Centralized Power Research Articles

Life Cycle-Based Carbon Emission Reduction Benefit Assessment of Centralized Photovoltaic Power Plants in China

Developing clean energy is the key to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and addressing global climate change. Photovoltaic energy systems are considered to be clean and sustainable energy resources due to their wide distribution and easy deployment. However, the environment can still be impacted during the processes from the production to recycling of such systems. Therefore, this study was conducted based on the whole life-cycle analysis to establish a mathematical model for carbon emissions during the processes of production, transportation, and waste disposal of photovoltaic power systems. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The carbon emissions of a centralized photovoltaic power station with a unit installed capacity of 1 kWp during its entire life cycle would be 2094.40 kg, while the carbon recycling period would last 1.89 years, which would be shorter than the expected life cycle of a photovoltaic system of 25 years, indicating significant environmental benefits. (2) The calculated results from 2022 showed that the newly constructed centralized photovoltaic power stations in China could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 31,524.26 tons during their life cycles, and their carbon emissions from 1 kWh are approx. 1/10 of those of thermal power generation, which is significantly lower than that of thermal power generation. (3) From the perspective of the soil carbon sequestration capacity and opportunity cost, the economic cost of carbon emissions from the new centralized photovoltaic power stations in China in 2022 was 1.083 billion yuan. (4) The analysis of the relationship using the Granger causality test revealed that, with a lag of one period and a significance level of 5%, the carbon emissions from the new centralized PV power stations from 2013–2022 were the Granger cause of the added value from the secondary industry in China, while the added value from the secondary industry was not the Granger cause of the carbon emissions from the new PV power stations. The findings of the performed study could increase the utilization rate of photovoltaic energy by ensuring it is a secure sustainable low-carbon emission resource, while also reducing the impact of climate change on the planet and promoting individual well-being and social development.

Horse Policy and Ruling Thought in the Early Western Han: Examining the Ordinances on Fords and Passes

The central government's regulations on the sale and purchase of horses in the Land within the Passes (Guanzhong ) and their entry and exit from the Pass in the Ordinances on Fords and Passes (Jinguan ling ) are important sources for understanding the horse policy of the early Western Han Dynasty and recognizing the relationship between the dynasty and the counties and vassal states outside the Pass. By examining the ordinances on the purchase and sale of horses, it is clear that the Han state strictly controlled horses, restricted private ownership of horses, and prohibited horses from exiting the Pass. However, some "privileged classes" still had the right to purchase horses from the Han government and take them out of the Pass after following some legal procedures, but this privilege was entirely dependent on the imperial power. Behind these regulations, it reflects the legislative thought of the supremacy of imperial power, "power over law"(), and the fundamental purpose of consolidating centralized power, weakening the strength of vassal states, and "strengthening the central forces while weakening the local ones" ().

Decentralized DC optimal power flow model based on improved Lagrangian and consensus algorithm

Renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic are integrated into the power system in a high proportion and a decentralized manner. Driven by factors such as the privacy of the interests of various power sources, the efficiency of communication and computing and the reliability of transaction security, various forms of power sources are managed and controlled in a decentralized manner. It makes the traditional centralized DC optimal power flow difficult to realize. So, based on Lagrangian algorithm and improving traditional consistency algorithms, a decentralized DC optimal power flow model is proposed. Firstly, the decentralized calculation methods of active power, phase and line active power flow at nodes based on the consensus are presented. Secondly, based on Lagrangian algorithm, an improved DC optimal power flow model considering line constraints is derived. Thirdly, the calculation principle of decentralized DC optimal power flow model is proposed. It consists of two parts: the main iteration and the sub iteration. The main iteration is an iterative process with phase angle as a variable. Sub iteration is a process with Lagrange multipliers as iteration variables and using the Kaczmarz algorithm to prevent non convergence of iterations. Finally, a real system and IEEE14 bus system are taken as an example to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method compared to the Matpower and Injection Shift Factors(ISF) method.

Electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is caused by the correlation of the processes of electrification and modernization of the Soviet village: the widespread use of electricity allowed not only to improve the living conditions of peasants, but also to increase labor productivity. All this together had an impact on the overall level of economic development and contributed to scientific and technological progress. The 1950s and 1960s. They became crucial in relation to the topic under consideration, because it was then that quantitative and qualitative changes took place in comparison with the previous period: the continuous electrification of the village began by connecting collective farms and state farms to high-voltage centralized power plants. This process was most active during the implementation of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy, which determines the choice of chronological framework.The purpose of the study: to study the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965. Rural electrification in this work is understood as the process of distribution and use of electricity in rural areas: in industrial needs, in households, household premises, cultural, educational and medical institutions.Objectives: to make a periodization of the electrification process of the Orenburg village in the era of the "thaw"; to identify the dynamics of the provision of collective farms and state farms of the Orenburg region with electricity; to trace the development of centralized power supply of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 and the increase in the length of power transmission lines; to determine changes in the total electricity generation in the Orenburg region during the period under review.Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, statistical and other methods.Results. In the course of the study, the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 was comprehensively studied, its features, results and difficulties were revealed.Conclusion. The continuous electrification of the Orenburg village, despite a number of difficulties, allowed the Orenburg Region not only to overcome the lag behind other administrative-territorial subjects of the Southern Urals, but also to fully provide collective farms and state farms with electricity.

Standalone power system with photovoltaic and thermoelectric installations for power supply of remote monitoring and control stations for oil pipelines

During the operation of oil pipelines, accidents with oil spills may occur, which can cause severe damage to the ecological situation in the region and disrupt many processes in nature. The oil pipeline’s remote monitoring and control systems (RMCS) are used to prevent such situations. In areas remote from the centralized power supply, it is necessary to use a standalone power system (SPS) to provide electricity to RMCS facilities. Examples of such facilities are remote monitoring and control (RMC) stations, including systems for monitoring the state of the oil pipeline and its parameters, leak detection systems, and the pipeline’s cathodic protection. The paper proposes a methodology for sizing SPS with a photovoltaic plant, an on-pipe thermoelectric generator, and batteries for the power supply of the RMC station. The idea of the work is to use energy sources that are most efficient at opposite seasons of the year. Particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the sizing of SPS components. The technical optimization criterion is the loss of load probability. The economic optimization criterion is the levelized cost of electricity. The impact of the oil temperature at the point of the RMC station on the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator is estimated. The calculations carried out in this work were made for the climate region of the Vankorsk oil and gas field in the north of Russia. The methodology proposed in this paper can also be used for northern territories, such as Canada, Norway, and the USA.

Energy storage steady-state PCS power allocation algorithm based on SOC dynamic sequencing

A power allocation algorithm for energy storage PCS based on SOC sequencing is proposed, aiming at the problem that the energy management system (EMS) can allocate the power of the energy storage unit power converter (PCS) in the existing centralized electrochemical energy storage station steady-state power control, and cannot take into account the equalization of the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage unit and the power control accuracy of the whole station. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of PCS power allocation algorithms commonly used in engineering, this paper proposes an algorithm to determine the PCS control priority based on the SOC ranking results, and then realize PCS power allocation. The simulation results show that compared with other steady-state PCS power allocation algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this paper can enable the whole station to achieve a better balance of the SOC of the energy storage unit under the premise of satisfying the power control accuracy, so that the energy storage station can provide better steady-state power support for the power grid.

Reliability Properties in the Decentralization of Power Industry

According to the energy strategy until 2035, energy transition in Russia is aimed at creating intellectual energy systems and orientation to distributed energy. The article proposes to consider distributed energy as the necessary component to the “large” energy, which allows you to increase efficiency, primarily in terms of power supply reliability. In Russia, the basis of distributed energy is cogeneration low power sources. Based on these sources and distribution networks of medium and low voltage, balanced local intelligent power systems (LIPS) are created. The integration LIPS in centralized power supply systems allows you to get significant systemic effects. The aim of work is to study the influence of the integration LIPS with re-gional power systems on the reliability indicators of power supply.

Explaining Support for Human Rights Actions: Experimentally Studying Democracy and Personal Authoritarianism

ABSTRACT How do authoritarian attitudes affect public support for international intervention against human rights abuses? Does U.S. residents’ support for human rights actions against perpetrators depend on the type of regime committing human rights violations? These questions are important for understanding how U.S. residents form opinions on U.S. actions toward foreign regimes that perpetrate human rights abuses. We conducted a survey experiment to determine whether support for actions against human rights violators are influenced by the type of regime that committed the human rights violations, repetition of repression, and their preexisting personal authoritarian attitudes. We find that individuals with high personal authoritarianism, which we define as favorable attitudes toward centralized power and appeals to authority for cultural preservation, are less likely to support symbolic actions like naming and shaming or humanitarian aid. They are more likely, however, to support sending peacekeeping troops. We find little evidence that the regime type of the perpetrator or the perpetrator’s past behavior affects support. International audiences generally support action in favor of human rights, but the kind of action they prefer is shaped by their preexisting views about authority.

Energy Storage System Owner as a New Player in an Electricity Structure

Daily load demand causes different marginal cost at each hour due to different operation generation units. During peak load period, expensive generation units are determined to be turned on to provide sufficient electricity supply and sufficient spinning reserve. During light load period, generation units could not be unloaded due to their minimum up/down time, startup time and startup cost, causing uneconomic operation of the generating capacities. This excess capacity during light load period can be stored in the energy storage system (ESS) and the power can be released to supply the peak load demand hours to avoid turning on the next expensive unit which resulted in higher marginal cost. Performing as virtual power plant (VPP), ESS owners can seek for market opportunities to enter electric supply industry. This paper aims for proposing an optimal operation of VPP with charging/discharging ESS plan when marginal cost identifies real-time pricing (RTP) at each hour to be used as buying/selling price to VPP. Under strategically charging/discharging scheme, both parties, i.e., utility, and VPP, can achieve benefits in terms of better economic operation, lower system generation cost, increase operational income, while environmental impact is considered. The proposed method is tested on a ten-unit system under a centralized power market structure. Numerical results show that appropriate charging/discharging strategy could provide lower total production cost and offer opportunities for ESS owners as VPPs to obtain arbitrage marginal cost.

ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SOURCES IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISES OF THE AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX

Today, the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine determines the socio-economic development of the state, and is an integrated production and economic system, uniting a number of agricultural, industrial, scientific-production and educational sectors aimed at obtaining, transporting, storing, processing and selling agricultural products. However, at the current stage of development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, a significant obstacle to ensuring the appropriate level of competitiveness of enterprises and their products on the foreign market is the high level of energy consumption. A separate problem is the complete dependence on the electric power system, which mainly uses traditional fuel resources and has a number of disadvantages, which creates risks for the effective functioning of a strategically important sector of the state economy and substantiates the relevance of scientific research aimed at improving the optimization of the structure of energy consumption and energy supply, in that including due to the introduction of elements of alternative energy at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Thus, by implementing DRG and RES, agro-industrial complex enterprises increase their capacities, which contributes to the attraction of investments and increases their competitiveness. This state of affairs leads to a review of the issue of the active introduction of RES into the electricity supply structures of agricultural enterprises, which is associated with negative effects on the electricity supply systems of electricity consumers. But the analysis of previous studies shows that with a certain combination of disturbances on the same and different harmonic components of energy processes of different types of generators, mutual compensation or mutual reinforcement of one or another harmonic component in loads may occur [1]. In addition, three-phase power transformers with a "star-zero-delta" group of connections are widely used in the power supply systems of agro-industrial complex enterprises to power electric machines and other powerful consumers. In this case, the supply voltage from distribution networks of 6-10 kV is supplied to the transformer windings connected by a delta, and consumers are connected to the low side of 0.4 kV, the windings of which are connected in star with neutral. However, recently, quite often generating power is installed on the low side of the transformer in the power supply system. These can be photovoltaic plants, biogas power plants or diesel generator plants, which began to be installed en masse after the power supply crisis associated with Russian aggression. The paper examines the advantages, problems and prospects of DRG based on renewable energy sources at Ukrainian agro-industrial complex enterprises, which proves its economic feasibility in power supply systems. The proposed approach is that the introduction of DRG based on renewable energy into the power supply system of agro-industrial complex enterprises contributes to reducing the level of energy dependence of these enterprises and is one of the factors of increasing the competitiveness of manufactured products on the domestic and foreign markets due to the reduction of the cost of their production. The introduction of RES into the structures of the centralized power supply system of agricultural enterprises increases the reliability of power supply systems by providing electricity from two independent power sources. In addition, the amount of electricity received from the power supply company is significantly reduced. The use of artificial intelligence technology in the construction of control systems for the combined power supply systems of agro-industrial complex enterprises will increase the quality of electric energy, optimal use of RES and reduce abnormal modes of operation of the electrical complex of agro-industrial complex enterprises as a whole.

Can public food procurement drive agroecological transitions? Pathways and barriers to sustainable food procurement in higher education institutions in Spain

ABSTRACT Public procurement can help drive a transition to a more sustainable food system based on local agroecological production. In countries with large public education systems, school and university canteen services can play a significant role by virtue of their enormous centralized purchasing power. In this study, we investigate the potential and feasibility of implementing an enduring transformation to a sustainable food procurement model in public higher education institutions based on agroecological principles for the case of Spain. To address our research questions, we employed participatory workshops and a questionnaire survey (1,058 respondents) to analyze perceptions and priorities around sustainable food practices on campus of the university community across three Spanish public universities. Workshop participants proposed and prioritized interventions aimed at improving the sustainability of on-campus food services. Some recommendations for action for policy makers are detailed in the Discussion section, as key actors in this process. Pathways toward a future transition to more sustainable practices included the importance of food services to the university community, the high level of understanding of food system impacts and demand for change from consumers on university campuses, the universities’ commitment to the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the potential of university networks as a powerful agent of social change and social innovation.

Exploring transterranean activism as a research site beyond local protest sites

Increased interest in the spatial dimension of protests and activism has led to both the material spatial condition of protest activities and their spatial effect entering academic debate. With Social Movements being a dominant paradigm for activism which focuses on strategic localization and scalar tactics, an emphasis has been put on political activities in proximity to either centralized power or to actor communities and networks. On the fringes of Social Movements, however, smaller types of direct action have been emerging in places outside of conventional, landed spaces. Chinese and Japanese nationalists symbolically contesting national authority over islands in the Pacific, Environmentalists blockading oil platforms in the North Sea, refugee rights groups preventing air-based deportations and nationalists attempting to prevent human rights groups from saving drowning migrants have in common that the site of their activities are beyond the traditional power base of the state on solid ground and make use of specific sets of laws and regulations. This paper argues that transterranean spaces encompass an interplay of state and non-state actors heavily impacted by their location. As these spaces exist beyond the mainland, they share a lack of presence of both state and society. Both state agencies and activists have to adapt their strategies during successive contentions. I conceptualize this relationship as contentious configurations shaping these interactions: Vertical Activist-State, horizontal activist-activist and interconnected state-state contentious configurations. They serve as heuristic tool to analyze protest dynamics in transterranean spaces by highlighting both state power and actor’s engagement with it. With technological advancements and increased access to transterranean, such contentions are likely to increase.

Against the City: What Derek Walcott Has to Teach Us about the City Imaginary

The basic argument of this article is that the Caribbean author, Derek Walcott, illuminates how the concept of “the city” can be used to enable a geopolitical system of centralized power seated in culturally, politically, and economically significant nodes (i.e., “cities”). In short, following Walcott, the concept of “the city” at times serves as a cultural technology to justify colonization, the monopolization of political power, and the domination of so-called peripheral sites. “The city” is not always a neutral descriptor of a given geographical locus, but instead can be a cultural technology of power insofar as it is at times a concept employed in order to garner control over an extended territory from a socio-political center. To demonstrate this thesis, I engage in a close reading of Derek Walcott’s theoretical essays and epic poem, Omeros (1990).

Development of a mobile wind power plant for power supply of the troops

The scientific article was published as part of the implementation of the scientific project of grant funding for 2022-2024 IRN № АР148039/0222 «Scientific and technical substantiation of the parameters and development of a wind power plant for the electric power supply of the objects of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations of the Republic of Kazakhstan» (the study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The article presents the results of the development of a mobile wind power plant for the energy supply of troops. In the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan, there is a need to create and implement technical devices that convert wind energy into electrical energy and have no analogues. As a result of the research, a mobile wind power plant was developed, the main element of which is a pair of identical vertically arranged curved blades. The developed design can be used in any regions of Kazakhstan. The wind plant is not tied to the weather characteristics of the area, it is able to operate in low light and low winds. It can be used to ensure a guaranteed minimum power supply to military facilities in areas of centralized power supply experiencing a shortage of energy, to prevent damage from emergency and restrictive shutdowns. In addition, to provide electricity to both technological military consumers: communication equipment, radar installations, electric drives of combat systems, lighting installations, and technical military consumers: hospitals, military camps, training centers and training grounds, military facilities support units and units located in shelter, tent cities, etc.

Trust-DETM: Distributed Energy Trading Model Based on Trusted Execution Environment

The traditional centralized power trading model suffers from high maintenance costs, low processing efficiency and unsynchronized information, and it cannot adapt to the high-frequency and small-dollar distributed energy trading scenario. To address the above issues, we propose Trust-DETM, a model for the implementation of distributed energy trading based on a trusted execution environment. First, we introduce a reputation metric mechanism and propose a transaction matching algorithm based on the reputation metric to achieve the accurate matching of transaction objects. Secondly, as the distributed energy trading model lacks an effective trust mechanism, we propose a commitment scheme based on smart contracts and a trusted execution environment to solve the trust problem between producers and consumers. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the efficiency of Trust-DETM. Through comparative experiments, we find that Trust-DETM achieves trade matching and trusted execution in a lower simultaneous running time than comparable distributed trading models.

The Republic of Korea experience of «Smart-Grid» implementing in the post-war recovery of Ukrainian energy system

The aim of the article. The article is devoted to the investigation of the South Korean experience of the «Smart-Grids» implementation in the post-war recovery of the domestic energy system and modernization of the existing power grids in Ukraine. Analysis results. Analyzed the main provisions of «Smart Grids» in the Law of Ukraine «On Energy Efficiency», which are defined as highly intelligent power grids, which functioning due to the ICT use on the basis of the smart meters, allowing independently and efficiently distribution and to manage the power grid. Emphasized the adopted by Ukrainian Government Concept for the implementation of Smart Grids in Ukraine until 2035, the main task of which is to promote the development of national energy system strategy with the creation of a highly intelligent power grid based on the Information and Communications Technologies. It has been proven that the Republic of Korea is one of the first countries where practically implemented a project of the «Smart Grid» introduction and distribution on South-Korea's Jeju-do island, which combines the concept of «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» based on the use of renewable energy sources. Grid technology is one aspect of a general trend towards smart technologies and a large market for Korean export. Smart-Grid technologies include electrical supply grids that use demand response, connectivity and renewable energy sources which increases the energy efficiency of manufacturing entities and households. Due to the high spread of the Internet of Things all around the world the transition to «Smart-Grid» is an imperative of increasing «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» concept in the sustainable development of a State, which includes the use of wearable technologies. That is why, collecting the large amount of data requires a high speed of the internet networks, like 5G. Conclusions and directions for further research. The issue of the actualizing of bilateral collaboration in the field of «Smart Grid» between Ukraine and the Republic of Korea is extremely important for both countries, because for the successful implementation of «Smart Grid» in the existing domestic realities it is necessary to involve practical South-Korean experience and for Korean business partners – Ukraine is a potential foreign market for technological items export, which requires «Smart Grid» industry. Since the time when «Miracle on the Han River» start, the main goal of the South-Korean Government was to find stable sources of energy supply and to cover electricity demand for heavy-industry manufacturing corporations and households from the sources of cheap energy supply. To achieve such goals was established Government-owned entity «Korea Electric Power Corporation» (KEPCO) and the developing of power industry was based on the large-scale centralized power systems, main aim of which was to reduce the cost of energy for long-term South-Korean economy boost

Electricity Pricing and Its Role in Modern Smart Energy System Design: A Review

Energy is the foundation for human survival and socio-economic development, and electricity is a key form of energy. Electricity prices are a key factor affecting the interests of various stakeholders in the electricity market, playing a significant role in the sustainable development of energy and the environment. As the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, today’s power systems no longer rely on a vertical market model and fixed electricity pricing scheme but instead depend on power dispatch and dynamic pricing to match supply and demand. This can help prevent significant fluctuations in supply–load imbalance and maintain system stability. Modern power grids have evolved by integrating information, communication, and intelligent control technologies with traditional power systems, giving rise to the concept of smart electric grids. Choosing an appropriate pricing scheme to manage large-scale DERs and controllable loads in today’s power grid become very important. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive review of electricity pricing in power systems and its transformative impact on shaping the energy landscape. To fill this void, this paper provides a survey on the developments, methods, and frameworks related to electricity pricing and energy trading. The review mainly considers the development of pricing in a centralized power grid, peer-to-peer (P2P) and microgrid-to-microgrid (M2M) energy trading and sharing, and various pricing methods. The review will cover the pricing schemes in modern power systems, particularly with respect to renewable energy sources (RESs) and batteries, as well as controllable load applications, and the impact of pricing schemes based on demand-side ancillary services (DSAS) for grid frequency support. Lastly, this review article describes the current frameworks and limitations of electricity pricing in the current energy market, as well as future research directions. This review should offer a great overview and deep insights into today’s electricity market and how pricing methods will drive and facilitate the future establishment of smart energy systems.

“Screen on the Chum”: Social Reconstruction and Mobile Film Propaganda in the North of the Ob region in the 1930s

Drawing on the example of agitation and propaganda campaigns carried out in the north of the Ob region in the 1930s among the indigenous population, a specific tool of the Soviet ideological indoctrination of the Great Break period — a mobile cinema (installations designed to screen silent and sound films to a small audience in open areas and in premises not equipped with stationary film projectors) — has been comprehensively studied. The mobile cinema is considered as one of the varieties of cultural management technologies that are equally characteristic of all states and empires of the modern era, including the USSR, where, due to the existence of state ideology and low literacy of the population, it was even more important than other cultural technologies. The management supported and strengthened the centralized power, serving as a complement to force and coercion. Based on the materials of the State Archive of the Socio-Political History of the Tyumen Region, it has been es-tablished that the first mobile cinema in the north of the Ob region was created under the auspices of the Commit-tee of the North under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, but it reached its fullest flou-rishing in the area during the period when the region came under the jurisdiction of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (1935–1938). The repertoire of a mobile cinema was compiled centrally, and it included popular science and feature films, united by a common goal, which was the ideological indoctrination of the audi-ence. For representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North, movie screening itself was the most important experience of joining a new life, akin to the rite of initiation. Indigenous peoples were most interested in movies that narrated about their own daily life: hunting, fishing, travelling. Mobile cinemas were moved around the north by sled and specially equipped boats. The work of a mobile cinema in the north of the Ob region was associated with constant overcoming of a number of problems: the shortage of films, frequent breakdowns of movie cameras, and the lack of qualified projectionists. Nevertheless, mobile cinemas made significant contribution to the mo-dernization of everyday life and worldview of the indigenous peoples of the Ob North.

THE LIMIT DISTANCES OF CONNECTION OF OBJECTS AND CONSUMERS TO ENERGY SOURCES BY DIFFERENT POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

This article is devoted to the development of a methodology for selecting the optimal variant of the power supply system for a remote local facility from the centralized integrated power system. The article proposes and formulates a definition of the term local power facility. 
 The main factors influencing the choice of a power supply system for a remote facility from a centralized power supply system are analyzed, including: the remoteness of the consumer from the centralized power grid, load power, the nature of the loads, its natural and climatic, and socio-economic conditions of location. 
 A classification of power supply systems of local energy facilities has been developed according to such categorical features as: sources of electricity supply, nature of power supply operation, location of the power supply, nature of consumer connection to the power supply, and method of electricity distribution. 
 The article develops the equations of the boundary radii of connection of electrical installations to power sources in the case of centralized power supply from the integrated power system and centralized power supply from the own power plant within the local power facility. Schematic diagrams of power supply of local energy facilities with a detailed description of their elements are constructed. 
 The advantages and disadvantages, as well as opportunities and threats to the development of power supply of local facilities as part of microgrids are presented. The advantages of centralized power supply include the low cost of energy and its much higher quality compared to the energy received from own power plants. The disadvantages of decentralized electricity supply include the high cost of investment in the equipment of own solar, wind or fuel power plants, usually of high capacity and staffed by highly qualified specialists, as well as problems with energy storage and the need to purchase fuel, its delivery and storage in large volumes. 
 The article provides strategic directions necessary for the development and dissemination of energy innovations in Ukraine in the long term.

Development of a novel framework for the analysis of Technological Innovation Systems by Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) in energy systems

ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, as one of the main sources of anthropogenic climate change accounts for two-third of the global emissions. In this issue, Iran has adopted a set of policies and goals to consider related technology development. One of these technologies around which several national programmes have launched is the Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP). Nevertheless, the national goals have not been fulfilled as expected. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide a framework in order to identify the bottlenecks hindering CHP development in Iran. This framework is based on the Technological Innovation System (TIS) along with the Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) to decipher the profound and latent factors causing these problems. The results reveal a significant role of the discourses and visions both directly on the failure of the CHP innovation system functions and indirectly through affecting structural problems. A notable policy suggestion is to change the discourse of centralised power generation and to make more effort to legitimate the energy efficiency in the society. The developed framework can also be beneficial to policy-makers to formulate and analyse the future visions for the CHP plants.