Central Pole Research Articles

Species-Specific Effects of a Sound Prototype to Reduce Bird Use of Powerline Poles

Powerlines pose a significant threat to many bird species, impacting their conservation. Current research focuses on developing methods to mitigate bird mortality due to electrocution and collisions with powerlines. In this study, we designed a sound prototype to be installed on infrastructure poles, including powerlines, aiming to reduce their use by birds. We conducted bird surveys over 47 days, from February to May 2020, in five light poles: the central pole where the device was installed (0 m), two poles at 25 m, and two poles at 50 m from the central pole. The first 10 days served as a control period with the deterrent device switched off, followed by 37 days with the device switched on. In total, we recorded 1945 bird observations, of which 1569 occurred with the device on. The device was triggered by bird movements, resulting in 588 reactions to sound. When activated, 10.6% of large- and medium-sized birds were flushed from the surveyed poles: 2.6% were already perched and flushed due to the sound, 3.9% were prevented from perching, and 4.1% were flushed after perching, thereby reducing the risk of electrocution. Among the birds perching or approaching the pole where the device was installed, 25% were deterred by the sound. The black kite, Milvus migrans, was the most reactive species to the device (54.3% flushed at 0 m, and 8.8% flushed at 25 and 50 m), while the white stork, Ciconia ciconia, showed the least sensitivity to the disturbances (14.4% flushed at 0 m, and 2.7% flushed at 25 and 50 m). The corvids exhibited a response rate between the other two species (33.3% flushed at 0 m, and 6.8% flushed at 25 and 50 m). We identified significant limitations to this prototype and proposed recommendations to improve its efficiency.

Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Distinguish between Mare, Cryptomare, and Light Plains in Central Lunar South Pole−Aitken Basin

Abstract We apply machine learning techniques to identify and map resurfacing units in the central South Pole−Aitken (SPA) basin using three Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission data sets: 321/415 nm and 566/689 nm band reflectance ratios from Hapke photometrically standardized albedo maps and a Terrain Ruggedness Index map using the Wilson et al. method. Other data were considered, but albedo and topography data were key in distinguishing between maria, cryptomaria, and light plains. A two-step image classification approach was applied to the data sets, an unsupervised K-Means algorithm followed by a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm. K-Means identified four units, one associated with dark smooth maria, two not associated with any particular features, and a fourth associated with edge effects. To further discriminate between the two nonassociated units, the K-Means unit map and an LRO morphologic basemap were used to select multiple training areas for three defined units in the MLC algorithm: mare, cryptomare, and cryptomare/light plains. From the training area values, the MLC unit map showed a distinction between the two prior indistinguishable K-Means units. Our results show (1) that the cryptomare from the MLC algorithm is in good agreement with cryptomaria mapped by J. L. Whitten & J. W. Head, (2) that the presence of scattered maria within large patches of cryptomaria indicates possible incomplete and/or uneven ejecta deposits or sheet flows covering cryptomare surfaces, and (3) a 79% increase in the total extent of cryptomaria compared to that by J. L. Whitten & J. W. Head for the same given study area in central SPA.

Framework of IBD Care Delivery Across Ages.

IBD care has gone through a real transformation over the last century, moving from the mere unidirectional interaction between the physician and the patient to a stronger framework with multiple stakeholders who interconnect and strengthen each other. The patient has evolved from a passive subject to the central pole in the care pathway. Key elements of the future framework include patient self-care and empowerment, and remote monitoring [eHealth]. This care will be delivered by a multidisciplinary team acknowledging the pivotal role of the IBD nurse, and emphasising and measuring the quality of its work. The big challenge for the future is to establish a financially viable model to make this evolution durable in the long term, and this by using the principles of value-based health care.

Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities in Eyes with Advanced Stages of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Comparison Between UWF-FFA, CFP, and OCTA-The RICHARD Study.

This study aimed to evaluate intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) in eyes with advanced nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using multimodal approach in co-located areas focusing on central retina (up to 50°) and to look at possible correlations between IRMA and other structural changes, like ischemia and presence of microaneurysms. The RICHARD study (NCT05112445) included 60 eyes from 60 patients with type2 diabetes with moderate-severe NPDR, diabetic retinopathy severity levels 43, 47, and 53 (DRSS). IRMA were defined as capillary tortuosity covering a minimum circular area of 300µm (calculated to correspond to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study standard photo 8A) and were identified using multimodal imaging with distinct fields of view (FoV): color fundus photography (CFP) using a Topcon TRC-50DX camera (Topcon Medical Systems, Japan), Optos California ultra wide field fundus fluorescein angiography (UWF-FFA) (Optos plc, UK), and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) (PLEX® Elite 9000, ZEISS, USA). Different areas of the retina were examined: central macula (up to 20°) and posterior pole (between 20° and 50°). Multimodal imaging was used to identify IRMA in co-located areas (FoV < 50°) including UWF-FFA, CFP, and SS-OCTA. In eyes with DRSS levels 47 and 53, IRMA were identified in both areas of the retina, while in eyes with DRSS level 43, IRMA were detected only outside of the central macula (FoV > 20°). Our results show that when evaluating the presence of IRMA (FoV < 50°), UWF-FFA detected 203 IRMA, SS-OCTA detected 133 IRMA, and CFP detected 104 IRMA. Our results also show that the presence of IRMA was positively associated with presence of microaneurysms. Identification of IRMA in eyes with advanced NPDR is better achieved by UWF-FFA than CFP and SS-OCTA. A statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of IRMA and the increase in number of microaneurysms. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05112445.

Assessment of Baseline Ultrawidefield Fluorescein Angiographic Quantitative Leakage Parameters with Ultrawidefield Fundus Features and Clinical Parameters in Diabetic Retinopathy in Protocol AA

PurposeEvaluate quantitative leakage parameters on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) images and explore their association with Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale (DRSS), predominantly peripheral lesions (PPLs), visual acuity, and clinical characteristics. DesignA post-hoc analysis of baseline UWF-FA images in the DRCR Retina Network observational study Protocol AA. ParticipantsN = 575 eyes from 384 adults across 38 sites in the US and Canada with gradable UWF-FA. MethodsA machine learning-enhanced feature extraction platform provided initial leakage segmentation of UWF-FA images sequentially reviewed and corrected by two certified readers for segmentation accuracy. UWF-FA leakage was measured in five retinal zones: panretinal (whole retina), central macular (3-disc diameter fovea-centered circle), posterior pole (6-disc diameter fovea-centered circle), peripheral (outside 6-disc diameter circle) and widefield far peripheral (outside 9-disc diameter circle); associations with clinical factors were evaluated with marginal beta regression models. Main Outcome MeasuresUWF-FA leakage index, calculated as the area with leakage divided by the analyzable retinal area. ResultsThe mean quantitative leakage index was 3.5% for panretinal, 6.6% for macular, 4.8% for posterior pole, 3.3% for peripheral and 2.8% for wide-field far peripheral retinal zones. Panretinal leakage was associated with DRSS (mean 2.2% for no to mild NPDR, 3.4% for moderate NPDR, 4.2% for moderately severe NPDR, 4.8% for severe NPDR and 5.1% for PDR; P<.001), HbA1c (3.2% for HbA1c <8% vs. 3.8% for HbA1c ≥8%; P=.01 for continuous HbA1c), visual acuity (3.3% for 20/25 or better vs. 4.7% for 20/32 or worse; continuous P<.001), and UWF-FA-PPL types of IRMA (4.3% vs. 3.3%; P=.005) or NVE (5.7% vs. 3.4%; P=.003). DRSS was also statistically significant for leakage within all retinal zones (P<.001); eyes with non-central DME versus no DME had higher mean leakage in the central macular (11.2% vs. 5.9%; P=0.005) and posterior pole regions (9.2% vs. 4.2%; P=.002). ConclusionQuantitative UWF-FA leakage analysis identified associations between leakage and DRSS, visual acuity, and presence of DME. In the future, quantitative UWF-FA leakage parameters may be explored as potential biomarkers for disease progression risk.

De mesolithische structuur van Kampen: woonhut, windscherm of luchtkasteel?

The mesolithic features of Kampen: hut, windbreak or castle in the air?In 2016, several possible posthole were found below a circular Mesolithic flint scatter in Kampen (province of Overijssel, the Netherlands). Based on spatial analysis (ring-and-sector analysis) of the flint corresponding to these possible postholes, this scatter was interpreted by Geerts et al (2019) as “the best example of a Mesolithic dwelling-structure known so far in the Netherlands”(translation). Although this is a very promising site, there are some doubts about this interpretation. Several of the ‘postholes’ were dismissed as natural features in the field, and the features which constitute the postulated hut do not correspond morphologically to each other, even though these are supposedly contemporary. This is especially true for the ‘central pole’. This leaves room for other interpretations, such as a windbreak, or natural features, and the find cannot be irrefutably interpreted as a dwelling structure.

Bqt4 affects relative movement between SPB and nucleolus in fission yeast

Movement dynamics in the nucleus involve various biological processes, including DNA repair, which is crucial for cancer prevention. Changes in the movement of the components of the nucleus indicate the changes in movement dynamics in the nucleus. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the inner nuclear membrane protein Bqt4 plays an essential role in attaching telomeres to the nuclear envelope. We observed that the deletion of bqt4+ caused a significant decrease in the mean square displacement (MSD) calculated from the distance between the nucleolar center and spindle pole body (SPB), hereafter referred to as MSD(SPB-Nucleolus). The MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease in bqt4Δ was microtubule-dependent. The Rap1-binding ability loss mutant, bqt4F46A, and nonspecific DNA-binding ability mutants, bqt43E-A, did not exhibit an MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease compared to the WT. Moreover, the bqt43E-Arap1Δ double mutant and 1–262 amino acids truncated mutant bqt4ΔN (263–432), which does not have either Rap1-binding or nonspecific DNA-binding abilities, did not exhibit the MSD(SPB-Nucleolus) decrease to the same extent as bqt4Δ. These results suggest that the unknown function of Bqt4 in the C-terminal domain is essential for the maintenance of the pattern of relative movement between SPB and the nucleolus.

The Slipping Magnetic Reconnection and Damped Quasiperiodic Pulsations in a Circular Ribbon Flare

The study of circular ribbon (CR) flares is important to understand the three-dimensional magnetic reconnection in the solar atmosphere. We investigate the slipping brightenings and damped quasiperiodic pulsations in a CR flare by multiwavelength observations. During the flaring process, two extreme ultraviolet brightenings (SP1 and SP2) slip synchronously along the ribbon in a counterclockwise direction. The ribbon and fans between them show synchronous enhancement with the microwave and hard X-ray (HXR) CR source. In the magnetohydrostatic extrapolation results and observations, the dome and outer spine display an evident counterclockwise twisting feature. We propose the slipping reconnection occurs between the fan and outer spine in the null point, which covers the region from SP1 to SP2. The fan of SP1 shows the strongest twist and produces the most efficient reconnection. The ribbon after SP1 becomes weak due to the destruction of the fan configuration. The fan of SP2 is in the front of the slipping motion, which initiates new reconnection and brightens the local ribbon. The twisting of the dome continuously promotes new reconnection in the null point, which brightens the ribbon in sequence to display a counterclockwise slipping feature. Thus, the twist of the dome may trigger and dominate the slipping reconnection, and the rotation of the central positive pole could be one possible cause of the twist. After the peak, the microwave and HXR emission shows damped oscillations at a period of 15 s. The collapse of the fan–spine structure may lead to the standing kink oscillations of the fan to modulate the reconnection and particle acceleration process.

Round Autoprosthesis: Use of Adipodermaglandular Flap in T Scar Mastopexy.

This study focuses on the use of round or anatomically shaped breast autoprosthesis with different volumes prepared from the central and lower poles of the breast. The technical details and surgical outcomes for patients with varying degrees of breast ptosis are discussed. This study involved 42 patients who underwent the Wise-pattern superior pedicle mastopexy procedure using the adipodermaglandular island flap technique. The research spanned from December 2017 to August 2022. The study participants had not previously undergone breast surgery, did not desire breast implants, and exhibited grade 2 and 3 breast ptosis according to the Regnault Classification. Age and preoperative breast measurements of the patients were recorded for subsequent analysis. Measurements, such as the distance from the nipple-areolar complex to the inframammary fold and the distance from the suprasternal notch to the nipple-areolar complex, were taken both before the surgery and one year after. A systematic process was followed to identify acute and subacute complications during the postoperative follow-up period. This study involved 42 patients with a mean age of 33.9 years (range: 23-49 years). These procedures were conducted between December 2017 and August 2022. The average SN-N distance before surgery measured 26.7cm (range: 24-33cm). One year after surgery, the average SN-N distance was 23.1cm (range: 21.3-24.8cm). The follow-up duration for the examined cases ranged from 12 to 18 months on average. Among the observed cases, delayed wound healing was noted in one instance, venous insufficiency of the nipple in another, and fat necrosis in a third case. The overall complication rate in the group was determined to be 7.1%. In our study, the detachment of dermal connections at the level of the inframammary fold (IMF) and the smooth advancement of the flap in the form of an "island flap" made a contribution to upper pole fullness. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the fusion of the medial and lateral ends of the flap will enhance tissue integration during the healing process, promoting compatibility between the autoprosthesis tissue and breast tissue. Regarding the rates of complications described, classic mastopexy techniques have exhibited similar rates in our findings. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Development of a pressure coring system for the investigation of deep underground exploration

To provide a more accurate evaluation of the scale of deep underground resources, a new pressure coring system was carefully developed and its strength and safety of the engineering were verified by theoretical analyses and numerical simulation. The designed pressure coring system can obtain cores with length of 3 m and diameter of 50 mm at 70 MPa. The results of the ball-drop operation experiment demonstrate that differential motion assembly can effectively cut a safety pin by applying a tensile force of 4852 N, and it can lift the core tube through the center pole to complete a series of mechanical actions to seal the pressure. Additionally, by maintaining pressures at 70 MPa for 30 min, the pressure sealing capacity of the system was proven. Furthermore, a core sample with a diameter of 50 mm was obtained through a core drilling experiment and the coring performance of the pressure coring system was verified. This study can not only enrich the existing onshore coring technology but also provide a theoretical guide and design criteria for the development of similar pressure coring systems to meet the demand for deeper underground exploration.

Analysis and design of the central stack for the SMART tokamak

The SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART) is a new spherical machine that is currently under construction at the University of Seville aimed at exploring negative vs positive triangularity prospects in Spherical Tokamaks (ST). The operation of SMART will cover three phases, with toroidal fields Bϕ≤ 1 T, inductive plasma currents up to Ip= 500 kA and a pulse length up to 500 ms, for a plasma with R = 0.4 m, a = 0.25 m and a wide range of shaping configurations (aspect ratio, 1.4 < R/a < 3, elongation, κ≤ 3, and average triangularity, -0.6 ≤δ≤ 0.6). The magnet system of the tokamak is composed by 12 Toroidal Field Coils (TFC), 8 Poloidal Field Coils (PFC) and a Central Solenoid (CS). With such operating conditions, the design of the central stack, usually a critical part in spherical tokamaks due to space limitations, presents notable challenges. The current SMART central stack has been designed to operate up to phase 2 and it comprises the inner legs of the TFC, surrounded by the CS, two supporting rings, a central pole and a pedestal. To achieve the plasma parameters of this phase (Bϕ=0.4 T with inductive Ipup to 200 kA), the high currents required, combined with the low aspect-ratio of the machine lead to high forces on the conductors that represent an engineering challenge. The loads expected in the central stack are a centring force up to 1.5 MN and a twisting torque up to 7.4 kNm. This work describes the design of the central stack and its mechanical validation with a multiphysics finite element assessment. Using a combined electromagnetic and mechanical assessment, it is shown that the SMART central stack will meet the physics requirements in phase 2.

Innovative Design of a Conductive Center Pole for an Active Thermal Insulation and Coring System in Deep Rock

Intelligent drilling technologies, such as downhole signal and power transmission, can be used to measure key downhole data and obtain thermal insulation cores. This technology is of great significance for the accurate assessment of deep oil and gas resources, the reconstruction of oil and gas resource extraction systems, and the realization of efficient, intelligent and safe resource extraction. In order to meet the needs of underground communication and power supply for active thermal insulation coring, a new type of conductive center pole was innovatively designed. Using the theory of innovation problem solving (TRIZ) and axiomatic design (AD) to analyze the functional requirements of the conductive central pole, establish and solve the original design matrix. Based on the axiomatic design theory, the non-coupling matrix is decoupled by using the TRIZ solving tool, and the key indicators of the design scheme that meet the independent axiom are evaluated. In view of the contradictions and conflicts, the TRIZ solution tool was continually used to solve, optimize and obtain a design scheme with a higher comprehensive evaluation. Thus, the self-adaptive non-winding connection and power conduction of the conductive center pole was realized. Finally, the strength of the newly designed center pole was checked, and a physical prototype was made. Pre-research experiments on its conductivity and electrothermal conversion efficiency were carried out under different simulation environments to verify its conductivity. It provides innovative solutions to related problems in the field of deep insulation coring and intelligent drilling and provides effective technical means for related needs.

Mitotic progression and dual spindle formation caused by spindle association of de novo-formed microtubule-organizing centers in parthenogenetic embryos of Drosophila ananassae.

Facultative parthenogenesis occurs in many animal species that typically undergo sexual reproduction. In Drosophila, such development from unfertilized eggs involves diploidization after completion of meiosis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here we used a laboratory stock of Drosophila ananassae that has been maintained parthenogenetically to cytologically examine the initial events of parthenogenesis. Specifically, we determined whether the requirements for centrosomes and diploidization that are essential for developmental success can be overcome. As a primal deviation from sexually reproducing (i.e. sexual) strains of the same species, free asters emerged from the de novo formation of centrosome-like structures in the cytosol of unfertilized eggs. Those microtubule-organizing centers had distinct roles in the earliest cycles of parthenogenetic embryos with respect to mitotic progression and arrangement of mitotic spindles. In the first cycle, an anastral bipolar spindle self-assembled around a haploid set of replicated chromosomes. Participation of at least one microtubule-organizing center in the spindle was necessary for mitotic progression into anaphase. In particular, the first mitosis involving a monastral bipolar spindle resulted in haploid daughter nuclei, one of which was associated with a microtubule-organizing center whereas the other was not. Remarkably, in the following cycle, biastral and anastral bipolar spindles formed that were frequently arranged in tandem by sharing an aster with bidirectional connections at their central poles. We propose that, for diploidization of haploid nuclei, unfertilized parthenogenetic embryos utilize dual spindles during the second mitosis, as occurs for the first mitosis in normal fertilized eggs.

Makna Simbolik Tradisi “Macera Ase”

The maccera ase cultural procession has many symbolic meanings. One procession that has been carried out for generations in maccera ase is putting chicken blood in the ball position (the center pole of the house). This study aims to describe the procession and symbolic meaning of the Maccera Ase culture in Sipatuo Village, Patampanua District, Pinrang Regency. conclusion. The results of the study found that the Maccera Ase cultural procession in Sipatuo Village, Patampanua District, Pinrang Regency was carried out after carrying out the rice harvest at the farmer's house as a form of gratitude for the harvest given by Allah SWT. The stages of the Maccera Ase procession go through the stages of planning the time and location of the event, the preparation of goods and materials to be used and the Mabbaca Doang process. The symbolic meaning contained in the Maccera Ase culture is the slaughter of chickens which is meaningful as a form of sacrifice, devotion and protection. the meaning of chicken/manu blood as a hope of family safety and a symbol of the implementation of Maccera Ase in the house. The meaning of serving chicken dishes as a dish with the hope of being given a long life, sokko as a form of request for safety and protection of farmers' crops, young coconuts as a form of fortune that is expected to flow as clear as coconut water, and the meaning of bananas as a form of gratitude and as a form of prayer for good fortune.

Between Racism and Universalism

Abstract This paper explores two central poles of Rudolf Steiner’s thought: racial/ethnic hierarchy (primitive/degenerate/earthly vs. advanced/sophisticated/spiritual) and universalism (of the “I” and the eventual disappearance of racial and ethnic differentiations in the future). The relationship between these two poles has been fiercely debated by scholars, anthroposophists, and lay people over the past twenty years. In contrast to previous studies on Steiner’s rac(ial)ism that have focused on how it can be contextualized within the philosophy, sciences, and Theosophy of his day and followed its manifestations in different stages of his life, this article takes an internalist approach, examining how Steiner’s racial doctrine is integral to his teachings as a whole. Demonstrating that the ostensible dichotomy between the two poles on the conceptual plane is false, the article also points to the two incongruous and irreconcilable aspects of Steiner’s personality: while taking a strong stand against racism he also disseminated extremist racial views.

Safety and stability analysis of variable cross-section disc-buckle type steel pipe high support system

In order to solve the problems of poor safety and difficult determination of construction scheme in the construction process of variable cross-section disc-buckle type steel pipe high support system, based on the stress state of the normal working of the disc-buckle type formwork support, the stability bearing capacity of vertical poles under three working conditions of central pole, side pole and corner pole were experimentally carried out, and the correctness were verified by comparing with the results of the experiment and finite element analysis. Based on the verified finite element model and the characteristics of semi-rigid connection joints, the first-order buckling mode and nonlinear buckling analysis of the stability bearing capacity of the variable cross-section disc-buckle type steel pipe high support system were carried out in the construction period with special structure in practical engineering, the stability bearing capacity and deformation law of the variable cross-section disc-buckle type steel pipe high support system in the construction process were mastered. Through parametric analysis of the influencing factors such as the joint bending stiffness, the setting parameters and the initial imperfections, the influence law of the relevant parameters on the overall stability of the variable cross-section disc-buckle type steel pipe high support system was grasped. The results showed that the corner poles at the higher variable section and the lower variable section of the weak stiffness direction support system were prone to instability and failure. The overall stability bearing capacity was mainly affected by the lift height. The vertical diagonal bracing plays an important role in improving the overall stability, the larger the lift height was, the more obvious the improvement was. The overall stability bearing capacity decreases with increasing top extension length, and the top extension length should be controlled within 0.45 m. When the extension length of the top was greater than 0.45 m, the initial imperfection cannot control the overall stability bearing capacity, and the overall structural stability bearing capacity was determined by the buckling behavior of the top vertical pole. When the joint bending stiffness was greater than 2.0 K, the stability bearing capacity does not change. The higher the support system was, the smaller the influence of joint bending stiffness on the overall stability was.

Localization of the CotY and ExsY proteins to the exosporium basal layer of Bacillus anthracis.

Spores are an infectious form of the zoonotic bacterial pathogen, Bacillus anthracis. The outermost spore layer is the exosporium, comprised of a basal layer and an external glycoprotein nap layer. The major structural proteins of the inner basal layer are CotY (at the mother cell central pole or bottlecap) and ExsY around the rest of the spore. The basis for the cap or noncap specificity of the CotY and ExsY proteins is currently unknown. We investigated the role of sequence differences between these proteins in localization during exosporium assembly. We found that sequence differences were less important than the timing of expression of the respective genes in the positioning of these inner basal layer structural proteins. Fusion constructs with the fluorescent protein fused at the N‐terminus resulted in poor incorporation whereas fusions at the carboxy terminus of CotY or ExsY resulted in good incorporation. However, complementation studies revealed that fusion constructs, although accurate indicators of protein localization, were not fully functional. A model is presented that explains the localization patterns observed. Bacterial two‐hybrid studies in Escherichia coli hosts were used to examine protein–protein interactions with full‐length and truncated proteins. The N‐terminus amino acid sequences of ExsY and CotY appear to be recognized by spore proteins located in the spore interspace, consistent with interactions seen with ExsY and CotY with the interspace proteins CotE and CotO, known to be involved with exosporium attachment.

A NEW CONCEPT OF ZONAL AND SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY

To date, there is no single point of view on the lobar, zonal and segmental structure of the arterial tree of the kidney. There is no generally accepted approach in determining the signs by which the kidney is divided into lobes and/or segments. There is still a discussion regarding the division of the renal artery to daughter branches. The aim of the study was to establish variants of individual anatomical variability of the intra-organ arterial bed of the kidney, taking into account zonal and segmental topography. 116 corrosive preparations of the arterial system of the human kidney were studied. In 3D projections, the number of arterial vessels in the hilum of the kidney, topographic and anatomical features of the trunks of the renal arteries in the hilum of the kidney, variants of division of the renal arteries, zones of local blood supply to areas of the substance of the kidney, depending on the variants of division of the renal artery into branches of the 2nd and 3rd orders. The study was carried out using digital visualization methods, digital image processing and appropriate software. As a result, it was found that the renal artery can be divided into two (two-zonal system of blood supply to the kidney) and three (three-zone system of blood supply to the kidney) zonal arteries. In the case of a bizonal system, the renal artery divides into ventral and dorsal branches (54,2% of cases), as well as superior polar and inferior polar zonal branches (15,5% of cases). In the case of a three-zone system, the following options for the division of the renal artery have been established. The first option - on the upper polar, ventral and dorsal zonal branches (in 13,3% of cases); 2nd option - on the ventral, dorsal and lower polar zonal branches (in 9,4% of cases); 3rd variant - on two ventral and one dorsal zonal branches (in 5,1% of cases) and 4th variant on the superior pole, central and inferior pole zonal arteries (in 2,5% of cases). The results of the study convincingly indicate the need to revise the widespread idea of ​​the five-segment structure of the human kidney.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE

The role of this study is to present the theory of the entrepreneurial university and the effects of implementing Clark’s model in five universities in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Finland, and Sweden, in order to prove how this vision impacts the management of public institutions, the academic communities, the visibility and quality of university research and educational products. The data processed in this article has been collected from research conducted from 1980 to 2010 which led to the formulation of concepts and efficiency factors for entrepreneurial universities, in which the central poles of the managerial system rely on the satisfaction of the customer-beneficiary and on the externalization of the academic results in an industrial type of context.

Voltage distortion in LED street lighting installations

The paper considers two power quality issues: voltage distortion and voltage drop along the pole lines of different LED street (road) lighting installations. The research includes three parts: (1) development of a novel model and the corresponding software for calculating voltage harmonics in the three-phase LED street lighting installations, where the load is nonsymmetrical and nonlinear. The model is based on the application of symmetrical components and the impedance per phase model. (2) Experiments on two sections of a pilot street lighting installation, one with 6 poles with neutral white and the other with 5 poles with warm white LED luminaires (the former were with conventional, and the latter with improved drivers regarding harmonic emissions). Their results were used to define harmonic characteristics of the LED luminaires and validate the model. (3) The developed software was applied to four typical street (road) lighting installations, two with a single-sided and two with a central pole layout. The major outcome was the determination of the maximum permissible number of the LED luminaires which can be connected to the feeding cable without exceeding any of the limits related to voltage drop, total voltage harmonic distortion and individual voltage harmonics in either the full or reduced street lighting regimes.