Centralized Power Supply Research Articles

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WIND-DIESEL POWER PLANTS ON ECOSYSTEM AND POPULATION HEALTH

In electrification of the Eastern regions of Russia, an important part is assigned to the small-scale power distributed generation. In this regard, it is actual to construct wind-diesel power plants (WDPP), which impact on humans and environment is so far poorly studied. The results of a theoretical research of WDPP negative impact on health of the population and ecosystem of the territories of the East of Russia which were not covered by the centralized power supply have been given in the article. The assessment of indicators of atmospheric air pollution (specific and absolute values of the specified mass of annual emission of harmful substances, volumes of greenhouse gases emission, formation of acid rainfall, substances causing eutrophication) and physical pollution (noise, electromagnetic field) during use of WDPP of various rated capacity. Calculations have been done for 692 types of diesel engines and 97 models of wind power installations. The received results were compared with the level of environmental pollution during work of large thermal power plants. There have been given graphic dependences of the specified mass of the emitted harmful substances on power of the diesel engines, a noise level created by the wind power installations, on remoteness of settlements and power of the power installations, as well as a ratio of volume of harmful substances annual emission in the atmosphere during work of WDPP and the large thermal power plants. It has been shown that electrification of the Eastern regions of Russia on the basis of development of small-scale power distributed generation would have an ecological focus.

Rechargeable Oxide Batteries: Kinetic Study of Iron-Based Storage Materials in Low pO2-(H2O-Vapour)-Atmosphere

The transition from conventional fossil energy sources to renewable energies, known under the term “Energiewende” is in strong focus, not only in Germany but also in numerous other European countries and worldwide [1]. Therefore, energy sources are well known, such as: wind-, solar-, water-, and biomass power, which offers a possibility to satisfy the demand for renewable energy forms. Public discussion often reduces the term “Energiewende” to the sector electricity which covers about 31 % of the actual energy production in Germany [2]. However, Germany’s goal is to balance at least 60 % of gross end energy consumption through renewable energy by 2050 [3]. For this purpose, we are faced to the fact to develop appropriate energy storage technologies, in order to obtain a decentralized and centralized power supply, allowing us to stabilize and compensate for the volatile availability of regenerative power plants. As a novel concept high-temperature-metal-metaloxide storage systems (known as Rechargeable Oxide Battery (ROB)) were developed and examined (figure 1). The specific storage density is comparable to that of Li- or Na-S batteries and significantly higher than that of common lithium-ion batteries. ROB storage materials imply a high volumetric energy density (= 3,04 Wh/) and therefore, offer great potential for application in the field of energy storage [4]. For this reason, the present work gives a fresh view on kinetic studies that illuminate particular redox-properties of selected Fe-based alloys (e. g. Fe-Y2O3, Fe-Al2O3, Fe-CaO) with respect to the H2-formation/consumption. These specific properties were detected by mass spectrometry (MS). The MS-measurements are accompanied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analytic (DTA) methods; the aim being to acquire a better understanding of typical Fe-reaction (to wustite, hematite, and iodestone) in a simulated low pO2- atmosphere (Ar/4%H2/7%H2O) combined with a high temperature environment of 600-1000 °C. The composition and morphologies of the oxide scales were analyzed by optical metallography (OM), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In particular, the redox cyclability of the selected storage media plays an essential role in the charge and discharge behavior of a ROB. In this context, our studies present results of cycling experiments (n = 5-10) which show redox-responding behavior of the investigated materials and provide evidence towards the long term stability. Literature: [1] Benjamin Biegel, Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Stoustrup, Palle Andersen, Silas Harbo, Value of flexible consumption in the electricity markets. Energy 66, 354-362, 2014. [2] Bruno Burger, public report, Frauenhofer Institut für Solar- und Energiesysteme (ISE), 09.10.2014. (http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/, last status: 25.11.2014) [3] Thomas Klaus, Carla Vollmer, Kathrin Werner, Harry Lehmann, Klaus Müschen, Energieziel 2050, Umweltbundesamt, 2010. [4] H. Landes, R. Reichenbacher, Enhancement of Oxygen Transport in the Storage Electrode of a High Temperature Secondary Metal-Air Battery Based on an Oxygen Ion Conducting Electrolyte, ECS Transactions, 50 (25) 47-68 (2013). Figure 1

ТРИГЕНЕРАЦІЯ – ДЖЕРЕЛО ЕНЕРГОЗАОЩАДЖЕННЯ У МАЛІЙ ЕНЕРГЕТИЦІ ДЛЯ АГАРНОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА

Development of small agricultural production outside the settlements is constrained by the technical difficulties of implementation and cost of centralized power and heat supply. Low power is capable of combined production of electricity and heat in a cogeneration system. Further increase the energy efficiency of a small power plant is provided by trigeneration, wherein one kind of primary energy is transformed simultaneously in the three beneficial effects: electricity, heat and cold, which are equally needed to agricultural production. In the particular example of the farm, which has quarters, greenhouse and cold storages, were calculated needs of recovered heat during the year, set a reserve and made recommendations for its redistribution between the two beneficial effects: heat and cold, in accordance with the technological process of agricultural production. It is shown that the trigeneration system is capable of providing high energy efficiency of small autonomous power plant in the agricultural sector of the household

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІНТЕГРОВАНИХ ТЕПЛОНАСОСНИХ СИСТЕМ ЕНЕРГОПОСТАЧАННЯ З ДВИГУНОМ СТИРЛІНГА ДЛЯ ФЕРМЕРСКИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВ

A large number of agro-industrial complexes and farms in Ukraine are outside the centralized power supply and rising prices for gas and oil stimulate research of the effectiveness of integrated autonomous power supply systems based on renewable energy sources. So, implementation of power supply with integrated heat pump energy systems with Stirling engine running on biofuel is appropriate. Integrated power systems with Stirling engine utilization not only gives necessary fuel, but also different household wastes are recycled, that make treatment facilities unnecessary, as well as other measures related to the protection of the environment. Implementation of the above-mentioned system will solve a number of essential problems of of security of energy supply for modern agro-industrial complexes and farms of the country.

Impact of Distributed Generation on Power System

For the study of distributed generation and its impact on power system, this paper briefly introduces the basic concept, the advantages of distributed generation, and the concept and basic structure of micro-grid. From the power system planning, system voltage, power quality, island effect, relay protection and other aspects, this paper analysis and discusses the influence of distributed power on power system. To properly resolve the grid-connected distributed generation power influence, it will be helpful for the development of future of distributed power generation. Distributed power generation can be used not only as an important supplement of the traditional centralized power supply mode, but also as a very important role in energy utilization, it will become an important area of research and development in future energy.

Microgrid composed of three or more SOFC combined cycles without accumulation of electricity

Large-scale centralization of the power supply system, consisting mainly of nuclear power generation and thermal power generation, has been adopted in Japanese electrical power system. Because Japan's centralized power supply system has little accommodation for changes in load, the amount of renewable energy that can be introduced is restricted substantially. The percentage of renewable energy introduced in Japan in 2012 was 1.6%; if this were to include hydraulic power generation, the percentage would be less than 10%. Accordingly, this study proposes the development of a microgrid that responds to the changes in output from a large-scale solar power system by using load from the operation of three or more solid oxide fuel cell hybrid power systems (PGSSs), and controlling the number of PGSS units in response to the magnitude of load. A storage battery is not used for the microgrid, developed in this study, for controlling the change in output from renewable energy. The proposal of a system with an introductory high rate of renewable energy is the purpose of this study. The study clarified the method of system operation and the rate at which renewable energy can be introduced at the time of distributed installation of the developed microgrid, using three or more PGSSs to supply all the cities in the Hokkaido region of Japan. From the results of the analysis, the control achieved with the PGSS units was confirmed to be effective. Furthermore, according to meteorological data and our proposed microgrid, the power supplied by renewable energy over the entire Hokkaido region in 2012 reached 48% on February 14 (winter), 49% on July 15 (summer), and 45% on October 15 (moderate season).

ECONOINIC EFFICIENCY OF WIND POWER ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

The paper presents economic principles of wind power engineering installations. Evaluation of economic efficiency of their introduction in power engineering system and at enterprises receiving electric power from power engineering system is given in the paper. The paper shows conditions of economic profitability of their usage with the purpose to substitute electric power generated in centralized power supply systems.

Energising the network

Up until now, almost all network-compatible terminal equipment has taken in its power via a mains power supply unit (PSU) plugged into a nearby socket. Things can be made far simpler with Power-over-Ethernet (PoE). Using this technology, it is possible to deliver power supply to network-compatible terminal through the same structured cable as the Ethernet connection from a centralised power supply unit in the comms closet or floor distributor. Combined with uninterruptible power supplies in the comms room, this not only ensures greater operating reliability, it also facilitates the installation of WLAN access points or IP video cameras in previously inaccessible places. This means that companies benefit both from simplified installation and from the improved range of their WLANs.

Rural area power supply in Nigeria: A cost comparison of the photovoltaic, diesel/gasoline generator and grid utility options

A large proportion of the population of Nigeria reside in the rural communities. In this work, the financial costs of providing centralized (photovoltaic) PV generating system of various capacities—to satisfy different load requirements—in a remote village in Nigeria is compared with the cost of grid extension over a distance of 1.8 km. Comparison is also made with the centralised diesel generator power supply option. In addition, the costs of decentralised PV home systems are compared with those of decentralised gasoline generator systems. For all the systems, the initial capital costs and the life cycle costs over a 20-year life cycle are reported. Sensitivity analysis was performed using variations in module costs, diesel fuel prices and grid extension distance. The results suggest that PV has a remarkable potential as a cost-effective option for low-power electrical energy supply to the rural communities in the country.

Conception of spacecraft centralized power supply

A reliable power supply for spacecraft is one of the central problems determining the future development of space technology. The traditional solution to this problem implies having an autonomous power plant on board each spacecraft. The most widely used are power plants with solar cells. However, there exists an alternative power supply concept of using a centralized power supply system (CPSS) and power transmission to the user satellites by laser or microwave beams. Use of a CPSS has a number of advantages. In particular, it allows the spacecraft to increase power supply level and service life as well as to decrease the spacecraft mass and cost. However, it sets new physical and technical problems associated with long distance power transmission and requires some changes in spacecraft structure and concepts. The feasibility study of CPSS development and use has to rely on existing or firmly forecastable technologies. An attempt of such an analysis has been done by a group of scientists at Moscow State Aviation Institute during 1994-1996. The very first results have already been published. This paper discusses new results obtained lately regarding a space based CPSS.