Center Of Plot Research Articles

Creation and (Re)presentation of Historical Discourse in Isle of Passion by Laura Restrepo

Published in Colombia in 1989, but neglected until the author’s later distinction, Laura Restrepo’s first novel, Isle of Passion, focuses on historical facts, as well as on the issues that arise when the impact of events is articulated in official discourse. This study—drawing from Walter Mignolo’s idea of decolonial theory—explores how Restrepo’s attempt to rewrite history following “an-other logic, an-other language, another thinking” contributes to the decolonization of knowledge, being, community interests, and cultural heritage. The novel’s plot centers on a minor event in international history: the territorial dispute over the island of Clipperton, which was encountered by an English pirate escaping the Spaniards in the 1700’s, claimed by the Mexicans for its geographical proximity, owned (since 1930) by the French, and occasionally disputed by the English and US governments. Writing while personally experiencing the trauma of exile, Restrepo narrates the forgotten story of the Mexican soldiers—deployed with their families to defend the island—as a metaphor of marginalization. Clipperton, therefore, represents not only a geographical, but also a historical entity. This reading of Isle of Passion describes how its creative dis-order recovers a chapter of national history, finally retold by its silenced protagonists. This article is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol35/iss2/6 Creation and (Re)presentation of Historical Discourse in Isle of Passion by Laura Restrepo Daniela Melis Independent Scholar Translated by Emily Fiore and Daniela Melis Preoccupied with memory and the definition of truth in History, the Colombian ex-journalist Laura Restrepo has created her own literary space between and among genres with a novel based on rigorous historical research. This essay presents a reading of La isla de la pasion (1989) Isle of Passion (2005)—her first novel, hardly read until the writer attained international recognition in later years. The critical corpus that has formed around Restrepo’s work over the last five years records her deep commitment towards the (re)writing of national and continental History, demonstrating the postcolonial character of a discourse that subverts phallocentrism as it reorganizes the patriarcal literary canon.1 Among the most recent criticism, El universo literario de Laura Restrepo (2007) ‘The Literary Universe of Laura Restrepo,’ brings together twenty-two essays and three interviews presenting a variety of readings generated internationally by Restrepo’s writing. The discussion starts with Paolo Vignolo’s introductory essay on Isle of Passion titled “Doubtful Existence: between History and Utopia.” After decanting the hybridity of the literary text—designed within the journalistic deontology of its author—Vignolo emphasizes the presence of a “clear political stance” reflecting upon “the emergency of History from the bottom up” (64, my trans.).2 The critic stresses the contraposition between the hegemonic vision of official history and the subordinate vision proceeding from the personal stories of the novel’s protagonists. Starting from Vignolo’s argument, I propose a non-localistic reading of Restrepo’s text that highlights the presence of a universal 1 Melis: Creation and (Re)presentation of Historical Discourse in Isle of Published by New Prairie Press

Quantifying Primate Food Distribution and Abundance for Socioecological Studies: An Objective Consumer-centered Method

Food abundance and distribution have played a central role in the conceptual theory of primate socioecology. This theory predicts that agonistic (contest) competition should occur when food is distributed in discrete, defensible patches; in contrast, when food sources are distributed uniformly or randomly, nonagonistic (scramble) competition is expected. Primatologists usually measure resource density and patchiness from a botanical perspective, without an explicit link to the biology of the animal being studied. Such an approach may be irrelevant to how the animals view the dispersion of resources. For studies related to feeding competition, we suggest the use of a method that provides a consumer-based index of food distribution. We then describe such an approach and apply it to understand agonistic behavior in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), at Lomas Barbudal. Instead of choosing sample plots at random, we use each actual feeding tree of a group as the center of a sample plot and we use the monkey species’ average group spread as the sampling area. This focal tree method allows us to evaluate the resource availability both within and outside of the feeding tree during a particular feeding bout. To summarize the spatial distribution of food at the level of a foraging group, we define and use an extension of Lloyd’s Dispersion Index, Lloyd’s Extended Index (LEI), designed to allow the inclusion of resources of diverse sizes and species in a single measure. We evaluate if LEI can be used to predict the frequency of aggression, if changing the area of the plot alters these results, and if calculating LEI based on fruit abundance or fruit biomass better predicts the frequency of aggression in this population of capuchins. In support of socioecological predictions, our results show that the frequency of agonism in a focal tree declines as LEI increases. This relationship is significant when LEI is calculated using a 20-m plot size and weighting tree size by fruit counts, but not when using larger plot sizes, unweighted tree counts, or weighting by fruit biomass. Our approach demonstrates the importance of carefully considering plot size and different measures of food availability when testing socioecological models relating resource distribution and quality to aggression in nonhuman primates.

Tree effects on forage growth and soil water in an Appalachian silvopasture

Silvopastures may have the potential to increase forage yields beneath trees compared to open pasture at some sites. This has been attributed to a combination of factors including improved water use efficiency by shaded grass and increased water availability through hydraulic lift by trees. The objectives of this research were to determine if silvopastures changed forage mass production and available soil water, and to determine how these two factors were related. Forage mass and soil water were sampled at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.6 m from the tree stem, or plot center under honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and shade cloth in 2006 and 2007. Soil water was measured in the top 10 cm of soil using a capacitance probe, and at 30-cm intervals, from 45 to 105 cm, using a neutron probe. Forage was collected to determine dry mass and annual yield. In 2006, forage mass was greater under black walnuts and honey locusts than under 70% shade cloth. In 2007, with a 50% shade cloth, forage growth was similar in all treatments. In both 2006 and 2007, soil moisture in the top 10 cm was higher under shade cloth compared to honey locust or black walnut trees. Similarities in forage mass between treatments in 2007 indicate that the differences in soil water were not biologically significant for forage growth. Lower forage mass under the 70% shade cloth in 2006 was due to suppressed growth from intense shading. The major implication for pasture managers is that trees in these pastures had no negative effect on soil water availability and forage growth.

Maintaining the confidentiality of plot locations by exploiting the low sensitivity of forest structure models to different spectral extraction kernels

The United States Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit maintains a large national network of inventory plots. While the consistency and extent of this network make FIA data attractive for ecological modelling, the FIA is charged by statute not to publicly reveal inventory plot locations. However, use of FIA plot data by the remote sensing community often requires that plot measurements be matched with spatially correspondent values from spectral or geographic data layers. Extracting spatial data in a known way and associating it with plot information leaves open the possibility that a user might use extracted spatial characteristics and a moving window filter to directly infer the plot's location. Direct inference of plot location in this way would be impossible, however, if the original method of sampling the geographic data was unknown. Tests using five Landsat scenes covering a wide range of ecological types showed that varying the weights of pixels within approximately 50 m of the plot centre has little effect on the quality of subsequent models predicting basal area. This finding may support the development of automated extraction routines that vary (perhaps randomly) the geographic data extraction process and therefore increase the security of FIA plot locations.

Amelia O'Donohue Is So Not a Virgin (review)

Reviewed by: Amelia O'Donohue Is So Not a Virgin Karen Coats FitzGerald, Helen. Amelia O'Donohue Is So Not a Virgin. Sourcebooks, 2010. 217p. Paper ed. ISBN 978-1-4022-4373-8 $9.99 Ad Gr. 9-12. The gossipy, scandal-bait tone of the title of this British import is cunningly deceptive in more ways than one: Amelia O'Donohue is not the central concern of the novel, her virginity is never really at issue, and the novel is not the typical catty [End Page 233] chick-lit that the title might suggest. Rather, the plot centers on Rachel Ross, a Scottish girl who has just started at a new boarding school. There quiet, solitary Rachel becomes the person that everyone confides in, but she also receives more than her share of bullying. She's completely stunned, however, when she finds a newly delivered baby in a hall closet, and she tries, with her knowledge of school secrets, to discover whose baby it is while hiding the infant from the staff. Originally Rachel's prime suspect, Amelia O'Donohue ends up joining Rachel's sleuthing, and together the girls try to sort out which student is keeping this terrible secret, maybe even from herself. Readers will be completely caught off-guard by the baby, but they will quickly be able to sort through clues that have been laid all along as to the identity of the baby's mother, and the intense and secretive atmosphere of the boarding school is effectively conveyed. The book suffers from strained realism at times, though, especially in the tidy resolution, which includes the complete support of the new mother's parents and friends and a boy who likes her enough to take it all in stride. Still, the detached and oddly focused emotional state of Rachel is credibly portrayed throughout, especially when retroactively considered. Readers who've ever wondered how in the world someone could not know she was pregnant will come away with a reasonable picture of how such denial might indeed be possible. Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Effects of Traffic Noise on Occupancy Patterns of Forest Birds

Noise may drive changes in the composition and abundance of animals that communicate vocally. Traffic produces low-frequency noise (<3 kHz) that can mask acoustic signals broadcast within the same frequency range. We evaluated whether birds that sing within the frequency range of traffic noise are affected by acoustic masking (i.e., increased background noise levels at the same frequency of vocalizations reduce detection of vocalization) and are less abundant in areas where traffic noise is loud (44-57 dB). We estimated occupancy, the expected probability that a given site is occupied by a species, and detection probabilities of eight forest-breeding birds in areas with and without traffic noise as a function of noise and three measures of habitat quality: percent forest cover, distance from plot center to the edge of forest, and the number of standing dead trees or snags. For the two species that vocalize at the lowest peak frequency (the frequency with the most energy) and the lowest overall frequency (Yellow-billed Cuckoo [Coccyzus americanus] and White-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta carolinensis]), the presence of traffic noise explained the greatest proportion of variance in occupancy, and these species were 10 times less likely to be found in noisy than in quiet plots. For species that had only portions of their vocalizations overlapped by traffic noise, either forest cover or distance to forest edge explained more variation in occupancy than noise or no single variable explained occupancy. Our results suggest that the effects of traffic noise may be especially pronounced for species that vocalize at low frequencies.

Do position and species identity of neighbours matter in 8–15-year-old post harvest mesic stands in the boreal mixedwood?

Neighbourhood competition indices (NCI), where position and species identity of neighbours are known, have been used to investigate growth and competitive interactions among adult trees. In this study, we used NCI in 8–15-year-old stands following clear-cutting in a boreal mixedwood forest of eastern Canada to improve our understanding of early successional forest dynamics. Trees of increasing diameter from the center (≥1 cm) to the edge (≥5 cm) were mapped in twenty-five circular 450 m 2 plots. Target trees (DBH ≥ 1 cm) were sampled in plot center to determine their annual radial stem growth. For each species, we compared a set of growth models using either a spatially explicit NCI or a non-spatial competition index. Both types of indices estimated a species-specific competition coefficient for each pair of competitor–target species. NCI were selected as the best competition model for all target species although differences in variance explained relative to the non-spatial index were small. This likely indicates that competition occurs at the local level but that the high density and the relative uniformity of these young stands creates similar neighbourhoods for most trees in a given stand. The effective neighbourhood radius for competitors varied among species and was smaller for shade tolerant species. Intraspecific neighbours were the strongest competitors for most species. Aspen ( Populus tremuloides) was a weak competitor for all species as opposed to balsam fir ( Abies balsamea) which was a strong competitor in all cases. These results are in contradiction with some widely used forest policies in North America (e.g. free-to-grow standards) that consider broadleaf species, such as aspen, as the strongest competitors. For these early successional forests, the decision regarding the use of spatial or non-spatial competition indices should rest on the intended use. For even-age management, spatial indices might not justify their use in high-density stands but they are needed for the simulation of novel harvest techniques creating complex stand structure.

The distribution of ecological species groups in Fagetum communities of Caspian forests: Determination of effective environmental factors

Aim of the research was the recognition of ecological species groups in beech forests south of the Caspian Sea (Northern Iran) and the determination of the main effective environmental factors explaining the distribution of plant ecological groups. Selective stratification sampling was used to locate samples. A total of 120 samples (400 m 2 each) were selected in Fagetum communities within the study area. At each sample, a floristic list of the plot and an estimate of percent cover and abundance of all vascular plants were recorded in separate strata using the Braun-Blanquet scale. At the center of each vegetation plot, two soil samples were taken of 0–10 and 10–30 cm depth levels for physico-chemical analyses. Cluster analysis was used for the classification of vegetation samples and Multi-response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) was used to test the hypothesis of no difference between ecological groups in the species space. Indicator species analysis was used to identify indicator species for each group. A Tukey test was used to compare environmental variables among groups. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to analyze the relationships between the ecological groups and environmental variables. Results showed that the distribution of the four ecological groups, recognized in the study area was better associated with aspect, content of clay, total nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and exchangeable bases than with elevation, slope, percentage of sand and silt, C/N ratio and pH in the study area.

Spatial Tree Mapping Using Photography

Abstract Stem maps describing the spatial location of trees sampled in a forest inventory are used increasingly to model relationships between neighboring trees in distance-dependent growth and yield models, as well as in stand visualization software. Current techniques and equipment available to acquire tree spatial locations prohibit widespread application because they are time-consuming, costly, and prone to measurement error. In this report, we present a technique to derive stem maps from a series of digital photographs processed to form a seamless 360° panorama plot image. Processes are described to derive distance from plot center and azimuth to each plot tree. The technique was tested on 46 field plots (1,398 sample trees) under a range of forest conditions and compared with traditional methods. Average absolute distance error was 0.38 ± 0.44 m, and average absolute azimuth error was 2.3 ± 2.5°. Computed average horizontal accuracy was 0.40 ± 0.42 m, with 85% of measured trees being within 0.5 m of the field-measured tree location.

Landscape-moderated importance of hedges in conserving farmland bird diversity of organic vs. conventional croplands and grasslands

Hedges provide important nesting, feeding and sheltering sites for birds in agricultural areas, while organic farming also enhances farmland birds. However, it is little known how the interaction of these local variables (amount of hedges and organic management) with landscape scale variables affects birds. We selected paired conventional and organic winter wheat fields and meadows in each of 10 landscapes in Germany. Birds were surveyed in the fields and in the adjoining hedges. More bird species occurred in organic than in conventional fields regardless of land-use type (wheat fields and meadows). However, hedge length had a much stronger effect on bird richness than organic farmland management. We found an interaction of landscape complexity and hedge length in that hedge length enhanced bird richness only in case of simple landscapes (<17% semi-natural areas within a 500 m radius around the centre of bird survey plots). In more complex landscapes the local effect of hedge length levelled off because bird richness was high even without local hedges. Therefore, adding hedges or introducing organic farming practices should be primarily promoted in simple landscapes, where it really makes a difference for biodiversity.

Soil faunal activity as measured by the bait-lamina test in monocultures of 14 tree species in the Siemianice common-garden experiment, Poland

In 1970–1971, 53 tree monoculture study plots were established (20 m × 20 m) in Siemianice (SW Poland) by clearcutting of an 81-year-old pine forest. The following 14 tree species were planted there with 3 or 6 replicates: Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Quercus rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii. During 34 years of monitoring the soil chemistry, ground floral composition and litter decomposition rates differed strongly between some tree species. The aim of this study was to determine whether tree species also influenced soil faunal activity. In June and October 2006, 50 bait-laminas were distributed in the center of each study plot and exposed for 42 and 33 days, respectively. The soil faunal activity levels in plots of the same tree species were similar but differed between monocultures, being particularly high in monocultures of L. decidua and P. abies. These differences cannot be directly attributed to the soil chemical characteristics. Soil faunal activity was significantly higher in summer than in autumn, although soil moisture was lower in summer (12% at the beginning and 4% at the end of the period) than in autumn (10% and 12%, respectively). The main factor affecting seasonal differences in soil faunal activity seems to be soil temperature, which was significantly higher in summer (mean 19.3 °C) than in autumn (mean 10.1 °C). Faunal activity differed also along the soil profile, with maximum at 0–4 cm depth.

Indicator kriging modeling epidemiology of common bean anthracnose

The present work aims to characterize the spatial variability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara) using indicator kriging systems and nonlinear regression models. Seeds inoculated with a hydric restriction technique at −1 MPa were sowed in the center of plots as a pointwise inoculum source during a rainy and a drought season. The disease incidence was evaluated 26, 33, 40, 47, 54, and 61 days after sowing, in both considered seasons. Spacewise patterns of the disease were influenced by weather conditions and sprinkler irrigation. Based on spherical semivariogram models and kriging probability maps, the disease was disseminated around the primary inoculum source presenting strongly aggregated pattern in the rainy season. Disease presents higher aggressiveness in the drought period, spreading with secondary inoculum sources that became coalescent over time. Power model describes the increase of disease range variation over time in the rainy and drought seasons, with higher range values in the drought period.

The effects of rectification and Global Positioning System errors on satellite image-based estimates of forest area

Satellite image-based maps of forest attributes are of considerable interest and are used for multiple purposes such as international reporting by countries that have no national forest inventory and small area estimation for all countries. Construction of the maps typically entails, in part, rectifying the satellite images to a geographic coordinate system, observing ground plots whose coordinates are obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that are calibrated to the same geographic coordinate system, and then matching ground plots to image pixels containing the centers of the ground plots. Errors in rectification and GPS coordinates cause observations of ground attributes to be associated with spectral values of incorrect pixels which, in turn, introduces classification errors into the resulting maps. The most important finding of the study is that for common magnitudes of rectification and GPS errors, as many as half the ground plots may be assigned to incorrect pixels. The effects on areal estimates obtained by aggregating class predictions for individual pixels are deviation of the estimates from their true values, erroneous confidence intervals, and incorrect inferences. Results are reported in detail for both probability-based (design-based) and model-based approaches to inference for proportion forest area using maps constructed from Landsat imagery, forest inventory plot observations and a logistic regression model.

An application-oriented automated approach for co-registration of forest inventory and airborne laser scanning data

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data can be used for downscaling point-based forest inventory (FI) measurements to obtain spatially distributed estimates of forest parameters at a more detailed, local scale. Such downscaling algorithms usually consist of a direct coupling between selected FI parameters and ALS data collected at the field sampling locations. Thus, precise co-registration between FI and ALS data is an essential preprocessing step to obtain accurate predictive relationships. This paper presents a new, automated co-registration approach that searches iteratively for the best match between an ALS-based canopy height model and the tree positions and heights measured during the FI. While the basic principle of the algorithm applies to various types of FI sampling configurations, the co-registration approach was developed specifically to take into account the tree selection criterion posed by angle count sampling. The angle count sampling method only includes trees that at a given distance from the sample plot centre have a minimum required diameter at breast height (DBH). This tree selection criterion leads to maximum plot radii and number of inventoried trees that strongly vary from sample plot to sample plot. In the automated co-registration procedure, several criteria (e.g. the occurrence of more than one spatial cluster of minimum residuals and a predominance of deciduous trees in a sample plot) were used to detect possible uncertain solutions and to reduce post-processing efforts by an image operator. Model calibration and validation were based on national forest inventory (NFI) and ALS data from the Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg. Transferability and robustness of the approach was verified using an independent local FI. The results show that 68% of the NFI sample plots and 74% of the local FI plots could be automatically co-registered to a location at a distance of less than 5.0 m from the reference location. The maximum difference of 5.0 m used for marking a solution as correct was based on the relatively small influence that deviations of up to this value have on ALS-based predictions of biophysical forest variables at a stand level. The quality flagging criteria adopted were very successful in identifying uncertain solutions; only one out of 153 co-registered sample plots with a deviation from the reference data set greater than 5.0 m was not identified as uncertain. Applying the automatically co-registered sample plots in calibration of a growing stock model provided estimates that were clearly superior to those obtained with the original plot positions and even slightly outperformed those based on manual co-registration. As the algorithm developed will be part of an operational processing chain for Austrian NFI data, it has a high practical relevance.

Semi-Natural Habitats and Field Margins in a Typical Agroecosystem of the Argentinean Pampas as a Reservoir of Carabid Beetles

Changes in edaphic carabidofauna abundance in a wheat crop plot, its field margins, and four semi-natural adjacent habitats were evaluated. A low specific richness of carabids was found in the wheat crop. No species was found exclusively in the wheat plot, but there were species found in the surrounding habitat. The observed responses of different species regarding moisture conditions determined their presence or absence in these semi-natural habitats as well as in dominance structures of each particular ambient. A gradual decrease in the number of captured individuals from the field margin to the center of the wheat plot was observed. Semi-natural habitats and field margins become an important requirement for habitat and shelter of the best represented species of ground beetles, particularly for predatory and omnivorous varieties.

Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), population density and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China

The population density and dispersal of adult Chinese white pine beetle in Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China, were estimated by mark-release-recapture at the peak period of its diffusion in 2008 and 2009. Before this study, laboratory trials implemented using a self-regulating crisper and flight mill system showed that marking the beetles with spray paint had no effect on its survival and flight behavior. Our results showed that the female recapture rate (infested success rate) was 23.7%, 24.9%, 20.3%, 28.4% and 27.5%, respectively, in five released plots and positively correlated with crown density. The attacking sequence of the beetles was from south and west to north and east in every host tree. Meanwhile, the distance was not the foremost factor in the natural process of beetles selectively attacking Pinus armandi Franch. After all beetles had been simultaneously released in the center of both Plots D and E, the attack time ranged from 1 to 9 d and 10 d, respectively, with peak appearing in 3–6 d, and the dispersal distances varied from 0 to 32 m and 34 m, with the distribution being leptokurtic, with most observations around the mean mark-release-recapture distance of 17.4 m and 17.3 m.

Sampling Riparian Arthropods with Flight-Interception Bottle Traps

Creating or restoring habitat for insectivo rous birds requires producing an adequate food supply of arthropods (Williams 1993). Employ ing traps to estimate arthropod abundances may be easier and less disturbing to wildlife than sampling (e.g., sweeping) vegetation. My objec tive is to develop an easy and repeatable method for sampling arthropods in habitat created for ri parian wildlife, in particular the southwestern willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii (Audubon) ssp. extimus Phillips. This endangered bird eats a variety of insects and spiders (Wiesenborn & Heydon 2007). I compared relative numbers of arthropods in taxa captured by flight-intercep tion bottle traps and collected from branches on narrow-leaved willows (Salix exigua Nutt.) and Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii S. Wat son) planted for wildlife. The study site (33?41'N, 114?32,W; elevation 81 m) is a 21.4-ha farm field, planted with shrubs and trees during Mar 2007, near the Colorado River in Riverside County, California, 12 km northeast of Blythe. I sampled arthropods within two 1.0-ha plots of S. exigua shrubs, 2-3 m tall, and two 0.6-ha plots of P. fremontii trees, 4-5 m tall. Willows, but not cottonwoods, were flowering or seeding. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grows as an understory throughout the site. The site is sur rounded by agriculture. I trapped arthropods in each plot with an aerial-interception trap made of four 2-liter, clear-plastic, carbonated-beverage bottles (Car rel 2002). Bottles were placed together and hung by their caps from a plywood board held 1.5 m aboveground by 2 steel rods. Spiders and insects flew or walked through outward-facing, rectangular openings cut into the bottles and fell into soapy water. Traps were placed near the centers of plots and did not contact branches. Arthropods were trapped during 15 19 May, 4-9 Jun, 8-12 Jul, and 10-13 Aug 2008. Air temperatures measured at the start and end of each trapping period averaged 29?C dur ing 0740-0845 PDT and 35?C during 1510-1821 PDT. Insects and spiders were collected from plants concurrent with trapping. Sampled plants were randomly selected along rows ex tending 40 m north and south from each trap. I collected arthropods by sweeping a 1.4-m long, fine-mesh net (field insect-cage cover, Bioquip, Gardena, CA), held open with a 0.8-m diameter metal hoop, over a 1-m long, arbitrarily-se lected branch. I constricted the net around the base of the branch and fumigated the enclosed arthropods with 43 g of aerosol insecticide (0.2% tetramethrin + 0.4% permethrin, Hot Shot Fogger?, United Industries, St. Louis, MO). I shook the arthropods into a 40-dram plastic container, attached by a rubber band to a cut corner of the net, and cut and weighed (?2 g) the sampled branch with a 300-g capacity spring scale. Arthropods were collected from 1 branch each on a different shrub or tree in each plot on 8 dates (16 & 27 May, 9 & 10 Jun, 7 & 8 Jul, and 11 & 12 Aug 2008). Spiders and insects were identified to order. Insects in Hemiptera and Diptera were identi fied to suborder, and bees (Apoidea) were distin guished from other Hymenoptera. Numbers of arthropods in traps were divided by numbers of days (n = 3-5) during each trapping period. Numbers of arthropods on branches in each plot were summed across dates in each month and divided by total masses of sampled branches. Adjusted numbers of arthropods from traps and branches were paired by month, producing 8 pairs (2 plots x 4 months) in each plant species. Associations between adjusted numbers of ar thropods from traps and branches across taxa on each plant species and within taxa on both plant species were measured with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. I calculated coeffi cients with SYSTAT (version 10.2, Richmond, CA) and their test statistics (Neter et al. 1996). Coefficients within taxa were calculated only if arthropods were taken from traps and branches. Flight-interception traps within willows cap tured 176 arthropods, and those within cotton woods captured 221 arthropods. An average of 6.2 insects or spiders was captured per trap per day. Trapped arthropods (Fig. 1) were mostly Araneae (spiders) followed by Thysanoptera. I collected 155 arthropods from 16 willow branches totaling 4.7 kg and 205 arthropods from 16 cottonwood branches totaling 4.5 kg. Most arthropods col lected from branches (Fig. 1) were Araneae fol lowed by Homoptera and Heteroptera. Most ho mopterans on branches were Cicadellidae fol lowed by Aphididae. Relative numbers of arthropods in taxa cap tured by traps were similar to those collected on branches. Arthropod abundances across taxa (n = 15) from traps and branches were positively asso ciated within plots of S. exigua (rs = 0.42, t* = 5.07, P < 0.001, n = 120) and P. fremontii (rs = 0.33, t* = 3.82, P < 0.001, n = 120). Within taxa, numbers of

Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessDoctor Olaf van Schuler's BrainJeffrey L. Geller M.D., M.P.H.Jeffrey L. Geller M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Dec 2009https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.12.1692AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The book Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain is the first novel by Kristen Menger-Anderson, and it's a gem. The novel traces the Steenwycks family from the arrival of Dr. Olaf van Schuler (1640–1680) in America in 1664 to the most recently arrived family member, Arabella Steenwycks-Klein, born in 2001. Between Olaf and Arabella there are 12 generations. Each chapter has a date for the events' occurrences, from 1664 to 2006, and each generation is represented. Every generation has at least one physician member who appears in the chapter representing the era, but the physician is not necessarily the center of the chapter's plot. The first female physician appears in the 1970s. There are some exceptions to this mold—no physician in one generation—but here the generation includes a healer of some sort.The chapters read like short stories. This comes as no surprise, since Menger-Anderson is a short-story writer. The stories are tied together by the family lineage. This is no ordinary family of physicians spanning 350 years. Each physician has his or her own eccentricities. The family is affected by a genetic predisposition to mental illness; Olaf's mother, who accompanies him to America, is a "lunatic."The book is an adventure of medicine in historical context. The stories are fun; the history of medicine, fascinating. The book is helped immeasurably by the family genogram provided at the outset. I would have been lost without it and checked it out as I started each chapter.Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain starts with a lunatic mother in 1664 and ends with a father, Dr. Stuart Steenwycks II (born in 1932) proclaiming to his daughter, Dr. Elizabeth Steenwycks (born in 1970), that he has Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In between, the reader is treated to chapter after chapter that is both humorous and full of pathos. When the reader encounters Jack Steenwycks' daughter, Sheila Talbot, who had her silicone breast implants removed after they had defined most of her adult life, it will be hard for the reader to know if the tears are those of laughter or sadness. The reviewer reports no competing interests.Dr. Geller, who is the book review editor, is professor of psychiatry and director of public-sector psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 60Issue 12 December, 2009Pages 1692-1692PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES December 2009 Volume 60 Number 12 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 December 2009 Published in print 1 December 2009

Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessDoctor Olaf van Schuler's BrainJeffrey L. Geller M.D., M.P.H.Jeffrey L. Geller M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Dec 2009https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.12.1692AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail The book Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain is the first novel by Kristen Menger-Anderson, and it's a gem. The novel traces the Steenwycks family from the arrival of Dr. Olaf van Schuler (1640–1680) in America in 1664 to the most recently arrived family member, Arabella Steenwycks-Klein, born in 2001. Between Olaf and Arabella there are 12 generations. Each chapter has a date for the events' occurrences, from 1664 to 2006, and each generation is represented. Every generation has at least one physician member who appears in the chapter representing the era, but the physician is not necessarily the center of the chapter's plot. The first female physician appears in the 1970s. There are some exceptions to this mold—no physician in one generation—but here the generation includes a healer of some sort.The chapters read like short stories. This comes as no surprise, since Menger-Anderson is a short-story writer. The stories are tied together by the family lineage. This is no ordinary family of physicians spanning 350 years. Each physician has his or her own eccentricities. The family is affected by a genetic predisposition to mental illness; Olaf's mother, who accompanies him to America, is a "lunatic."The book is an adventure of medicine in historical context. The stories are fun; the history of medicine, fascinating. The book is helped immeasurably by the family genogram provided at the outset. I would have been lost without it and checked it out as I started each chapter.Doctor Olaf van Schuler's Brain starts with a lunatic mother in 1664 and ends with a father, Dr. Stuart Steenwycks II (born in 1932) proclaiming to his daughter, Dr. Elizabeth Steenwycks (born in 1970), that he has Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In between, the reader is treated to chapter after chapter that is both humorous and full of pathos. When the reader encounters Jack Steenwycks' daughter, Sheila Talbot, who had her silicone breast implants removed after they had defined most of her adult life, it will be hard for the reader to know if the tears are those of laughter or sadness. The reviewer reports no competing interests.Dr. Geller, who is the book review editor, is professor of psychiatry and director of public-sector psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 60Issue 12 December, 2009Pages 1692-1692PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES December 2009 Volume 60 Number 12 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 December 2009 Published in print 1 December 2009

Populations of Lady Beetles and Lacewings in Sweet Corn Using 2-Phenylethanol Based Benallure® Beneficial Insect Lures

Abstract Sweet corn was grown in 9.3 m2 replicated plots following National Organic Program Standards. Plots were baited with Benallure® beneficial insect lures containing 2-phenylethanol or were left as non baited controls. Beneficial insects were sampled weekly during silking using 232 cm2 yellow sticky traps placed at ear height directly in the plot center and 0.9 m from plot center in each cardinal direction. Pink lady beetles [Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer)], multicolored Asian lady beetles [Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)], and green lacewings [Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)], were the predatory insects collected on the traps. The pink lady beetle was the most abundant predator caught. Multicolored Asian lady beetles and green lacewings were caught in low numbers during both years of the study. However, multicolored Asian lady beetles were more abundant in Benallure baited plots than non baited plots early during anthesis in 2006. Benallure lures did not attract pink lady beetles or green lacewings during...