded normal subjects were asked to estimate distances while the examiner moved the subject's hand in proximal (medial) or distal (lateral) space, moving centripetally or centrifugally. The subjects showed a spatial effect, perceiving the same length as shorter in proximal space than distal space. This result could be related to either a proximal spatial attentional bias or an anisometric representation of spatial distances. In Experiment 2, we attempted to dissociate these hypotheses by studying blindfolded normal subjects, who were requested to produce horizontal lines of a given length (100 or 200 mm) in proximal versus distal peripersonal space using centripetal or centrifugal movements. Centrifugal movements in proximal space were the longest; centrifugal movements in distal space were the shortest: in between were the proximal centripetal and distal centripetal movements which did not differ from each other. These results suggest that in peripersonal space the perception of length in normal subjects is most consistent with anisometric mental representation where the size of mental representations of length units decreases as a function of the distance from the subject's midsagittal plane. Length production, however, may depend on an interaction of the anisometric mental representation and the premotor/intentional factors.

Cause of kinematic differences during centrifugal and centripetal saccades

Measurements of eye movements have shown that centrifugal movements (i.e. away from the primary position) have a lower maximum velocity and a longer duration than centripetal movements (i.e. toward the primary position) of the same size. In 1988 Pelisson proposed that these kinematic differences might be caused by differences in the neural command signals, oculomotor mechanics or a combination of the two. By using the result of muscle force measurements that were made in recent years (Orbit TM1.8 Gaze mechanics simulation, Eidactics, San Francisco, 1999) we simulated the muscle forces during centrifugal and centripetal saccades. Based on these simulations we show that the cause of the kinematic differences between the centrifugal and centripetal saccades is the non-linear force–velocity relationship (i.e. muscle viscosity) of the muscles.

Effects of the actin-stabilizing drug, jasplakinolide, on pigment granule motility in isolated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of teleosts contains pigment granules that migrate in response to changes in light condition. Dissociated, cultured RPE cells in vitro can be triggered to aggregate or disperse pigment granules by the application of cAMP or dopamine, respectively. Previous research using the actin-disrupting drug, cytochalasin D, suggested that pigment granule motility is actin dependent. To further examine the role of actin in pigment granule motility, we tested the effects of the actin-stabilizing drug, jasplakinolide, on pigment granule motility. Pigment granules in previously dispersed RPE cells remained dispersed after jasplakinolide exposure (0.1-1 microM), but the drug halted movement of most pigment granules and stimulated rapid bi-directional movements in a small subset of granules. Jasplakinolide also blocked net pigment granule aggregation and interfered with the maintenance of full aggregation. Although jasplakinolide did not block pigment granule dispersion, it did alter the motility of dispersing granules compared to control cells; rather than the normal saltatory, primarily centrifugal movements, granules of jasplakinolide-treated cells demonstrated slow, creeping centrifugal movements and more rapid bi-directional movements. Jasplakinolide also altered cell morphology; the length and thickness of apical projections increased, and enlarged, paddle-like structures, which contained F-actin appeared at the tips of projections. Actin antibody labeling of jasplakinolide-treated cells revealed a more reticulated network of actin compared to antibody-labeled control cells. These results indicate that jasplakinolide-induced disruption of the actin network compromises normal pigment granule dispersion and aggregation in isolated RPE cells, thus providing further evidence that these movements are actin dependent.

Dialogue and Meaning

The dialogue is a common search for truth, because its aim is to gain insight into reality through the interplay of its participants. The dialogue form, i.e. an exchange of thought processes, reflects the structure of the human mind which is involved in an ongoing process of reflections and constructions. This process mirrors consciously and unconsciously the centrifugal and centripetal movements of the human body and of all organic matter. For these reasons, I argue that the praxis of dialogue represents a truly human lifestyle, not limited to one specific worldview. Its form reveals implicitly various levels of meaning.

Responses to light of starburst amacrine cells.

1. Starburst amacrine cells were studied using whole cell patch recording. Displaced starburst cells were labeled in rabbit retinas by intraocular injection of 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The retinas were isolated and maintained in vitro. The inner limiting membrane and Müller cell endfeet were removed mechanically from small areas above the starburst cell bodies, allowing an unimpeded approach under visual control to the cells. A total of 104 cells was studied. 2. In voltage-clamp recordings, the cells responded to light with slow, graded inward and outward currents on which were superimposed smaller, rapid inward currents. The rapid inward currents appeared to be postsynaptic currents. 3. The receptive fields of the cells were mapped using small spots. They had an on-center, off-surround organization. Visualizing the dendrites by including Lucifer yellow in the patch pipette showed that the receptive fields' centers closely approximated the dendritic spread of the neurons. 4. The cells' responses to movement were tested with smooth movements or with two-spot apparent motion. No directional preference was seen for spots swept across the whole receptive field, for centrifugal movements, or for centripetal movements. 5. Bath-applied tetrodotoxin (TTX) or intracellularly applied lidocaine N-ethyl bromide (QX-314) had no effect on any component of the spontaneous or light-evoked activity. Depolarization of the cell bodies by injected current showed evidence of active conductances, but they were unaffected by TTX or QX-314. 6. 6-Cyano-7-nitroquionxyline-2,3-dione eliminated the small rapid currents, indicating that they depend on alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate glutamate receptors. 7. Because it is unlikely that we voltage clamped the distalmost dendrites of these wide-field cells, uncertainties remain about rapid electrical events occurring in the dendrites. From a functional point of view, though, the fact that slow responses to distal photic stimulation were recorded at the soma suggests that the starburst cells could in principle integrate inputs across fairly substantial fractions of their total dendritic arbors. The extent to which this actually occurs remains to be learned.

Separatism in the Eastern Provinces of the German Reich at the End of the First World War

Rhineland and Ruhr which lasted until 1924 was undoubtedly one of the most noteworthy. Although not given the same emphasis by historians, the separatism in the provinces of eastern Prussia was no less significant, especially in view of the impact it had on the Reich's increasingly difficult relations with Poland and the question of ceding territory to its eastern neighbours. Despite similarities among the politically influential groups in their attitudes towards the central Prussian government, the revolutionary events in Germany, and the expected peace terms, the separatist movements were each quite different. Their individual features were a result of the more or less locally restricted interests of certain groups, the ability of these groups to exert political influence, and the extent to which they were influenced by outside forces. Here we are faced with a wide spectrum of separatist efforts and autonomy movements whose conception of practical politics often could not be clearly differentiated. These ranged from efforts to become a free state, involving a complete break from the Reich, to demands of varying intensity for privileged treatment in governmental and economic issues. Therefore, the term 'separatism' does not accurately describe the efforts in each instance, but for the purposes of this article will be used to cover them all. The government's position regarding separatism was uniform. It strictly opposed all centrifugal movements and attempted to associate them with the dangerous demands of the Poles regarding the eastern provinces. Ebert formulated the fundamental standpoint of the German government at the joint meeting of the cabinet and the Central Council on 31 December 1918, to the effect 'that no

Religion, ethnicité et politique en Caraïbe

Religion, ethnicity and politics in the Caribbean The relations between ethnie and religious variables in political behavior have often been analyzed in the light of " primordialist ", " instrumentalist " or " ideological " paradigms, generally in opposition to each other. These paradigms turn out to be less antagonistic than complementary when all the dimensions of the phenomena studied are taken into account. From that perspective, the Caribbean countries provide a sample of national situations favorable to comparative analysis. Two aspects are privileged : the ethno-religious mediation of political mobilization ; state regulation of the ethno-religious domain. In both cases analysis reveals the importance of the combination and distribution of cleavages in the processes of either politicization or political neutralization of ethno-religious membership. It also shows that conflicts of interests between ethno-religious communities do not mechanically produce Unes of political division which suppose the emergence of elites able to mobilize a " base " through thé manipulation of symbolic codes derived from group identifies. Lastly, it shows that the sociologics and their discursive expressions appear to be less centrifugal movements than ethno-religious sets of demands for equality with a conflict between two concepts (universalist and communitarian) of national integration and its identity-based corollaries.