Central Settlement Research Articles

Time‐Bar Defenses in Enforcement Proceedings: Analyzing the Rusoro Decision by the Paris Court of Appeals

Venezuela's 2011 nationalization of its gold‐mining industry resulted in three arbitral awards, all grounded in the Canada‐Venezuela Bilateral Investment Treaty and rendered by tribunals constituted according the ICSID Additional Facility, a set of arbitration, conciliation and fact‐finding rules for parties that fall outside of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes' Convention.

Öcsöd-Kováshalom. Potscape of a Late Neolithic site in the Tisza region

The primary goal of the present study is the publication of the ceramic inventory from Öcsöd-Kováshalom, for which Dissertationes Archaeologicae, being an online journal, can provide the necessary space. We shall principally focus on the possible correlations between vessel forms and their decoration in our analysis, alongside the examination of other traits and dimensions. The ad hoc nature of the analysed finds, i.e. an assemblage of vessels that could be successfully refitted, nevertheless constrains the more general insights that can be drawn from this assemblage. Our primary focus is on three different groups of the site’s ceramic inventory, examined according to uniform criteria. The analytical units differ from each other in terms of size and, as a result, the quality of the recorded data. Until now, the so-called Tisza I and Tisza II cultural phases were essentially distinguished qualitatively, based on the differing ceramic style of the two superimposed occupationlevels (A and B) at Öcsöd-Kováshalom. We took a bottom-up approach in our analysis, moving from the deposits of individual contexts towards the entirety of the settlement. We also strove to extend the Tisza I and II developmental sequence to a larger region in the southern Hungarian Plain by looking at the contexts with similar ceramic patterns on other sites. The essence of our approach is encapsulated by Katalin Sebők’s model for the Late Neolithic of the Tisza region, in which ceramic vessels are enveloped by the different (research) aspect connected with several lines, reflecting the intricate relationships between them. This model takes stock of both the European and the American theoretical approaches and also incorporates elements of various approaches based on system and network theories that figure prominently in modern research agendas. Another inspiring aspect of K. Sebők’s initiative is that she moved beyond the traditional boundaries of pottery assessment and sought new avenues for meaningful analyses, which was also one of our priorities in the current assessment of the pottery finds from Öcsöd-Kováshalom. The settlement complex represents a specific initial phase in the Late Neolithic development of the Hungarian Plain in the Tiszazug micro-region. Its position in the Tisza culture’s formative phase determined the nature of the site, made up of a tell-like and a single-layer settlement, and its layout of a central settlement area surrounded by smaller settlement clusters within a large triple and segmented enclosure, as well as the community’s social and economic milieu. The finds and features brought to light at the site preserve the imprints of complex, multi-scalar processes in the community’s life. The main goal of the analysis of the assemblage of 240 refitted and reconstructed vessels was to examine and interpret the possible imprints of these multi-level changes.

Analysis of Determinants of Housing Lease Dispute Settlement Center for Housing and Lease Dispute Settlement in Seoul Central Branch

Analysis of Determinants of Housing Lease Dispute Settlement Center for Housing and Lease Dispute Settlement in Seoul Central Branch

Assessing the Rules of Appointing Arbitrators under the EU’s Investment Court System

In recent years investor–state arbitration has faced a number of criticisms, such as the pro-investor allegation, the lack of transparency and the regulatory chilling effect. In 2015, the EU proposed an Investment Court System (ICS) in the investment chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiated between the EU and the US. This new mechanism is designed to improve the investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms, in particular the investor–state arbitration. A unique feature of the ICS is that it deprives the right of the disputing parties to appoint arbitrators. This is an apparent departure from the common practice of conventional investor–state arbitration, such as that conducted under the rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. This new approach seems to formulate itself on the pro-investor hypothesis that asserts that the appointment of an arbitrator by an investor will lead to the appointee’s bias in favour of the investor. This paper assesses whether such methodology is justifiable and necessary by discussing the pro-investor allegation and rebutting it with empirical evidence. This paper considers the challenge procedure as the more appropriate and practical safeguard against an arbitrator’s bias.

Legitimacy Issues in Investor-Treaty Arbitration and How a Permanent Court May Be the Best Solution

Investor-treaty dispute settlement is used by States and investors to resolve disagreements that investors may have with regard to their investment in the host state. Disputes are usually resolved through arbitration, and the process has all the trappings of general commercial arbitration. However, there have been calls for the system to be replaced by a permanent court structure. If a permanent court is the next step, this must mean that the current system has legitimacy issues which may be resolved by a permanent structure.This article explores three problems with the current system: inconsistent decisions, lack of appeals, and lack of transparency. These are serious issues which affect the legitimacy of the current system. The discussion focuses primarily on the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) system as this is the most common choice, and some mention is made of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) system. Throughout the article, I analyse the problems associated with these and how a permanent court may address these legitimacy issues. My argument is that a permanent court can weed out inconsistent decisions, have a fair and real appeals structure, and be sufficiently transparent as to as to allow or facilitate interested groups to act as amicus curiae. The discussion makes reference to the draft Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) because, through this, the European Union (EU) has proposed a potential permanent court structure.

From Pre‐Roman Bailo To Roman Baelo: Long‐Term Landscape Dynamics In The Straits Of Gibraltar

SummaryThe Straits of Gibraltar have been historically an important maritime axis of connection between the Mediterranean and Atlantic areas of the Iberian Peninsula. For this reason, most of the archaeological research has focused on the coastal settlements, but its broader archaeological landscape remains mostly unknown. In this paper, we present recent intensive surveys in which a wide range of sites was detected, dating from the eighth century BC to the fourteenth AD. The ancient landscape is thus reconstructed over a long‐term perspective. Prior to the Roman expansion, the earlier Bailo‐La Silla del Papa was an urban central place that supported a dense network of subordinate settlements. Later on, the central settlement was transported from inland to the coastal town of Baelo Claudia, but the territorial structure remained based on a similar pattern.

Spatial Satisfaction and Expectation Analysis of University Campus Users, Case Study of Yozgat Bozok University

University campuses are dynamic spaces where the social and physical environment integrates with natural and artificial landscape elements and requires continuous change and development. The intellectual working environment, which guides both the scientific, technical and technological developments of the age as well as the socialization, entertainment and recreation activities, is named the university campus. Therefore, it is very significant that planning of university campuses, with a holistic design approach that appeals to all users such as students, academicians, administrative staff and visitors when considered these places where all kinds of technical, practical and cultural information are shared and produced. The main objective of this study, titled “Spatial Satisfaction and Expectation Analysis of University Campus Users, Case Study of Yozgat Bozok University”, is to measure and evaluate the social and physical satisfaction and expectation levels of the students, academic and administrative staff of the university campus with face to face survey technique. Erdogan Akdag Campus is the central settlement of Yozgat Bozok University. Situated 8 km from Yozgat city center, the campus is built on an area of approximately 391 hectares. There are 12 academic education buildings in the campus area and 12 service buildings and artificial-natural landscaping items to meet various needs of the campus users. In the formation of the campus area, the demands and expectations of the users have a guiding feature. Therefore, this study, which is composed of approximately 12000 students, 500 academic and 250 administrative staff, will provide the necessary criteria / indicators in the future development of the settlement area in the spatial context. In this project, the settling characteristics of spatial trends/preferences and differentiated behavior patterns unique to the settlement, and parameters regarding how these will be evaluated in planning process, will be put forward. Keywords : Campus Design, Spatial Satisfaction, Spatial Expectation, Yozgat Bozok University. DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-2-30

Numerical simulation on the dynamics of continental lithosphere extension and break‐up

This study simulated continental lithosphere extension and break‐up through performing 2D numerical modelling with the “I2VIS” code. Based on the simulation results, the process of continental lithosphere extension and break‐up at different stages under different boundary conditions is quantitatively analysed, and its major controlling factors were determined. Through a comparative analysis of different simulation results, the following findings could be obtained: (a) During slow extension, increasing extension rate leads to increased thinning of the continental lithosphere, further increasing the corresponding thickness of sediments. Meanwhile, a centre of settlement appears on the terrestrial side of the initial basin, and sediment deposition occurred. This slow extension mode does not induce intense destruction of the lithosphere with low‐angle fault, which does not control deposition in the basin. Therefore, low extension rate is possibly a dominant factor controlling the formation of a depression‐type basin. (b) In the fast extension mode (at a rate of 10 mm/a), when hydrated mantle is absent, the continental crust experiences noticeable destruction. According to the simulation results, several translithospheric faults are observed in the absence of hydrated mantle. This indicates that continental lithosphere destruction is closely related to extension rate and lithospheric rheology.

Treaties on the International Trade Dispute Settlement and the China “Belt and Road” Initiative

Under the background of the “Belt and Road” initiative, international trade disputes could be classified into three types: international trade disputes between states, international investment disputes between state and investor, and international trade disputes between parties as non-states. Due to the characteristic of difference disputes, there are different settlement mechanisms. For disputes that involve states in the context of the “One Belt and One Road” initiative, the Multilateral dispute settlement mechanism such as World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) should not be applied directly because of their limitations or shortcomings of their mechanism, but the New York Convention is the most effective mechanism for resolving disputes between individuals over international trade. The model of international trade between countries along the “Belt and Road” is “China-centered” and “peer-to-peer”, which determined the superiority of bilateral consultation and settlement mechanism, thus it is urgent to improve or revise bilateral treaties between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road”. At the meantime, it is also essential to create a “reticular trade” environment among countries with a view to promoting the establishment of multilateral cooperation mechanisms among countries along the “Belt and Road”.

Запоріжжя як центр регіональної системи розселення

Administrative regional centers are always the centers of the regional settlement system. Because Zaporizhzhia is located in the north-west of the region, this, in turn, leads to problems in the management and transport-geographical accessibility of remote settlements in the region. The purpose of the study is to identify Zaporizhzhia as the center of the regional settlement system and its influence on the territory of the region. In the article, with the help of mathematical formulas and data of the Main Directorate of Statistics, the field of demographic influence of Zaporizhzhia, the population concentration index and the potential of the settlement area of the region are calculated, the actual center of resettlement of the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system is determined. Zaporizhzhia, as a large industrial city and an administrative center of the region, concentrates a large part of its population in suburban areas around it, therefore the study also substantiates and determines the formation of the Zaporizhzhia agglomeration. Consequently, as a result of the study, it was determined that the center of settlement of the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system is near Stepnohirsk, and tends more to a geographical center than an administrative one. However, 43.2% of the region’s population is concentrated in Zaporizhzhia. It is characterized by the largest field of demographic impact and the potential of the settlement area in the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system, which in turn shows the unevenness of the population of the region and the concentration of population in the regional center and its surroundings. Zaporizhzhia together with surrounding settlements forms Zaporizhzhia monocentric agglomeration. It consists of: 4 cities (Vilnyansk, Orikhiv, Vasylivka, Dniproprudne), 6 urban-type settlements (Balabyne, Kushuhum, Malokaterynivka, Stepnohirsk, Komyshuvakha, Kamiane) and more than 10 rural settlements. This agglomeration can be considered as developed. Thus, we can conclude that Zaporizhzhia is the center of a regional settlement system. However, its remoteness from the geographical center causes certain inconveniences and disproportion in the resettlement of the region.

Reverse Contributors? African State Parties, ICSID, and the Development of International Investment Law

International investment disputes involving African states before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) have generated significant critical inquiry. Yet, accounts of their contribution to the development of international investment law as a result of these dispute are limited. This article addresses this gap. It examines the contribution of some of the high-profile ICSID disputes involving African states to the development of international investment law. Notwithstanding the charges against African States in ICSID, I contend that the involvement of African States in ICSID Disputes has contributed to the development of international investment law. In particular, the jurisprudence that these ICSID case law has generated, not only affirm principles of international investment law, but more importantly, have opened new paths over the years for the development of international investment law.

Evaluating Investor-State Dispute System under Ethiopia’s Bilateral Investment Treaties: Looking a Workable Roadmap

Despite Ethiopia did not yet ratify ICSID convention, many of the bilateral treaties which Ethiopia is a party point to International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes and The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the problem is how Ethiopia could be coup up with the ICSID community and the ICSID system without the knowledge of the system itself. And what would be the problem if it becomes a member? What does the country lose if it is not a party while it gives consent to the jurisdiction of the center is not clearly articulated? Thus, as investment whether from domestic or foreign sources, is crucial for prosperity, development and robust economies, this writing will scrutinize the bilateral investment treaties signed by Ethiopia and assess the ISDS and arbitral institutions which Ethiopia has consented to resolving investment dispute that may arise between it as a host state and investors of another state, and thereby recommend an arbitral institution which is less evil from the evils.

Environmental Conditions of Settlement of the Danubian Communities in the Northern Foreland of the Sandomierz Upland

The article raises the issue of the nature, intensity and environmental conditions of the settlement processes occurring on the borderline of the loessic Sandomierz Upland and the sandy-clay areas of the Ilza Foothills, between the end of 6th and the beginning of the 4th millennia BC. The results of previously conducted research confirm the high settlement activity in these areas, throughout the period of development of the Danubian cultural groups. The obtained data document the phenomenon of the formation and functioning of the early-agricultural settlement centres in upland areas, located outside the range of compact loess cover, i.e. within ecological and landscape zones that diverge from the basic preferences of the Danubian communities, inhabiting the upland areas of the upper Vistula basin.

New Bukhara: An 'Island' of Russia in Central Asia

This paper is devoted to the characteristics of the city of New Bukhara, the “capital” of the Russian settlements in the Bukharan Emirate. It was originally established as a station on the Trans-Caspian railway but soon transformed into the Russian business and cultural center in the Emirate. It had specific status being a Russian enclave in the Bukharan Emirate which was de jure an independent state. However, the information on this city is contradictory. Some visitors stated in their notes and memoirs that it was a large city with well-developed infrastructure, others characterized it as a little settlement, “a poky hole” without any common features with towns of Russia and Europe. According to other materials New Bukhara was the real administrative center of Russian settlements in the Bukharan Emirate, while others state that it was only the residence of the Russian diplomatic representative in the Emirate. The author analyzes legal documents, other official information, notes from travelers and another contemporaries to establish a view on the real New Bukhara, to answer the question on status of New Bukhara in the Bukharan Emirate and in the Russian Empire.

Optimal energy production from wind and hydroelectric power plants

ABSTRACTAll countries attach great importance to renewable energy investments with concern that future fossil-fueled energy resources could be exhausted. Thus, a very large renewable energy production potential may be predicted in not a very distant future. This study is about optimal energy production from wind and hydroelectric power plants at a small scale settlement center. A water resources system with multiple reservoirs in which wind power plants are located around the basin is described in this study. The system has three scenarios, in which wind and hydroelectric power plants are integrated, separated and no wind turbines. In the integrated scenario, by the energy generated in the wind power plants, the released flows from the reservoirs are sent to the reservoirs as a use again. In models of every scenario, optimal operational models for long-term planning are established on the system. The technique of dynamic programming with successive approximations is used in these models. The models are applied to a water resources system with multiple reservoirs presented successively on the main line of the Ceyhan River in the Ceyhan Basin. The results obtained here are evaluated in terms of three scenarios developed for energy production. As a result, it has been seen that the systems of the integrated and separated scenario are similar to energy productions and system without wind turbines produces more little energy production to other scenarios.

Predicting and Validating Malaria Vulnerability in Rural Kwara State, Nigeria: A Geospatial - Clinical Laboratory Approach

Background: Geographical Information System (GIS) establish relationship or link between vector borne diseases and associated environmental factors thereby providing explanation for the spatial distribution pattern, possible causes of diseases outbreak and implication on the community. We hypothesized, if GIS data could correlates with laboratory-based quantitative assessment of malaria prevalence pattern in rural Kwara State, Nigeria. This work focuses on utilization of GIS hardware, software to map, predict, communicate risk, in some selected geographic area and was substantiated with determination of malaria prevalence with RDTs and Giemsa Microscopy. Methods: Garmin GPS was used to capture the coordinates (Lat/Long) of 6 selected settlements and overlaid with a geo-referenced satellite image in the study area. A total of One hundred and thirty five (135) vulnerable individuals were diagnosed for Malaria with light Olympus microscope and rapid diagnostic kit. Data were entered and analyzed using R-Package for Statistical Computing and Graphics. Results: Apodu and Elemere had the highest malaria vulnerability index within 300m radius and the vulnerability index increases as one move away from the center of the settlement. The possible explanation for this high vulnerability could be the presence of pond/lake in Apodu. This is a good breeding site for mosquito couple with dense vegetation as one move from the centre of the settlements. Unlike Apodu, Gbugudu was at highest risk at 100 m buffer (60%) but the vulnerability index decreases as one move away from the settlement centre. The absence of thick vegetation and presence numerous cultivated farmlands on the eastern part could have been responsible for this observation. The RDT results revealed 37% malaria prevalance in all three communities combined while Light microscopy recorded 48% positivity rate. However, with Light microscopy, Apodu community had a higher infected to non-infected persons' ratio at 58.7% to 41.3% than Gbugudu and Elemere, both of which showed lower prevalence rates at 30.3% and 46.2% respectively. Conclusions: Findings of this study showed dense vegetation and ponds within Apodu, Elemere and Malete centres serves a good breeding site for mosquito coupled with dense vegetation was responsible for the high vulnerability index at these areas. Settlements within 1 km radius around KWASU campus recorded lower index possibly due to low vegetation. Results from this study indicate that the degree of malaria parasitaemia in the three settlement correlates directly with the remote sensing data. Funding Statement: Oluwasogo A Olalubi was a recipient of Tertiary Education (Tetfund) Institution Research Grant No:KWASUTETFUND/2016ABUJA/1/31. Declaration of Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Ethics Approval Statement: All aspects of the study were approved by Kwara State University Research Committee and Ethical Review Board. Verbal and written Informed consent was obtained from all the community leaders/respondents in the three major settlement screened. They were assured of voluntary participation,confidentiality of their test results and responses and the opportunity to withdraw at any time withoutprejudice in line with the Helsinki Declaration was emphasized (World Medical Association, 2001).

Access to justice in international courts for indigent states, persons and peoples

Funding and litigation finance is an important aspect of international adjudication. The growing literature on courts and tribunal has however overlooked the subject of litigation cost and finance. This paper considers the development of the practice of trust funds that aid access to international courts and tribunals for states as well as corporate and natural persons. Next, the paper addresses strategies to increase access to justice by poorer developing states and indigent persons. The paper evaluates the means by which further confidence in the adoption of international adjudication, arbitral routes and other appropriate dispute resolution routes may be promoted among poorer parties in order to reduce the deleterious effects of acute financial inequalities between litigants and other participants. In order to exhaustively deal with this issue of litigation financing the paper will, therefore, compare the relevant law and processes of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the European Court of Human Rights, the various International Criminal tribunals, the World Trade Organisation and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДОГОВІРНОЇ КОМПАНІЇ 2018 РОКУ З ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕННЯ ВАНТАЖІВ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ

The reform of the railway industry of Ukraine leads to changes in the organization of contract work in the model "Customer-Railway". The customers of railways service constantly set the tasks before the management of the railway that needed to be resolved. For example it was necessary to improve the interaction of the railways activity and users of its services. The proposed Ukrainian Railways PJSC scheme for 2018 provides for an automated and paper-based registration of contracts through the Center for Transport Logistics(CTL), which simplifies the procedure for concluding contracts and makes it possible to make settlements for transportation through the Unified Settlement Center (USC). The distinct feature of the new contract for providing the services related to the organization of goods transportation in domestic and international communications is the definition of the identity of railway carriage (container) of the carrier. Thus only the introduction of a new contract without capital investment and the introduction of technical means increased transportation charges that are the significant expense for railroad users and increase immensely the cost of goods. For efficient use of the carriages of the carrier, it is necessary to determine the standard number of days of the carriage in the freight and empty runs. Such a prospect as the creation of a powerful carrier UZ Cargo, which will dictate the conditions in the transportation market, will improve the efficiency of the use of railroad rolling stock, increase profits and assignations for infrastructure modernization.

The excavation of the Wujiachang Cemetery in Fuquanshan Site, Shanghai in 2010

Abstract Fuquanshan Site is a central settlement site of the Liangzhu Culture. The 2010 excavation in the Wujiachang locality of Fuquanshan Site was productive. The relatively small excavation area of 231sqm yielded six burials, 14 ash pits, three ash ditches, and one water well. Four of the burials were dated to the Liangzhu Age. The Liangzhu grave goods assemblage was exceptionally rich. It comprised more than 400 artifacts that included sumptuous objects of jade cong-tubes, jade bi-discs, jade yue-battle axes, ivory scepters, etc. Their presence suggested that M204 and M207 were elite burials. The complete removal of feature M207 from the field allowed meticulous excavation of the burial in the convenience of laboratory environment, as well as the immediate preservation of the uncovered cultural relics. The deposition indicated that Wujiachang was an artificial mound cemetery of the elites of the Liangzhu Culture.

Corporate Lending in Overdraft Mode: Determination of Limit and Criteria for Economic Justification

For a lending institution, overdrafts to corporate customers are attractive in terms of maintaining bank liquidity and increasing revenues from operating activities. The introduction of this credit service and expansion of its application does not require additional capital investments from the bank, but at the same time enhances its competitive position, since this service can not be provided by non-bank financial services operators, but exclusively by banks, because they act as financial intermediaries and settlement centers. When lending in overdraft mode, the bank has two specific tasks - determining the overdraft limit and assessing the economic soundness of lending in this mode. The problem of the current moment is that the lending banks solve these tasks, based on the administrative approach, often subjective, which does not have a unified economic justification, characterized by the length of the decision-making process for the loan application. This problem does not allow the bank to put on stream making decisions on lending in overdraft mode and thus, to give this service speed and mass character. As a solution to this problem, the article proposes a unified methodology for determining the limit and criteria for the correspondence of the corporate client's cash flow to the overdraft regime, which allows the bank to standardize the decision-making process for applications for lending in the form of an overdraft.