Central Russia Research Articles

The Genus <i>Alatyroceras</i> gen. nov. (Ammonoidea: Cardioceratidae, Arctocephalitinae) from the Upper Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of the Russian Platform

A new genus Alatyroceras is established for the species A. nageli (Mitta) (type species of the genus), A. keuppi (Mitta), A. efimovi (Mitta), and A. infimum (Gulyaev et Kisselev), in Central Russia characterizing the interval correlated with the Upper Bathonian Variabile and Calyx zones of East Greenland. According to the refined data, the Keuppi Zone of the Russian Platform includes (from bottom to top) the efimovi, nageli, and keuppi faunal horizons. The genus Alatyroceras [M] completes the phylogenetic lineage Arcticoceras → Alatyroceras in the subfamily Arctocephalitinae; the name Costacadoceras Rawson is common to all microconchs of the subfamily.

How likely are Eastern European and Central Asian Countries to Achieve Global NCD Targets?

Abstract Background In Europe, premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have declined significantly, except in twelve countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA), namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Analyses of the long-term trends of NCD premature mortality in EECA are limited making it hard to know what to expect over the next years. Methods We used the 1990-2019 Global Burden of Disease database to analyze NCD trends and identify country-specific change points by using piecewise linear regression. We assessed the likelihood of achieving NCD global targets (GTs) to reduce premature mortality among persons 30-69 years old from four NCDs: cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) by 25% from 2010 to 2025 (WHO25X25 target) and by 33% from 2015 to 2030 (SDG 3.4.1). Results Only Kazakhstan and Russia are likely to achieve NCD-GTs. For Kazakhstan, WHO25X25 and SDG 3.4.1 GTs mortality rates were 494.3 and 374.8 per 100,000 population respectively; the corresponding predicted values (PVs) were 360.6 [CI 260.1-461.1] and 245.1 [CI 113.4-376.8]. For Russia, WHO25X25 and SDG 3.4.1 GTs were 560.5 and 442.8 per 100,000 population respectively; the corresponding PVs were 427.7 [CI 270.3-585.1] and 311.0 [CI 102.8-519.1]. Achieving NCD-GTs is also possible for Kyrgyzstan. For the rest of EECA countries achieving NCD-GTs is unlikely. All EECA countries have increasing premature mortality from DM, eleven - from CRD and cancers, and six - from CVD. Most EECA countries have higher NCD rates and slower progress among men compared with women. Conclusions In most EECA countries the trend towards achieving NCD-GTs is slow or reversed. Further quantitative and qualitative research is needed to understand the underlying reasons. Separate indicators are needed to monitor countries’ progress for cancers, DM and CRDs. Key messages • Most EECA countries have slow or reversed trend in achieving NCD-GTs. All EECA have increasing premature mortality from DM, eleven – from CRD and cancers, and six – from CVD. • Further research is needed to understand the underlying reasons for slow progress towards NCD-GTs in EECA. Separate indicators are needed to monitor progress for cancers, DM and CRDs.

Modern problems of sensitization to panallergens

Pan-allergens are molecules, mainly proteins of various families, responsible for cross–reactivity to a wide range of related and unrelated allergens. The clinical significance of having sensitization to some pan-allergens, for example, nsLTP, parvalbumins, storage proteins grows from the fact that severe, generalized reactions can develop, for example, nsLTP syndrome. Sensitization to pan-allergens depends on many factors, such as geographical location, age, food preferences, socioeconomic characteristics of the patient. The aim of the study is to identify the pattern of the sensitization to various molecules of pan-allergens in patients with allergic diseases living in the central part of Russia. We analyzed the sera of a total of 556 patients with allergic diseases in a multiplex enzyme immunoassay. Six profilin molecules, 2 polcalcin molecules, 12 – nsLTP, and 7 parvalbumin molecules were used. The frequency of IgE-ab to profilins in patients in central Russia is low (5-7%). At the same time, almost all patients with IgE-ab to profilins have IgE-ab to Bet v 1 (PR-10) and concomitantly to other profilins. In this regard, Bet v 1 can be considered as a primary sensitizer. The peculiarity of sensitization to polcalcins and LTPs was the low frequency of detection of IgE-ab to them (from 0.2% to 3%). At the same time, neither the nsLTP molecules of a peach, nor even apples, which are often consumed in central Russia, provoke the development of nsLTP syndrome. The detection rate of IgE-ab to parvalbumin in the sera of all patients with allergic reactions is also relatively not high and is 7-10%. Whereas the frequency of detection of IgE-ab to parvalbumins in the sera of patients with fish allergy is very high and reaches 63-90%. As a rule, IgE-ab are detected to all molecules, i.e., for parvalbumins of all studied fish species. The sensitization profile to profilins, polcalcins, nsLTP and parvalbumins in patients living in central Russia has its own unique characteristics. One of the primary sensitizers in patients with sensitization to pollen of wind-pollinated trees is Bet v 1 (PR-10 homologue), IgE-ab to which was detected in 42% of patients. The detection rate of IgE-ab for various molecules of pan-allergens in general was low as follows: profilins – 5-7%, polcalcins – 0.5%, nsLTP – 0.2-3%, and parvalbumins – 7-10%.

Aspects of introduction and prospects for the use of Juglans L. representatives in Central Russia

Background. Human health security is an important goal of contemporary society. The combination of beneficial properties in Juglans nuts makes them one of the most valuable plant genetic resources, capable of ensuring a wholesome supply of nutrients required by the human organism. The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) has the largest set of useful agronomic traits among the representatives of the genus, except for winter hardiness. Its cultivation in areas farther to the north from the conventional area of distribution for commercial walnut orchards would be possible if Juglans spp. with higher resistance to unfavorable climate conditions could be involved. Interspecies hybridization can be used to increase winter hardiness in walnut. The objective of this study was to analyze the gene pool of Juglans L. and screen its bioresource collection at the arboretum of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) in the context of useful agronomic indicators promising for plant breeding and landscaping. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the VNIISPK arboretum (Orel Province, 53°00’N, 36°00’E) where 7 Juglans spp. are maintained. Results and conclusion. The results of the screening highlighted J. mandshurica Maxim., J. cordiformis Maxim., and Vekhov’s hybrid (J. cinerea L. × J. mandshurica Maxim.) as the most resistant to adverse environmental effects. They are recommended for use in plant breeding and landscaping programs under the conditions of Central Russia. A seedling of cv. ‘Astakhovsky’ demonstrated the best agronomic indicators among the Persian walnut (J. regia) genotypes. It can be used by breeders to develop new cultivars with useful agronomic traits for the environmental conditions of the region of study.

Biochemical composition of three Opuntia species O. humifusa, O. phaeacantha, O. engelmannii var. lidheimeri. Prospects of their utilization

Relevance. Opuntia distinguished by high adaptability is widespread in many countries of the world. Tolerance to water deficiency and high biological activity provide prospects of its cultivation for food and pharmaceutical industry. In Russia Opuntia is grown in the Crimea, Caucasus, Donbass, Astrakhan region and even in the Central Russia. Evaluation of the Opuntia cultivation efficiency in the Crimea for various utilization supposes the importance of its biochemical characteristics which variability greatly depends on the place of habitat. Materials and Methods. Total antioxidant activity and titratable acidity were determined using titration methods, polyphenol content –using spectrophotometric method, monosaccharide and total sugar concentrations were assessed via reaction with ferricyanide, mucilage levels were determined gravimetrically.Results. Investigation of cladode, inflorescence and fruit biochemical parameters of three Opuntia species: O. humifusa, O. phaeacantha, O. engelmannii, – gathered at the Southern and South-Eastern part of the Crimean peninsular revealed wide variability of fruit mucilage (4.3-16.56% d.w.), sugar and total antioxidant activity. Polyphenol content decreased according to: inflorescence (18.4-21.0) > fruit (11.7-18) > cladodes (10.2-20.0). Fruit monosaccharide content reached (6.2-31) % while in cladodes these values were in the range of 8.1-16.0%. Total sugar content was equal to 32.6-95% in fruit and 15.5-29.7% in cladodes. Concentration of selenium as a natural antioxidant was higher in the cladodes (102-176 µg/kg d.w.) than in fruit (46.8-72 µg/kg d.w.). The highest levels of the total antioxidant activity and titratable acidity were registered in O. engelmannii while the highest sugar, mucilage and taste index were typical for O. humifusa. Nevertheless, O. humifusa was characterized by the lowest fruit mass (6.0-6.3 g) contrary to O. engelmannii (36-40 g). The results suppose prospects of fruit, cladode and inflorescence utilization in food industry, cosmetics and pharmacology with the preference to O. humifusa.

A case of amebiasis with multiple liver abscesses: A way to diagnosis

Amebiasis is a protozoal disease common for tropical countries. It is not frequently diagnosed in Central Russia, and is mainly seen in travelers, people with immunodeficiency, as well as in men who have sex with men. The main manifestation of the disease is intestinal damage with the development of diarrhea. With the hematogenic spread of the pathogen, extra-intestinal lesions of different organs may develop with the formation of abscesses in them. The liver, lungs, brain, and skin are most often involved in the inflammatory process. In this article, we describe a case of extrahepatic amebiasis with multiple liver abscesses, which presented difficulties in diagnosis. We provide details of observation and key laboratory findings as well as results of radiological examinations. Appearance of imported amebiasis in the Moscow region proves its actual importance and significance of timely diagnosis and etiotropic therapy. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the problem of diagnosis and prophylaxis of amebiasis in Central Russia as a result of migration and tourism to endemic territories.

Environmental and social welfare effects of aviation liberalization: Evidence from Central Asia and China market

We investigate the effects of international aviation liberalization between China and Central Asia on environment and social welfare. Based on monthly international air traffic data between Central Asia and China, we estimate a random-coefficients discrete choice model and perform a counterfactual analysis to quantify the effects of improved air connectivity, mainly considering that the ratio of direct and connecting aviation services between Central Asia and Beijing is the same as those between Central Asia and Russia, between Central Asia and other former Soviet Union countries and between Central Asia and other Asian countries. The main findings are as follows. First, improving air connectivity intensifies competition in the market, resulting in a decrease in the passenger-weighted average airfares between Central Asia and Beijing by 0.86–5.15 US dollars (USD) in 2012 and an increase in the total number of passengers by 2930–20,790. Second, improving air connectivity increases total carbon emissions (CO2) between Central Asia and Beijing by 0.78–6.11 million kilograms (kg) in 2012 but also drives down per capita CO2 emissions in this market by 0.78–2.38 kg. Third, while increasing total environmental externality costs, improving air connectivity significantly enhances consumer welfare and airline profits, resulting in a net social benefit of 14.02–44.12 million USD between Central Asia and Beijing in 2012. Finally, several policy implications are discussed.

How likely are Eastern European and central Asian countries to achieve global NCD targets: multi-country analysis

BackgroundIn Europe, mortality rates from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among persons 30–69 years of age (“NCD premature mortality rates”) have declined significantly, except in twelve countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Data on long-term trends in NCD mortality in these countries are limited. We analyzed NCD premature mortality rates, identified change points in NCD mortality trends and forecasted how likely countries are to achieve the global NCD targets, stratified by gender and NCD type.MethodsWe used the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease database to analyze NCD trends and identified country-specific change points by using piecewise linear regression. We assessed the likelihood of achieving the global targets for reducing NCD premature mortality rates among persons 30–69 years of age from four NCDs: cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. The global NCD targets are 25% reduction in mortality from 2010 to 2025 (WHO 25X25 target) and 33%—from 2015 to 2030 (SDG 3.4.1). We applied the analysis to both genders and four NCDs.ResultsOnly Kazakhstan and Russia are likely to achieve the global NCD targets. For Kazakhstan, WHO 25X25 and SDG 3.4.1 global targets for mortality rates were 494.3 and 374.8 per 100,000 population respectively; the corresponding predicted values (PVs) were 360.6 [CI 260.1–461.1] and 245.1 [CI 113.4–376.8]. For Russia, WHO 25X25 and SDG 3.4.1 global targets were 560.5 and 442.8 per 100,000 population respectively; the corresponding PVs were 427.7 [CI 270.3–585.1] and 311.0 [CI 102.8–519.1]. Achieving NCD global targets is less likely for Kyrgyzstan, while it is unlikely for the rest of countries. Most countries had higher mortality rates and slower progress among men compared with women. The likelihood of achieving overall global NCD targets was mainly explained by reduction in cardiovascular mortality.ConclusionsIn most Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries, progress towards achieving NCD global targets is slow, or there’s a reverse trend. Further quantitative and qualitative research is needed to understand the underlying reasons. Separate indicators are needed to monitor trends for cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases.

Shelterbelts as a factor of soil formation in agrolandscapes of the southern part of the central Russian upland

Shelterbelts as a factor of soil formation in agrolandscapes of the southern part of the central Russian upland

Dynamics of the Population Structure of the Population of the South of Central Russia over a 130-Year Period. Age of Marriage

Dynamics of the Population Structure of the Population of the South of Central Russia over a 130-Year Period. Age of Marriage

Transformation of Biochar from Plant Biomass in Gray Forest Soil: Evaluation by Isotopic Labeling Method

Pyrolysis is considered to be one of promising methods for processing agricultural waste and for producing fertilizers. The efficiency of the resulting biochar as a fertilizer has been proven, but the preferential way of decomposition of organic substances in it—biotic or abiotic—is still open to argument. The ways of transformation of biochar obtained from corn (a plant of the C4 type of photosynthesis with an increased 13C content) were assessed in this work, using the solid-phase CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Biochar was placed into the top layer of a monolith of gray forest soil, and the precipitation regime characteristic of Central Russia was simulated for 90 days. The peak at 129 ppm typical for aromatic compounds increased during the experiment in the obtained NMR spectra of soil samples with biochar in the upper soil layer, but not in other layers. This testifies that biochar particles do not migrate down the soil profile during one season. The intensity of cumulative microbial respiration in the presence of biochar increases from 85.0 g CO2 kg–1 in the control sample to 201.4 g CO2 kg–1 in the sample with biochar (the topsoil). According to the NMR spectra of the salt formed during mineralization of carbon dioxide released from the soil, it contains labeled carbon: there is a peak at 169 ppm characteristic of carbonates. The cumulative volume of CO2 released from the soil with biochar is 1.9 times greater as compared to the control soil. The addition of microorganisms-decomposers caused an additional increase in the CO2 volume: 2.4 times relative to the control, which indicates the role of microorganisms in the destruction of soil organic matter and of biochar. However, based on the stability of the total carbon content in the soil, it can be concluded that only a small proportion of biochar components is susceptible to biotic decomposition.

Оценка взаимосвязи брачно-миграционных характеристик населения Белгородской области в динамике за 130 лет

Background: The importance of studying the dynamics of the population-demographic structure of the population of the south of Central Russia over several generations dictates the need to conduct this study. The aim of the study: Assessment of the relationship between marriage and migration characteristics of the population of the Belgorod region over 130 years. Materials and methods: The object of the study is the Belgorod region (Belgorod, Grayvoronsky, Korochansky, Novooskolsky, Starooskolsky, Valuysky, Krasnogvardeysky and Alekseevsky (formerly Biryuchansky) districts (uezds). The dynamics of population-demographic indicators (migration parameters, isolation by Maleko distance, marriageable age, nationality of spouses) were studied over the past 130 years in the context of 5 time periods. The material was the data of 39,130 marriage records of acts of church and parish books of the Civil Registry Office Archive of the Belgorod Region of the late 19th century and civil status acts of the regional Civil Registry Office archive. In order to assess the relationship between the isolation parameters, Maleko distance and other population-demographic indicators, a correlation analysis (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) was carried out. Results: Marriage and migration indicators are characterized by pronounced interrelated dynamics. Over the 130-year period, there was an increase in the proportion of heterolocal marriages (by 11 times), the level of local inbreeding (by 2 times), and the root-mean-square distances between the places of birth of spouses, taking into account long-distance migrations (by 6.9 times) and without them (by 13.3 times), effective migration pressure (1.5 times), age of marriage for men (from 24.12 to 30.98 years) and women (from 20.5 to 28.71 years), expansion of the national composition. The root-mean-square distances between the places of birth of spouses, taking into account long-distance migrations, were positively correlated with the proportion of men of other nationalities (r=0.90) and women of Ukrainian nationality (r=0.90), and the root-mean-square distances between the places of birth of spouses without taking into account long-distance migrations were negative correlations with the proportion of men (r= -0.90) and women (r=0.90) of Russian nationality and positive correlations with the proportion of women of other nationalities (r=0.90). Conclusion: In the Belgorod region, over the past 130 years, an increase in the root-mean-square distances between the places of birth of spouses, taking into account long-distance migrations, led to an increase in the proportion of men of other (except Russian and Ukrainian) nationalities and the share of women of Ukrainian nationality, and an increase in the root-mean-square distances between the places of birth of spouses without taking into account longdistance migrations led to a decrease in the share of men and women of Russian nationality and an increase in the share of women of other nationalities.

The current state of industrial fishing in the Central Federal District of Russia and prospects for its development

The article considers a brief history of fishing and its current state in the reservoirs of the Central Federal District. For reservoirs and lakes of the Upper Volga and Oka basins, the dynamics of fish catch on average over the decades from the 60s of the twentieth century to 2023 are presented, and the dynamics of the species composition of industrial catches in these reservoirs is analyzed. The reasons that led to a decrease in the intensity of fishing or its closure in modern market conditions are considered. The description of the features of industrial fishing is presented by groups of reservoirs, depending on the area and volume of fish caught. The first group includes the large Upper Volga reservoirs (Rybinsk, Gorkovskoye), the average annual total catch in each of which exceeds 500 tons. The second group considers the reservoirs of the Upper Volga basin, in which 200–500 tons per year were caught during the Soviet period, and currently the volume of catch has decreased by an order of magnitude or fishing has stopped altogether. The third group of reservoirs includes small reservoirs of the Vazuz hydrotechnical system and cooling reservoirs of energy facilities, in which the volume of catch is currently less than 20 tons, but during their fishery development in the 70–80-ies of the twentieth century in the mode of «pasture fish farming» annual catches reached 100 tons. It has been established that the volume of industrial catch in most of the water bodies of the region has decreased over the two decades of the 21st century. The decline of industrial fishing in the Central Federal District is explained by a complex of socio-economic factors, the main of which is its unprofitability in market conditions, due to the low liquidity of most fishing facilities that form the basis of catch, the lack of the necessary number of catch processing enterprises and the cessation of subsidizing fish harvesters. The forecast of the further state of industrial fishing in the reservoirs of Central Russia is given.

Analysis and directions of development of transport and logistics schemes for the delivery of grain cargoes with the participation of inland waterway transport in Russia

In this article, the authors analyzed the transport and logistics schemes for transporting grain cargoes with the possible participation of water transport in a new geopolitical situation. After the introduction of sanctions by Western countries against the Russian Federation, the existing grain delivery schemes lost their relevance, therefore, the authors proposed a scheme for transporting grain cargoes from grain-producing regions of central Russia to southern ports on the Caspian Sea. Based on the presented scheme, the authors proposed options for the delivery of grain cargoes from the subjects of the Russian Federation, tending to inland waterways to Iranian ports, within the framework of the developing international transport corridor (ITC) "North-South". The proposed delivery options necessarily imply the operation of a river fleet and river-sea vessels to deliver grain raw materials to the countries of the Middle East and Africa during navigation, as well as during the inter-navigation period.

ON THE IMPLEMENTATION BY THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF LIGHT INDUSTRY OF THE USSR OF THE RESOLUTIONS OF THE STATE DEFENCE COMMITTEE IN THE 2ND HALF OF 1941

This article examines the process of implementation by the People’s Commissariat of Light Industry of the USSR of the resolutions of the State Defence Committee on the production of clothing and equipment for the acting army. At the same time, the most difficult period for the Soviet state is covered – the 2nd half of 1941. The resolutions are examined in chronological order, as they were adopted, which allows us comprehending the progressive formation of the experience of state management of the economy of various industries and, above all, light industry. Moreover, they allow us getting an idea of the needs of the Red Army during that period, state measures aimed not only at replenishing military equipment lost in the first months of the battles, but also increasing production of uniforms, primarily winter ones. The article reflects the problems that arose during the implementation of the Committee’s resolutions, their overcoming, as well as the first actions to unite the efforts of the People’s Commissariats to solve priority tasks. It also provides information on the example of the Ukraine SSR about the loss of the entire light industry as a result of the occupation of virtually all the economic potential, which was to be replaced by enterprises in Central Russia and the eastern regions of the Soviet Union. The article presents the results of the work of the People’s Commissariat of Light Industry of the USSR for the 2nd half of 1941. The article is addressed to specialists in the field of the history of light industry, graduate students, undergraduates and students of higher educational institutions.

AGRONOMIC ASSISTANCE OF VLADIMIR ZEMSTVO TO THE POPULATION DURING THE YEARS OF STOLYPIN’S AGRARIAN REFORM

This article, devoted to clarifying the role of zemstvo institutions in the implementation of agrarian reform by Pyotr Stolypin, lies in the mainstream of regional history and is based on materials from one of the central Russian provinces – Vladimir. Based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, including archival ones, the author shows that numerous councilors of zemstvo as well of those serving there for hire did not immediately support government initiatives; however, in the beginning of the second stage of the reform, they were involved in its implementation and made an invaluable contribution to organising land management work and providing agronomic assistance to both individual peasant households and community members. The agricultural courses, readings and conversations conducted by the agronomic services were of utmost importance. Zemstvo agronomic services played an extremely important role in achieving the agrarian reform success, though incomplete; and they contributed to transferring the Russian agriculture to a new technological level.

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS LINEAGE 2

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a substantial threat to public health, infecting approximately 10 million individuals annually with tuberculosis. Among the genetic lineages of MTB, lineage 2 (L2), notably the Beijing family, plays a significant role in global tuberculosis epidemiology, accounting for nearly a quarter of all reported TB cases. Originating possibly in East Asia, this lineage spread globally, causing significant epidemics in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Eastern Africa. Geographic variability in the distribution of MTB L2 strains reveals diverse prevalence patterns among sublineages across different regions. L2.1 (proto-Beijing) is primarily composed of isolates originating from China, Thailand, and Vietnam, with a smaller number from Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The ancestral sublineage, named L2.2.A, is mostly spread in China, Japan, and Thailand, while the modern sublineage, L2.2.M, is widespread, spanning almost the entire world. Moreover, the L2.2.M1 clade demonstrates a wide geographic spread, encompassing various countries across Asia and Australia, while other subclades of the L2.2.M2, L2.2.M3, and L2.2.M4 clades show more localized distributions across different regions. The L2.2.M4 clade comprises nine subclades, L2.2.M4.1 and L2.2.M4.2 are primarily found in Thailand, while L2.2.M4.3, L2.2.M4.6, and L2.2.M4.8 predominate in China. In South Africa, L2.2.M4.4 is the predominant subclade, whereas L2.2.M4.7 is associated with Nepalese isolates. In contrast, in regions such as Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia, L2 strains, particularly the Modern Beijing sublineage, dominate. Notable examples include Europe/Russia W148 outbreak L2.2.M4.5 (B0W/148), Central Asia L2.2.M4.9 (CA), Central Asia outbreak L2.2.M4.9.1 (CAO), and Clade A L2.2.M4.9.2. Additionally, recent small clades like L2.2.M5 and L2.2.M6, originating from Vietnam, Thailand, and China, have emerged, with L2.2.M6 also detected in Kenya and South Africa. In Kazakhstan, we have identified such sublineages of L2 as CAO (n=69; 67.64%) L2.2.M4.9.1, CA (n=27; 26.47%) L2.2.M4.9, B0W/148 (n=5, 4.90%) L2.2.M4.5 and one isolate representative of a rare L2.2.M4 lineage (n =1; 0.98%). Strains of this lineage demonstrate the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR), reflecting the emergence of resistance mechanisms against all available anti-tuberculosis drugs. In summary, M. tuberculosis lineage 2, especially the Beijing family, significantly impacts global tuberculosis epidemiology, with diverse prevalence patterns among sublineages across regions.

Оценка экономического влияния массовых ложных сообщений на сферу торговых центров

The article examines the economic impact of mass false bomb threat calls faced by shopping centers in Russia. The causes, prevalence of this phenomenon, and its impact on shopping center businesses are analyzed. Attention is given to direct and indirect losses, such as lost revenue, evacuation and inspection costs, and decreased trust from tenants and visitors. Estimates of damage to Moscow shopping centers' economy are provided, reaching tens of billions of rubles annually. Mechanisms for minimizing losses and the influence of these events on the sector's stability in a transforming market are discussed.

Evaluating the effectiveness of developing financial culture of future economics teachers

Introduction. The article is devoted to initial teacher education for future Economics teachers with the focus on developing their financial culture, which contributes to effective interaction with society in various financial situations as well as to successful professional self-identification (increasing interest in obtaining professional knowledge, skills and abilities), and gaining experience in self-organization. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the process of developing financial culture in future Economics teachers (theoretically and experimentally). Materials and Methods. The study was conducted as part of a pedagogical experiment. Evaluating the effectiveness of developing financial culture was based on the Strategy of improving financial Literacy and the formation of financial culture until 2030, International and Russian studies commissioned by the Bank of Russia, as well as the educational experience of training future Economics teachers. The analysis and generalization of the data obtained within the experimental work were carried out. The sample consisted of 102 undergraduate students studying the field of Vocational Education (43.04.03) and majoring in Economics and Management. The validity of the results obtained is confirmed by the International PISA-2018 research and the analysis of the Institute of the Public Opinion Foundation. Results. The analysis of scholarly and educational literature enabled the authors to clarify the concept of ‘financial culture’, to determine its nature and place in society. Therefore, we specify financial culture as the most important factor in the development of national sustainability. As part of the experimental work, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of developing financial culture in future Economics teachers. The research within the framework of the formative stage of the experiment showed a positive trend in the development of students’ financial culture. It was revealed that in order to develop students’ financial culture efficiently, it is necessary to adhere to certain conditions: pay great attention to the financial module, hold events within student associations, use the entire arsenal of modern educational techniques and procedures, systematically analyze the dynamics of the development of students’ financial culture, rely on official data from research centers in Russia and other countries. Conclusions. The results of the study prove that educational conditions justified and implemented in pedagogical universities ensure the effectiveness of developing financial literacy in future Economics teachers. The authors conclude that the development of financial culture can be considered to be the most important condition for students’ successful professional development.

Model of an industrial black currant variety for Central Russia

Model of an industrial black currant variety for Central Russia