Central Respiratory System Research Articles

Phase I Study of 1-(4-Amino-2-Methyl-5-Pyrimidinyl)Methyl-3-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-Nitrosourea Hydrochloride (ACNU)

A phase I study on ACNU was conducted on 109 cases of advanced and inoperable malignant tumors, including, among others, leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. The subjective side effects included only nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Nausea and vomiting appeared one to six hours after administration, and virtually disappeared within the same day. Total dose was considered to play an important role in developing hematological side effects. There is a need to take every possible care regarding the appearance of cumulative toxicity particularly in connection with WBC and platelets. No side effects, however, were observed in the central nervous, respiratory, circulatory or other systems. Nor were any hepatic and renal dysfunctions observed in various examinations.

Congenital malformations in twins.

Among 1195 twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, for whom information was available, 219 (18.33%) were found to have malformations, 179 (14.98%) single and 40 (3.35%) multiple. The frequency of malformations among twins was significantly higher than that among singletons from the same population, but the difference was entirely contributed by MZ twins. This holds true for both major and minor malformations. The frequency among Negro twins was higher than among white, and among male twins higher than among female. Twins had more malformations of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, ear, respiratory, cardiovascular, and alimentary systems and fewer malformations of the genitourinary and integumentary systems than singletons. In a significant number of cases when one twin of a pair had a malformation, the cotwin also had a malformation though not necessarily the same as that of the first twin.

The cytogenetic effects of caffeine on two tumour cell lines

Caffeine is found in both coffee and tea, and so a great number of people are exposed to various doses of caffeine. It acts as a stimulant for the central nervous, respiratory and cardiac systems and possibly, because of its purine nature, has a mutagenic potential. However, there is a large amount of conflicting evidence regarding whether or not caffeine causes chromosome breaks, and as a result we have utilised two established cell lines to investigate its chromosome-breaking properties at low (<160 µ g/ml) concentrations. The cell lines used were HeLa (serum) adapted and MCT1, which is a line established in these laboratories from a male rat breast. The three highest concentrations of caffeine used (160 µ g/ml, 140 µ g/ml and 120 µ g/ml), showed gross chromosome aberrations in the HeLa cells, but the MCT1 cells only showed minimal effect. The significance of these results will be further discussed.

Ataxia-telangiectasia. Report of seven cases.

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a genetically determined disease characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Seven cases are reported together with necropsy findings in two patients. Ocular signs are prominent and in addition to bulbar conjunctival telangiectasia include nystagmus, ocular motor apraxic movements, strabismus, frequent loss of optokinetic responses, and poor convergence ability. The principle pathological changes were in the central nervous system, respiratory system, thymus, lymphatics and gonads. Four cases showed an absence or deficient gamma 1A globulin (1A). There were 2 sets of siblings in this series. Since a deficiency in 1A increases the susceptibility to infection, bronchitis and pneumonia constitute a serious threat for these patients. Lymphoreticular malignancies are also a common cause of death.

Toxicologic and pharmacologic properties of tolnaftate, an antitrichophyton agent

Tolnaftate (naphthiomate-T), a new antitrichophyton agent, has received toxicologic and pharmacologic investigation. The acute toxicity of tolnaftate for several species by different routes of administration was very slight, there being a death rate of 4 10 in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of 8 and 10 g/kg of the agent. By subacute toxicity studies in mice and dogs, there was neither a marked effect on body weight gain, nor any gross signs of toxicity. No significant observations were made by gross and microscopic examination of tissues. Repeated skin applications and short-term oral toxicity studies were conducted in rabbits. No skin irritation resulted from repeated application of the drug. During the studies of repeated oral doses in rabbits, clinical observations, hematologic data, organ function values, urinalyses, and terminal gross and microscopic examinations of tissues were obtained. No evidence of drug effect was observed in rabbits that received daily oral doses of 2500 mg/kg or less for 91 consecutive days. Tolnaftate did not exhibit significant activity in any of the pharmacologic tests such as its actions on the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, peripheral systems, and blood.

Cunningham's Text-Book of Anatomy.

For the twelfth edition of this classic textbook, the whole text has been reviewed and revised to take into account new developments in the study and teaching of anatomy. Chapters on the central nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system have been almost entirely rewritten. A completely new feature is the addition of an atlas of anatomical structure using radiographs and tomographs (CT scans).

GASTRIC ULCER OF THE PYLORUS SIMULATING. HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

A brief review of the natural history of peptic ulcer in infancy and childhood is given. The symptomatology, differential diagnosis and diagnostic procedures are presented. The diagnosis of peptic ulcer should be considered more often in infancy and childhood and the proper diagnostic procedures instituted. A case of gastric ulcer simulating hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is presented. A summary of 31 cases with peptic ulcers found at autopsy at the Babies Hospital from January 1, 1924 to January 1, 1950 is given. From a summary of coexistent disease found in the autopsy cases at the Babies Hospital and reports from the recent literature, it would appear that diseases of the central nervous, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems are commonly present in cases which have shown peptic ulcer at autopsy.

THE NEURO-ANATOMY IN RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Present knowledge and understanding of the fiber tract pathways and nuclear masses in the central nervous system which have to do with the conduction and integration of respiratory impulses is still somewhat uncertain, in spite of the considerable amount of research that has been done. One of the main obstacles to the solution of this problem has been the inability of workers to produce small localized lesions in experimental animals. Focal lesions of the desired location are of the utmost importance when a variety of functionally different nuclear masses and fiber tracts are crowded together in as small a structure as the brain stem. A large part of the experimental work with animals onthe location of the central nervous respiratory system has involved lesions affecting one third, one half or complete sections of the brain stem. Obviously, these lesions destroy tracts and nuclear masses that have little or nothing to

Area of the body surface and measurements of the normal heart in children: Kissane, R. W.: Arch. Int. Med. 45: 241, 1930

Aralia elata var. mandshurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) J.Wen syn. A. mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim is evaluated for its medicinal application. The aim of this study is to analyze pharmacological studies on A. elata var. mandshurica published until December 2015.The information regarding the chemistry, safety, effectiveness, and pharmacological and clinical effects of A. elata was systematically collected from the scientific literature through library catalogs; online services such as E-library.ru, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.A. elata is often considered an example of a medicinal plant used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese traditional medicine. However, the contemporary applications of Aralia in officinal medicine result primarily from a large number of pharmacological and clinical investigations carried out in the former USSR in the mid-20th century. Since the 1950s, medicinal preparations from radices of A. elata and radices of A. mandshurica have secured an established position within Russian/USSR medicine as evidenced by the inclusion of the drug in recent editions of the National Pharmacopoeia of the USSR and in the Register of Medicinal Preparations of Russia. Pharmacological studies on animals have shown that Aralia increases physical working capacity and affords a stress-protective effect against a broad spectrum of harmful factors including cold stress, immobilization, UV irradiation, and low air pressure. The phytoadaptogen exerts an effect on the central nervous, reproductive, immune, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems; the metabolic syndrome including hypolipidemic and antidiabetic effects; and blood coagulation. Together with general properties of adaptogens, Aralia has its own specificity, which manifests in cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic activities. Studies on isolated organs, cells, and enzymes have revealed that Aralia preparations exhibit antioxidant activities and enhance sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity, inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis markers (GRP78, CHOP, Caspase-12, and JNK), and increase phosphorylation of STAT3 and Bcl2/Bax ratio; they also show cytotoxic activities against some tumor cell lines; affect NF-κB and PPARs activities; and regulate biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related protein expression, tissue respiration, and oxygen consumption. In healthy subjects, Aralia increases mental performance, working capacity, and endurance of movement. Numerous clinical trials have shown the efficiency of Aralia preparations in patients with traumatic brain injury (accompanied with asthenic syndrome and neurotic reactions, depression, neurasthenia, and psychasthenia), neurological diseases (accompanied with astheno-depressive and astheno-hypochondriasis syndromes), myasthenia syndrome (accompanied with chronic post-influenza arachnoiditis), and arterial hypotension. Aralia tincture and “Saparal” are useful as antiviral remedies. Radioprotective properties of Aralia have been reported in pregnant women. Synergistic antiobesity effect was reported for the combination of A. mandshurica and Engelhardtia chrysolepis extracts and antidiabetic effect for the combination of Aralia and glipizide.Promising stress-relieving effects of Aralia are reported for professionals whose work requires a high level of attention. Its proposed ability to moderate stress-induced damage and dysfunction in the cardiovascular tissue might make Aralia the adaptogen of choice among patients with higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. Because Aralia extract administration appears to affect plasma glucose level and hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorate hyperinsulinemia, it might also provide benefits and be the adaptogen of choice for patients with obesity and diabetes.This review describes the considerable diversity of pharmacological effects of A. elata reported in numerous studies carried out in the former USSR and other countries, which have been confirmed over >47 years of use of the plant as an official medicinal remedy. The knowledge discussed in this review can be applied to the expansion of the use of this high-value plant in the pharmacotherapy of European and other countries and for the further discovery of new drugs based on the secondary metabolites of this plant. Modern approaches in mechanisms of action, including a study of gene expression profiling, suggest the most up-to-date challenges for the future research of Aralia.