Central Venous Catheter-related Infections Research Articles

Increased Incidence of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infection in Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intra-Peritoneal Chemotherapy.

Background: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a complex surgical intervention with associated risks. Central venous catheter (CVC) line sepsis is one of a number of potential morbidities. The aim of this study was to calculate the incidence of catheter-related infection (CRI) in a CRS and HIPEC patient population and to assess its influence on length of hospital stay. Methods: Data were collected on consecutive patients who underwent CRS HIPEC between August 2013 and October 2017. Data included patient demographics, timing of CVC insertion/removal, time spent in critical care, and CVC tip/blood culture results. Charts were reviewed for patients with both positive CVC culture and positive blood cultures to assess for evidence of catheter related infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Results: Data on 100 consecutive CRS HIPEC operations performed between August 2013 and October 2017 was analyzed. There were 11 CRIs in 100 CVCs, resulting in a CRI rate of 16.2 per 1,000 CVC days. Patients within the CRI group had a longer high-dependency unit (HDU) stay compared with the non-septic group (6 days vs. 4.07 days, p < 0.05). The CVC duration for the CRI and non-CRI group was 8.4 and 7.6 days, respectively (p = 0.12). The CRI group also had an increased total hospital length of stay (LOS; 20.8 days vs. 15.4 days, p < 0.05). On average, CRIs occurred eight days post-operative and four days post-HDU discharge. There was no association identified with longer CVC duration (p = 0.34). There has been an annual decline in CRI rates in CRS and HIPEC patients over the duration of the study period from 19.1 per 1,000 CVC days in 2016 to 8.2 per 1,000 CVC days in 2017. Conclusion: This is the first study to report on CRI rates in patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC. The CRI rate of 16.2 per 1,000 CVC days is higher than the overall national figure of 5.2 per 1,000 for CVC lines inserted in the operating room. Patients who developed line sepsis had longer HDU and longer overall hospital stay. Catheter-related infection was noted post-HDU discharge in all cases. Implementation of a CVC care bundle in the later years of the study period coincided with a reduction in CRI rates.

Development of the peripheral and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention knowledge and attitudes scale.

Because of the necessities of modern medicine, catheters are frequently used for patients today. Mistakes made in catheter implementation frequently cause nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to be used for the evaluation of nurses' knowledge and attitudes about peripheral and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention. This methodological study was conducted between July 2016 and December 2017, with 150 nurses who worked in intensive care units and surgical, internal and paediatric clinics in hospitals located in two different cities in the eastern part of Turkey and who consented to participate in the study. Item total correlation values of the scale ranged between 0.515 and 0.703. Correlation coefficient between the two measurements as a result of the test-retest reliability was found to be 0.64, and there was a linear relationship between the measurements. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was found to be0.875, which indicates the adequacy of the sample. Barlett's test results indicated a correlation between the items (P < .01). Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.86. Results showed that the 5-point Likert scale was formed with 14 items and two factors, which included "general precautions" and "catheter care." Scale total score is obtained by collecting all the items. Higher scores indicate higher knowledge and attitudes. This scale could be used for assessing the knowledge and attitudes of nurses about peripheral and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention precautions. The Peripheral and Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Prevention Knowledge and Attitudes Scale could be used for infection prevention in the assessment of the knowledge and attitudes of nurses with a view of preventing infections. The scale can be used in intensive care units and surgical, internal and paediatric clinics in order to assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes.

Case of Viral Hepatitis with Central Venous Catheter lands in Hospital Acquired Infection with Multi Drug Resistant Acinetobactor baumannii

Central venous catheter insertion is a routine practice in intensive care unit patients. Its use is associated with both mechanical and infectious complications. Central venous catheter-related blood stream infections are important cause of hospital acquired infection. Consequences depend on associated organism underlying pre-morbid condition and treatment received.

The adherence to guidelines for preventing CVC-related infections: a survey among Italian health-care workers

BackgroundSince correct maintenance of intravascular catheters is an effective strategy for preventing central-line infections, the aim of this study was to assess the level of adherence to guidelines for CVC maintenance amongst Italian HCWs.MethodsFrom July 2016 thru January 2017, a cross sectional survey was carried out in a random sample of 549 HCWs working in different hospitals of Campania region (Italy).ResultsThe 68.9% of interviewees returned the questionnaire. Overall, respondents’ level of knowledge about CDC guidelines was low, with only the 20.7% of HCWs acknowledging guidelines main recommendations: the nurse stuff, the availability of hospital internal protocols, the use of guidelines themselves as source of information, and higher number of years of practice were significantly associated with a higher level of knowledge. An extremely positive attitude towards the utility of guidelines for preventing CVC-related infections was shown, with a linear regression model indicating a stronger attitude in physicians, in who knew the CDC main recommendations and correct use of antibiotic ointments, as well as in HCWs needing additional information on the prevention of CVC-related infections. Regarding the behaviors, physicians were more likely to be adherent about recommended evidence-based practices. Two more multivariate logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were built to investigate characteristics associated with correct behavior regarding the removal of catheter dressing if patients have tenderness at insertion site or fever without an obvious source, respectively.ConclusionsThis study reflected an important lack of evidence-based knowledge and practices regarding the CVC management, highlighting the baseline role of education and training programs, as well as pointing out the role of organizational interventions to address the adherence to best practices for the reduction of CLABSIs.

Immune Tolerance Induction for FIX Inhibitors Using Combined B and T Cell Immune Modulation Therapy in Severe Hemophilia B

IntroductionDevelopment of an inhibitor to Factor IX is a potentially life-threatening complication that occurs in 2-4% of severe hemophilia B patients. Attempt to eradicate these neutralizing alloantibodies with immune tolerance induction (ITI) regimens using prolonged repeated exposure to FIX fails to induce tolerance in ~70% of cases, and is limited by severe complications including FIX hypersensitivity and nephrotic syndrome. Cases of FIX ITI with immunosuppressive drugs have been reported infrequently. In light of increased understanding of the role of active T lymphocyte regulation of clotting factor-directed B lymphocyte-mediated humoral immunity, an approach combining immune modulating agents and frequent FIX infusions was reported by Beutel, et al (Haemostaseologie, 2009; 2014). We report a multi-institutional retrospective experience with combination immune modulation therapy (CIT), including B cell suppression with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab and T cell modulation using mycophenylate mofetil (MMF) with FIX ITI in 11 males with severe congenital hemophilia B.MethodsThe originally published regimen of Beutel, et al involves a 50 day course including FIX 100 IU/kg twice daily, rituximab 375 mg/m2 x 4 doses, mycophenolate (MMF) 300 mg/m2/dose daily, dexamethasone 6 mg/m2/dose pulses and IVIG 1 g/kg x 6 doses. Following individual Institutional Review Board approval, data on 11 patients was contributed by the INPH investigators and via outreach internationally and collected retrospectively using a uniform data collection form. Cases were included in the CIT series if the combination of FIX, rituximab and MMF was used. Approaches varied in the concomitant use of IVIG and pulse corticosteroids (dexamethasone or prednisone).ResultsCIT was the first immune tolerance therapy for 9/11 patients. Patients were 14-222 months of age at time of CIT, with a median time from inhibitor diagnosis to CIT 20 (range 0-207) months. Median historical peak inhibitor titer prior to initiation of CIT was 3.2 (range 1-42) BU/ml. Inhibitor titers at the initiation of CIT ranged from undetectable to 7 BU/ml. Eighty-onepercent of patients had a history of FIX hypersensitivity reaction. Prior to initiation of therapy, 27% of the patients underwent FIX desensitization during the initial course.The patients received FIX BID (9/11 patients) or QD (2/11 patients), 4 doses of rituximab 375 mg/m2, MMF for a minimum of 49 days (varying duration from 49-1247 days). IVIG was infused in 10/11 patients, with most receiving 3-7 doses during each course of CIT. 6/11 patients received between 2-10 courses of pulse corticosteroids during a CIT course.Each course of CIT achieved disappearance of the titer of FIX inhibitor at a median time of 1 month (range 1-41 months) Hypersensitivity reactions did not limit the courses of CIT, but did recur with inhibitor recurrence in 1 patient. Recurrence occurred in 6/11 patients at a median time of 11 months from time of CIT, in some cases soon after documented B cell recovery with a median inhibitor titer of 1.8 (range 0.7-7) BU/ml. In cases of recurrence, a negative inhibitor titer was achieved again in 1 patient by increasing FIX dose and in 4 patients who received additional courses of CIT. Repeat recurrence was seen in these patients following repeat CIT, although at low titer with a median of 1 BU/ml (range 1-4), allowing ongoing management with FIX in 3 of the 4. Overall, patients have had a median follow-up of 61 months following CIT, 9/11 patients are currently managed with factor IX for prophylaxis and bleeding, while 2/11 use bypassing agents.The most common complication was hospitalization for central venous catheter-related bacterial infection that occurred from < 1 to > 12 months after the use of rituximab in 3/11 patients. Nephrotic syndrome occurred in 3/11 patients. In each case, nephrotic syndrome responded to corticosteroids or re-initiation of CIT and FIX could be resumed.ConclusionsFIX ITI with CIT targeting both B and T cells in hemophilia B is an effective means of achieving a negative inhibitor titer with tolerable safety in this series, allowing return to use of FIX for hemostasis and prophylaxis in most patients. Although recurrence is common and longer follow up is needed, when compared to the experience with using FIX alone, outcomes appear to be improved using CIT with FIX ITI as an initial approach. DisclosuresAbajas:Bayer: Honoraria; CSL Limited: Honoraria. Allen:Shire: Employment, Equity Ownership. Oldenburg:Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Biogen: Honoraria, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Research Funding; Grifols: Honoraria, Research Funding; Octapharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria, Research Funding; Chugai: Honoraria, Research Funding; Biotest: Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria, Research Funding.

Asymptomatic catheter-related venous thrombosis in a child with cystic fibrosis: When to treat?

The use of central venous catheters (CVCs) in patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with an increased incidence of right atrial thrombosis. Practically, the management of CVC-related right atrial thrombosis presents a challenge as there are no clinical trials or systematic reviews in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. We describe a case of a 5-year-old child who presented with a CVC-related infection due to Candida parapsilosis. Echocardiogram revealed the presence of an incidental thrombus, measuring 1.4cm×0.4cm, at the tip of the catheter, adherent to the right atrial wall and discrete from the tricuspid valve leaflets. Imaging was performed at monthly intervals and showed spontaneous resolution of the thrombus after six months. Follow-up blood cultures were negative, and the course of the patient was uneventful.

Study on the cost attributable to central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and its influencing factors in a tertiary hospital in China

BackgroundCentral venous catheters (CVC) have been widely used for patients with severe conditions. However, they increase the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), which is associated with high economic burden. Until now, no study has focused on the cost attributable to CRBSI in China, and data on its economic burden are unavailable. The aim of this study was to assess the cost attributable to CRBSI and its influencing factors.MethodsA retrospective matched case-control study and multivariate analysis were conducted in a tertiary hospital, with 94 patients (age ≥ 18 years old) from January 2011 to November 2015. Patients with CRBSI were matched to those without CRBSI by age, principal diagnosis, and history of surgery. The difference in cost between the case group and control group during the hospitalization was calculated as the cost attributable to CRBSI, which included the total cost and five specific cost categories: drug, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testing, health care technical services, and medical material. The relation between the total cost attributable to CRBSI and its influencing factors such as demographic characteristics, diagnosis and treatment, and pathogenic microorganism, was analysed with a general linear model (GLM).ResultsThe total cost attributable to CRBSI was $3528.6, and the costs of specific categories including drugs, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testing, health care technical services, and medical material, were $2556.4, $112.1, $321.7, $268.7, $276.5, respectively. GLM analysis indicated that the total cost was associated with the intensive care unit (ICU), pathogenic microorganism, age, and catheter number, according to the sequence of standardized estimate (β). ICU contributed the most to the model R-square.ConclusionCentral venous catheter–related bloodstream infection represents a great economic burden for patients. More attentions should be paid to further prevent and control this infection in China.

Molecular analysis, biofilm formation, and susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing community- and health care-associated infections in central venous catheters.

The behavior of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from central venous catheter-related infection was evaluated to determine its biofilm potential, antimicrobial resistance, and adhesion genes. A total of 1,156 central venous catheters (CVC) were evaluated to screen for pathogens. Antimicrobial sensitivity, biofilm formation potential, and molecular analysis of MRSA were examined following standard guidelines. Of the 1,156 samples, 882 (76%) were colonized by bacteria or candida. Among the infected patients, 69% were male and 36% were female with median age of 32 years. Staphylococcus aureus infected 39% (344/882) of CVCs in patients. Of the 59% (208/344) of patients with MRSA, 57% had community acquired MRSA and 43% had hospital acquired MRSA. Linezolid and vancomycin killed 100% of MRSA; resistance levels to fusidic acid, doxycycline, clindamycin, azithromycin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, tobramycin, and ofloxacin were 21%, 42%, 66%, 68%, 72%, 85%, 95%, 97%, and 98% respectively. Strong biofilm was produced by 23% of samples, moderate by 27%, and weak by 50% of MRSA. The presence of adhesion genes, sdrC and sdrD (90%), eno (87%), fnbA (80%), clfA and sdrE (67%), fnbB, sdrD (61%), and cna (51%), in most MRSA samples suggested that the adhesion genes are associated with biofilm synthesis. The superbug MRSA is a major cause of CVC-related infection. Antibiotic resistance to major classes of antibiotics and biofilm formation potential enhanced superbug MRSA virulence, leading to complicated infection. MRSA causes infection in hospitals, communities, and livestock.

CONHECIMENTO AUTORREFERIDO DAS EQUIPES MÉDICA E DE ENFERMAGEM QUANTO ÀS MEDIDAS DE PREVENÇÃO DE INFECÇÃO DA CORRENTE SANGUÍNEA

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento autorreferido das equipes médica e de enfermagem quanto às medidas de prevenção de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter venoso central. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público de urgência e emergência de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A população foi composta por médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem responsáveis pela inserção e manutenção dos cateteres venosos centrais. Conduziu-se entrevista face a face, sendo utilizado como instrumento um questionário estruturado. A fim de se conhecer a distribuição dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva e para análise dos fatores associados ao conhecimento a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% (p&lt;0,05) e o intervalo de confiança de 95%. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Resultados: a mediana do conhecimento autorreferido nas diferentes questões pesquisadas foi de 42,8%. Na avaliação do conhecimento sobre a inserção do cateter o percentual autorreferido pelos médicos foi de 100%. Em contrapartida, as medidas de manutenção referidas pela equipe de enfermagem foram inferiores a 50%, destacando-se a desinfecção do hub (35%) e tempo de duração para essa desinfecção (7,2%). Conclusão: na análise global das questões elegíveis para avaliação do conhecimento das equipes, constatou-se um conhecimento limitado às medidas consideradas padrão ouro na prevenção de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter venoso central, reforçando a importância de mais investimentos na discussão da prevenção dessa infecção, bem como na educação permanente.

Catheter related infections in patients with acute type ii intestinal failure admitted to a national centre: Incidence and outcomes

Rationale: The long-term maintenance of central venous catheter access is vital in the management of IF, with meticulous catheter care and salvage of infected catheters being of prime importance. There is little, if any, data on the occurrence of CVC-related infection in patients with type 2 IF managed on a dedicated IF unit (IFU) and no data on the salvage outcomes in this setting.

Catheter-related infections in patients with acute type II intestinal failure admitted to a national centre: Incidence and outcomes

The management of intestinal failure (IF) requires safe and sustained delivery of parenteral nutrition (PN). The long-term maintenance of central venous catheter (CVC) access is therefore vital, with meticulous catheter care and salvage of infected CVCs being of prime importance. CVC-related infection and loss of intravenous access are important causes of morbidity and mortality in IF. Avoidance, prompt recognition and appropriate management of CVC-related infections are crucial components of IF care. However, there are few, if any, data on the occurrence of CVC-related infections in patients with acute, type 2, IF managed on a dedicated IF unit and no data on the salvage outcomes of infected CVCs in this group of patients. This is a retrospective observational study conducted between January 2011 and July 2017. All patients with acute, type 2 IF newly admitted to a national U.K. IF unit (IFU) during these dates were included. All patients admitted to the unit with a CVC in place underwent immediate 'screening' paired central and peripheral blood cultures on arrival before the CVC was used for any infusate. A prospectively maintained database was used to record all confirmed catheter-related blood stream infections (BSI)/colonisations, demographic and clinical data. Diagnosis of catheter-related BSI/colonisation was based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of paired central and peripheral blood cultures. A standardized 10-14-day catheter salvage treatment protocol involving antibiotic and urokinase CVC locks and systemic antibiotic administration was used to salvage any infected or colonised CVCs, as appropriate. The CVC was not used for PN until successful salvage had been confirmed by negative blood cultures drawn 48h after antibiotic completion. The development of a subsequent catheter-related BSI was recorded for all patients, both during the remaining in-patient stay on the IFU and after discharge home on PN. Of the 509 patients with type 2 IF admitted to the IFU during the study period, 341 (54% female; mean age 54.6 (range 16-86 years)) had an indwelling CVC that had been placed in the referring hospital. Surgical complications and mesenteric ischaemia were the most common underlying disease aetiologies. Sixty-five of 341 (19.1%) patients had an infected/colonised CVC on the initial screening set of blood cultures. A successful CVC salvage rate of 91% was achieved in this cohort after antibiotic therapy. The subsequent in-patient catheter-related BSI rate for those admitted with a CVC (n=341) on the IFU was 0.042 per 1000 catheter days, over a total of 23,548 in-patient catheter days. Two hundred and seventy nine of 341 patients were discharged on home PN (HPN); with a subsequent catheter-related BSI rate on HPN of 0.22 per 1000 catheter days (mean duration of HPN=778 catheter days (range:)) over a follow-up period of 216,944 out-patient catheter days. There was no increased risk of HPN-related catheter-related BSI (p=0.09) or mortality (p=0.4) in those admitted with an infected CVC. This is the first study to report catheter-related BSI/colonisation rates and salvage outcomes in patients with type 2 IF newly admitted to a dedicated IF Unit. We report that nearly one-fifth of all patients were referred with evidence of a catheter related BSI/colonisation; despite this, successful catheter salvage is possible and, with stringent CVC care, an extremely low subsequent catheter related BSI rates can be achieved and maintained during in-patient stay on a dedicated IF Unit and after discharge on HPN. These data provide novel evidence to support ESPEN recommendations that patients with type 2 IF are managed on a dedicated IF Unit.

Risk factors and microbial profile of central venous catheter related blood stream infection in medical cardiac care units, National Heart Institute, Egypt.

IntroductionCatheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is the main complication of central venous catheter (CVC) use. The aim of the study is to improve the safety of patients with central venous catheter in National Heart Institute (NHI) medical cardiac care units.MethodsA Prospective cohort study was conducted on one hundred and eleven cardiac patients in (NHI) cardiac care units from August 2017 to February 2018. All patients subjected to central venous catheter (CVC) in cardiac care units, NHI, were included except: 1. Patients with obvious source of infection, 2. Immunocompromised patients, 3. patients having infective endocarditis, 4. patients whose catheter was put outside NHI.ResultsNoncompliance of health care providers to care bundle elements of CVC of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) represents a risk factor for CRBSI occurrence. Coagulase negative staphylococci was the most common isolated organism.ConclusionHealth care providers should adhere care bundle elements recommended by CDC during insertion and handling of CVC. This will in turn decrease CRBSI.

Surgeon-Reported Complications vs AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators: A Comparison of Two Approaches to Identifying Adverse Events

Traditionally, clinicians present complications at surgical morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences, and the AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) use inpatient administrative data to identify certain adverse outcomes. Although both methods are used to identify adverse events and inform quality improvement efforts, these 2 methods might not overlap. This is a retrospective observational study of all hospitalizations at a single academic department of surgery (including subspecialties) in 2016 involving a PSI-defined event (PSIs 03, 05 to 15) identified by surgery faculty and residents for review by departmental M&M conference or administrative data (according to AHRQ, version 6.0). Pediatric cases were excluded. We analyzed the degree to which these 2 processes captured PSI-defined events and reasons for exclusion by each process. Among 6,563 surgical hospitalizations, 647 hospitalizations (9.9%) had at least 1 complication identified by the M&M process or the PSIs (or both). Of these hospitalizations, 116 had at least 1 PSI-defined event (for a total of 149 PSI-defined events) captured by either M&M or the PSIs. Most complications (n= 82 [88.2%]) identified by M&M alone were excluded by PSI criteria (as intended), but 11 true PSI events (ie false negatives) were identified by M&M only. In contrast, pressure ulcers and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections were detected exclusively by the PSIs and not reported via M&M. There was limited overlap, with 18 events (12.1%) captured by both processes. Surgical M&M and the PSIs are complementary approaches to identifying complications. Both case-finding processes should be used to inform quality improvement efforts.

Central venous catheter-related infections caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other multiresistant non-diphtherial corynebacteria in paediatric oncology patients

Bloodstream and venous catheter-related corynebacterial infections in paediatric patients with haematological cancer were investigated from January 2003 to December 2014 at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We observed that during cancer treatment, invasive corynebacterial infections occurred independent of certain factors, such as age and gender, underlying diseases and neutropenia. These infections were ssscaused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtherial corynebacteria. All cases presented a variable profile of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, except to vancomycin. Targeted antibiotic therapy may contribute to catheters maintenance and support quality of treatment. Non-diphtherial corynebacteria must be recognized as agents associated with venous access infections. Our data highlight the need for the accurate identification of corynebacteria species, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Dramatic decrease of implanted central venous catheter-related infections by applying a simple but multicomponent prophylactic multidisciplinary program in a lung cancer clinic

Introduction Subcutaneous implanted ports (SIP) are long-term devices often used in oncology practices because they have fewer infectious complications than others central venous catheters and because they preserve a better quality of life for patients, especially for sequential treatments. In literature, the incidence of infectious complications on SIP differed depending on patient's pathology, perfusions (parenteral nutrition), catheterization durations and other infectious events. Methods In order to meet the demand of lung specialist to decrease infections, an observational study was conducted to describe the infectious complication incidence and to identify the risk factors of catheter infections during two periods before and after a multimodal infection prevention program. All patients who had undergone SIP insertion, whatever the indication, during a stay in one of the three units of Pulmonology were included in the study. Two periods of surveillance were studied: (i) P1 of November 15 2012 to December 31, 2013; and (ii) P2 from September 1, 2014 to November 1, 2015. All patients were followed prospectively from the date of SIP insertion to the occurrence of the first infection, until the removal of SIP, until the death of the patient, or for a maximum of 6 months. The incidence of catheter infection is expressed as events per 1000 catheter days. Catheterization days were calculated from the start date of insertion to the end of the follow-up. During P1, parameters collected were demographic factors of patients, diabetes, patient dependence score, infectious disease history, indication and SIP placement, first or second SIP, immediate complications after catheter placement (hematoma), perfusions type (transfusion, chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition). During P2, the statistically significant factors of P1 were recorded. In univariate analysis Pearson's Chi2 test and the Z test were used. For multivariate analysis, a Cox model was used for the comparison of survival of CVC without an infection-related problem. Each factor related to infectious risk in univariate analysis and interactions was included in the model. Univariate and multivariate analyses were made using SPSS software. Results All patients have care both in hospital (in ambulatory care unit or hospitalized unit) and at home. During the first period, 61 SIP for 56 patients were included covering a total of 6,966 catheterization days. The incidence of infections was 2.87 per 1000 catheter days corresponding with 16 catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and 4 local SIP infections.17 SIP were removing because of infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae were the main microorganisms identified. Four early infections occurred within 7 days after inclusion. A multivariate analysis highlighted a significant effect of parenteral nutrition (OR = 4.94, P –hospital and home nurses formation with posters summarizing points main parts of infection catheter prevention and evaluation of knowledge on aseptic catheter protocols; –used of taurolidine lock prophylaxis for patient with parenteral nutrition; –observations and education of surgical staff on hand hygiene and aseptic technique. During the second period, 69 SIP for 60 patients were included covering a total of 9343 catheterization days. Incidence of infections was 0.71 per 1000 catheter days corresponding with 4 CRBSIs and 3 local SIP infections. No early infections were observed. A very important decrease of incidence of infections was observed between the two periods. Conclusion This result shows that the application of a prevention program with a multidisciplinary approach involving medical and chirurgical staff, nurses working in and out hospital to provide continuing education to all healthcare providers, is efficacy to decrease this infections.

Infection Control Measures for Patient with Central Line: Nurses' Performance

Background: Central venous catheters (CVCs) are vascular infusion tools utilized for studying hemodynamic variables, dialysis, administration of medication, and nutrition. Catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a complication of central venous catheter (CVC) use. Central venous catheter-related infection (CVC-RI) is considered a common cause of increased morbidity, mortality, and medical care costs in intensive care units (ICUs). Aim of the study: to assess nurses’ performance regarding infection control measures for patient with central line in critical care unit. Research design: A descriptive exploratory design was utilized. Subjects: Purposive sample of critical care nurses working in the ICU, at El-Fayoum University Hospital, 40 nurses from both genders, with different ages, educational levels and years of experience were selected for this study. Tool: Data were obtained through three main tools; Nurses' Self-administered questionnaire, Nurses' observational checklist and Nurses' attitudes questionnaire tool. Results: this study revealed that about more than two thirds of studied nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge and practice regarding infection control measures related to central line. Also, about (77.5%) of them had negative attitude regarding infection control measures for patient with central line. There were statistically significance correlation between nurses' level of knowledge, practice and their attitude .there were statistical significant relations between nurses' performance and their socio-demographic characteristics as regards age, education and experience Conclusion: Nurses had unsatisfactory level of knowledge, practice and negative attitude regarding infection control measures related to central line. Knowledge, practice &attitude were found to differ significantly in relation to socio-demographic data. Recommendation: Designing nurses’ infection control program to improve their knowledge and practice regarding infection control measures related to central line. The study should be replicated on large sample & in different hospitals setting in order to generalize the results.

Assessment of Intestinal Failure Associated Liver Disease according to different diagnostic criteria

Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) has been defined using numerous criteria; however the clinical relevance of these criteria has never been compared. We therefore aimed to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, evolution of IFALD diagnosed by different criteria and to assess any clinical features that may be associated with its occurrence. A cross sectional (CS) and retrospective study were carried out on adults on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for chronic intestinal failure (CIF) managed at a single center. Inclusion criteria at CS: age ≥18 years, benign disease. Collected data included: patient demographics, CIF and HPN characteristics, episodes of central venous catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). IFALD was diagnosed by 9 criteria based on liver function tests and liver ultrasound (US) imaging. IFALD diagnoses were categorized as steatosis (2 criteria), cholestasis (3 criteria) or fibrosis (2 criteria) and unclassified (2 criteria). Prevalence was assessed at CS and at starting HPN (baseline, BS). Evolution was assessed as change of IFALD between BS and CS. Incidence was calculated as patients who developed IFALD from BS to CS. A total of 113 patients were included. At CS, IFALD prevalence range in each diagnostic categories was: cholestasis 5-15%; steatosis 17-43%; fibrosis 10-20%; unclassified 7-38%. A 28.5% of patients did not have IFALD according to any criteria. Two cholestasis criteria and one fibrosis criterion were significantly (P<0.05) associated with a short bowel syndrome as the pathophysiological mechanism of CIF, HPN requirement and the number of CRBSI episodes. At BS, IFALD prevalence range was: cholestasis 13-40%; steatosis 27-90%; fibrosis 2-5%; unclassified 8-75%. The incidence range of IFALD was: cholestasis 0-7%; steatosis 0-39%; fibrosis 7-18%; unclassified 4-9%. IFALD steatosis diagnosed by US was the most frequent diagnosis at both CS prevalence and incidence assessments. Notably, IFALD criteria normalized in various percentages (2-70%), depending on the diagnostic categories, between BS and CS. This is the first study to systematically demonstrate that the frequency of IFALD varies greatly depending on diagnostic criteria used, confirming the need for a consensus definition to be used between different national and international IF units. IFALD can be present at HPN initiation but may resolve thereafter; further work is required to evaluate the factors associated with improvement.

Educating intensive care unit nurses to use central venous catheter infection prevention guidelines: effectiveness of an educational course.

Nurses' knowledge of central venous catheter-related infection (CVC-RI) prevention guidelines is poor, indicating that nurses do not receive proper education about these guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational course that aimed to improve nurses' knowledge about CVC-RI prevention guidelines. A sample of 131 nurses were randomly assigned to the experimental group (received an educational course) or control group (received no education). Pre-Post data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included a 23-item knowledge assessment. In the pre-test, all participants demonstrated poor knowledge, with mean scores of 8.2 (standard deviation = 3.6). After completion of the course, knowledge was significantly improved in the experimental group, whereas the control group showed no change (t(106,3) = 25.1, p = 0.00). An educational course on CVC-RI prevention guidelines had an encouraging effect. Decision makers are recommended to implement such courses in their settings to improve nurses' competency.

Chlorhexidine-containing dressings in the prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections: A cost and resource utilization analysis

A recent study reported a reduction in probable/definite central venous catheter (CVC)-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in neutropenic high-risk patients using CVC dressings with a chlorhexidine-containing gel pad. Based on published data, a health-economic analysis was performed to analyze the economic effect of using CVC dressings with a chlorhexidine-containing gel pad compared to non-chlorhexidine control dressings. A micro-costing approach was used to determine CRBSI-related direct treatment cost factors. Between February 2012 and September 2014, 356 patients (178 patients in both groups) were analyzed. Distribution of probable and definite CRBSI in the chlorhexidine group and control group were 12 (7%) vs 18 (10%) and 9 (5%) vs 21 (12%), respectively (P = .011). Median overall length of stay (25 vs 27.5 days; P = .630) and days on treatment with antibacterials (10 vs 12 days; P = .140) were similar between the chlorhexidine and control groups. The most important cost driver in both groups was treatment on general ward (€4275 [US$ 5173], interquartile range [IQR]: €592 - €6504 [US$ 716 - US$ 7871] vs €4560 [US$ 5518], IQR: €1227 - €8567 [US$ 1485 - US$ 10,367]; P = .120), resulting in median overall direct treatment costs of €13,881 (US$ 16,798) [IQR: €10,922 - €25,457 (US$ 13,217 - US$ 30,807) vs €13,929 [US$ 16,856] [IQR: €11,295 - €23,561 (US$ 13,669 - US$ 28,512); P = .640]). Our study shows similar results in overall direct treatment costs, meaning that higher acquisition costs of chlorhexidine-containing dressings did not translate into higher costs. Expenses were primarily outweighed by a lower rate of probable/definite CRBSI and reduced associated costs.

Impact of MaxZero™ needle-free connector on the incidence of central venous catheter-related infections in surgical intensive care unit

BackgroundCentral venous catheter-related infections (CRIs) are a complication of central venous catheters in intensive care unit (ICU). Some needle-free connectors have been designed to decrease CRI, but there is a lack of data concerning their impact on infection. ObjectivesThe objective was to explore the impact of MaxZero™ connectors (BD; Franklin Lakes, US) on CRI in ICU. MethodsObservational, pre–post design study (2011–2013 and 2014–2016) conducted in the surgical ICU of a tertiary care hospital (18 beds). Patients with a central venous catheter and a length of stay ≥48 h were included. The connectors replaced all disposable caps used on infusion stopcocks and ramps. The primary parameter was to compare the incidence of CRI between the “before” period and the “after” period. ResultsA total of 1633 patients were included (789 “before” and 844 “after”). There was no difference between groups concerning the global duration of catheterisation (12.5 ± 11.5 days vs. 12.1 ± 10.9 days). There were 61 CRIs before and 28 CRIs after the introduction of connectors; the incidence of CRI in the “before” group was 20.33 CRI/year (6.18 CRI per 1000 catheter-days) vs. 9.33 CRI/year (2.73 CRI per 1000 catheter-days) in the “after” group (incidence rate ratio = 0.44; 95% confidence interval = 0.28–0.68, p < 0.001). However, after a global analysis of the 6-year period, when adjusting for seasonal effect and pre-existing linear trend, the effect was no longer significant (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval = 0.24–1.35, p = 0.20). ConclusionsOur results do not allow us to conclude to a potential beneficial effect of MaxZero™ on CRI but are compatible with its prolonged and safe use in ICU. Only future prospective works will be able to confirm the value of these connectors for CRI prevention.