Central Passage Research Articles

Who Wrote the Rhetoric? A Response to Brad McAdon

In several recent essays, Brad McAdon has argued that Aristotle's Rhetoric is such a fractured, inconsistent text that it is reasonable to conclude it is not the work of a single author, “Aristotle,” but the work of an editor who combined sections of treatises by several authors. This article challenges McAdon's thesis by reexamining the historical transmission of the Rhetoric and analyzing a central passage in the work—namely Rhetoric 1.4–14 (on the idia or special topics)—that McAdon believes Aristotle could not have written.

Cornerstones in Ulrich Bach's Work on Theology and Disability

This article outlines the theological cornerstones of Ulrich Bach, a German theologian in the field of theology and disability. The present text aims at offering a general approach to Ulrich Bach's work for the English-speaking world by considering the christological, soteriological, and ecclesiological themes of his work. Moreover, this article includes some of the central passages of his work in translation.

From the Space of the Wunderkammer to Macondo's Wonder Rooms: The Collection of Marvels in Cien años de soledad

This article explores the relationship of Gabriel García Márquez's novel Cien añs de soledad to early modern material culture. In particular, it argues that we may reread central passages in the novel as a ludic reintegration of the space of the cámara de maravillas or Wunderkammer : sixteenth- and seventeenth-century repositories of objects that were conceived of as marvels or wonders. While this transhistorical relationship appears at first to link García Márquez's novel to modern and contemporary reinventions of the Wunderkammer in Europe and North America, the present article underscores the specificity of Cien años de soledad 's approach to the early modern culture of the marvelous in light of the novel's retracing of the affective cartographies of empire.

The flow rectification of a vaned microdiffuser: A numerical investigation

This paper presents a numerical investigation to characterize the flow rectification of a dynamic vaned microdiffuser pump. To study the impacts of vane configuration in microscale, two vanes stretching from the inlet region to the outlet region are added to divide the microdiffuser into three flowing passages. By imposing a sinusoidal pressure at the inlet, two geometric parameters are considered: half angle of the diverging section θ and half angle between adjacent vanes F. We find that when the angle between adjacent vanes remains the same (fixed F), net flow rate is augmented with increasing θ. In contrast, there exists an optimized vane configuration while the diverging section is unchanged (fixed θ). For F < θ/3, increase in F helps to improve flow rectification. For F > θ/3, further increase of F results in narrower side passages, and net flow rate diminishes consequently. Hence, best flow rectification is achieved when the diverging section is equally divided by the vanes, i.e. F = θ/3. The influences of vane configuration in flow rectification can be categorized into three regimes: central passage dominated, best rectification, and side passage dominated.

The Czech Constitutional Court's Second Decision on the Lisbon Treaty of 3 November 2009

On 3 November 2009 the Czech Constitutional Court gave its second ruling within a year on the Treaty of Lisbon. The Court squarely rejected the complaints against the Treaty. For scholarship the most interesting characteristic of the ruling is the way the Court distanced itself from the Lissabon-Urteil of the Bundesverfassungsgericht in such unequivocal terms that the judgment's central passages deserve a place in this issue, even though we only dispose of a provisional translation by Jan Komárek and cannot make comments available yet. As it did in the previous judgment on the Lisbon Treaty of 28 November 2008, the Czech Court again belies the established idea that eastern European constitutional courts take the Bundesverfassungsgericht as their guide.

Fora dos muros: entre a Bildung e a Revelação

Este artigo trata da rápida substituição de paradigmas que se processa no seio da comunidade judaica alemã nas primeiras décadas do século 19, como resultado da derrubada dos muros que, até então, separavam os judeus dos alemães cristãos. O triunfo das idéias do Iluminismo bem como sua rápida penetração no âmbito de uma comunidade ansiosa por integração numa sociedade que prometia a igualdade entre todos os seus membros, independentemente de sua origem étnica ou religiosa, estimulou, entre os judeus egressos dos guetos, a adoção de novas visões de mundo e de novos conceitos de nacionalidade e espiritualidade. Uma das passagens centrais nesse processo de mudança é descrita pelo escritor Berthold Auerbach (1812-1882) como a transformação da idéia de Revelação, central à tradição judaica, em Bildung, fundamental na cultura alemã do século 19. Trata-se de uma mudança de paradigmas que explica, de certa forma, a grande afinidade dos judeus do mundo de língua alemã com a reflexão humanística de seu tempo, que parece ocupar o lugar privilegiado antes reservado aos estudos de caráter religioso.

Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood–brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain

After the first Persian Gulf War, many soldiers have complained of a variety of symptoms designated as “Gulf War Illness”. Among several factors, implication of pyridostigmine (PB) in late cognitive dysfunction is highly likely. As a hypothesis to explain these behavioural disorders is a potentiation of the operational stress effects by pyridostigmine. We have previously described that repeated stress combined to pyridostigmine treatment induces learning dysfunction linked to genomic cerebral modifications [Barbier L, Diserbo M, Lamproglou I, Amourette C, Peinnequin A, Fauquette W. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part II—changes in selected cerebral genes expression. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:292–300; Lamproglou I, Barbier L, Diserbo M, Fauvelle F, Fauquette W, Amourette C. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part I—long-term behavioural consequences. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:301–10]. In the present study, using the same experimental model, we attempted to determine if such modifications are linked to a central passage of pyridostigmine under stress. Indeed it is known that exposure to stress can disrupt blood–brain barrier (BBB) and thereby increase the neurotoxicity induced by chemicals in many cerebral areas. Adult rats were subjected to repeated stress based on a modification of the pole climbing avoidance technique and treated daily by PB (1.5 mg/kg/day, oral in water), for two 5-day periods separated by 2-day rest. Just after the last stress session, 3H-pyridostigmine was administered as a tracer to evaluate BBB breakdown. In brain micro-punches and brain coronal cryosections, we failed to detect any radioactivity in animals chronically stressed and treated by pyridostigmine. Accordingly, no change of ChE activity was noted in any brain area studied. It thus appears that, in our experimental model, pyridostigmine induces effects on central nervous system, but these effects do not seem to be mediated by a central passage of pyridostigmine linked to a BBB opening under stress. These results suggest that pyridostigmine may have central effects, under stress, via indirect mechanisms emerging from a peripheral pathway.

La posizione del capitolo IX del Principe nel pensiero di Machiavelli

- The ninth chapter of The Prince, dedicated to the analysis of the "civil principaly" has during the last decades recalled on itself the increasing interest of the researchers, that have recognized in it one of the central passages of Machiavelli's political theory. Nevertheless, it can be affirmed without fearing to be denied that few other pages of the Florentine secretary have recorded so deep interpretative divergences as this chapter. The essay that we present wants to be a contribution to the explanation and to the exact conceptual determination of Prince IX through the comparison with Discorsi I XL, a text that, as it will appear, not only takes back, but above all widens the perspective from which the subject of the chapter of the De principatibus is considered. With the lens offered by Discorsi I XL it is possible to succeed in putting to fire with precision what was the intent that Machiavelli proposed himself stretching the ninth chapter. Intent that was not, as it is frequently repeated, to point out in the strategic alliance between prince and people the suitable political formula to go solve the Italian crisis, but more simply that to suggest the most effective means with which a prince, affirmed himself on the ashes of a republic, could consolidate his power.

The Unity of Physics and Poetry: H. C. Ørsted and the Aesthetics of Force

This article briefly outlines Ørsted's early aesthetic thought by placing it in the context of his affiliations with early German romanticism, and by examining the poetics and philosophy of language contained in a prize-winning essay on aesthetics that he wrote in 1796. Further, this article presents an example of how aesthetic and linguistic strategies in his writing helped shape the meaning of the theoretical terms utilized in his early scientific work. Toward this end, the focus of the article will be limited to a central passage from the first installment of his Kemiske Breve (Chemical Letters), which he published in 1798 at the age of twenty-one.

Sunil S Amrith, Decolonizing international health: India and Southeast Asia, 1930–65, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. xiii, 261, £50.00 (hardback 1-4039-8593-6).

The 1950s were the heyday of mass campaigns against specific diseases in the developing world. These campaigns were based on the optimistic assumption that it was possible to control and even eradicate disease through the effective deployment of appropriate technologies. In other words, this was the golden age of the “magic bullet”. Judging from demographic statistics, this approach seemed to work, and countries in Asia and Africa saw a significant decline in mortality during the decade. In his study of international health in South and Southeast Asia, Sunil Amrith—although recognizing that the public health campaigns were in one sense “tremendously successful” (p. 150)—aims to challenge the notion of the well oiled and smoothly running operation. Rather, the campaigns were fragile enterprises dependent on local circumstances and historical contingencies. Thus, in a central passage Amrith suggests that “when looked at too closely, the modernist image [of the campaigns] fragments into so many broken-down vans, fears of ‘resistance’, recalcitrant mosquitoes, and plans gone wrong” (p. 148). While many books in the history of medicine conveniently confine themselves to one disease and/or one country, Amrith courageously sets out to substantiate his argument through analyses covering public health efforts in a broad sense over the area corresponding to the South East Asian Region of the World Health Organization (a somewhat artificial unit created because Pakistan and India could not be in the same region). He begins in the 1930s, where he identifies a discourse on rural hygiene emerging from the peripheries of Asian empires and culminating with the 1937 Bandung conference. This was a discourse based on a broad “social” approach to medicine. The Second World War, however, changed this. The discovery of DDT and antibiotic drugs against tuberculosis, on the one hand, and the logistics of military medicine, on the other, placed, Amrith argues, “‘the magic bullet’ at the heart of international medicine” (p. 53). Consequently, after the war a more narrow bio-medical perspective on public health dominated “the political culture of international health”. This political culture was first and foremost embodied in the WHO. Apparently, the new approach did not depend on local circumstances; nor it did require any active cooperation from local populations. Seemingly, international health had become “universal”. Having taken the reader so far in the first four chapters of the book, Amrith looks more closely at the campaigns. He finds a fragile medical infrastructure, improvisations from local employees, resistance against BCG-vaccination from political leaders in South India, and problems in creating rational, compliant patients for long-term medication. Finally, he of course finds the looming fear of the emerging resistance to DDT in mosquitoes. More than anything else, resistance to this insecticide symbolizes the failure of the “magic bullet”. By 1965 faith in the medical campaigns was fading, while concerns about the population explosion received more and more attention. There can be no doubt that Decolonizing international health is a suggestive and imaginative contribution to our understanding of international health at a crucial juncture, not least because it takes such a bold and broad perspective. These virtues come, however, at a cost. First, the narrative in some of the chapters tends to be confused. Chapter two, for instance, begins with an account of the developments in military medicine during the Second World War which paved the way for the narrow bio-medical approach. It then considers the report of the Indian Bhore Committee, which employed a much more social approach. The chapter proceeds to an account of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and ends in Bengal during the famine of 1943. This seems to be a wide and somewhat heterogeneous range of topics to cover within just twenty-five pages. Second, specific issues could have been analysed in more depth. While most would agree with Amrith's suggestion that employees of the campaigns were not “faceless technicians in a Fordist production line of health” (p. 126), the convincing in-depth case study to substantiate this argument is lacking. It might be true that the high modernist image of the mass campaign disappears when looked at “too closely”, but Amrith does not—after all—come that close. Decolonizing international health is, nevertheless, an immensely valuable work because it should inspire others to conduct a wide range of in-depth microhistorical studies of public health interventions in Asia. Such studies might support or repudiate Amrith's line of argument, but it is a very stimulating book to have on the shelf.

Christina Rossetti: Illness and Ideology

Doubtless the most familiar references to illness in the poetry of Christina Rossetti appear in Goblin Market after Lizzie's sister Laura has banqueted on the sumptuous fruits proffered by the demonic Goblin men (the only males, one recalls, who actually appear in the poem). Ecstatic for the moment, Laura returns to the maidens' garden cottage promising to bring sister plums ... / Fresh on their mother twigs and cherries worth getting. She describes feast in detail: You cannot think what figs My teeth met in, What melons icy-cold Piled on a dish of gold Too huge for me to hold, What peaches with a velvet nap, Pellucid grapes without one seed: Odorous indeed must be the mead Whereon they grow, and pure the wave they drink With lilies at the brink, And sugar-sweet their sap. (1) Such delicate fruits would, in our own age, appear to be a tonic for any illness, but Laura's allusion to iconic lilies, in this context, suggests the delusory quality of gustatory experience: soon, in fact, her tree of life drooped from the root (l. 260). She is overwhelmed by her heart's sore ache and an unquenchable yearning (ll. 261, 266). She sickens, says the narrative voice: Her hair grew thin and gray; She dwindled, as the fair full moon doth mm To swift decay and burn Her fire away. (ll. 277-280) With sunk eyes and faded mouth (l. 288), final stages of deterioration begin. In a both literally and figuratively pivotal passage that appears about midway through the poem, when Laura, dwindling / Seemed knocking at Death's door (ll. 320-321), sister Lizzie is reminded of Jeanie in grave, Who should been a bride; But who for brides hope to Fell sick and died In prime. (ll. 312-316) Eventually, of course, Lizzie braves the Goblin glen and the vicious assaults of the demons themselves, to return dripping with fruit juices which Laura sucks from body and by which she is miraculously saved, indeed resurrected: Life out of death (l. 524), we are told, was their effect. As with so many modern vaccines, the antidote to the disease--presumably unavailable to Jeanie--is derived from its source. Before leaving this passage about Jeanie, crucial to a number of the poem's ideological resonances, we should observe its striking statement of causality and its equally startling collocation of associations: here brides hope to have are implicitly identified with Laura's powerfully sensual experience of the Goblin fruit, defining temptation by the Goblin men as a sexual one. Moreover, the premature and illicit experience of such joys causes Jeanie to become a fallen woman (recall that she fell sick). This association becomes explicit with Rossetti's choice of the word gay to describe her: the term in the mid-Victorian lexicon commonly referred to prostitutes. (2) In this central passage from Rossetti's title poem in debut volume, an equation is thus set up between the indulgence of female sexual desire and sickness unto death. In cultural context, this poem can be read as a monitory exemplum and thus an extreme instance of Victorian sexual repression: it reflects a profound fear of female sexuality and its potential consequences. (3) The fear and sublimation of female sexual desire and insistence upon the dangerous, if not fatal, effects of its indulgence emerges often--metaphorically, if not literally--in much of Rossetti's poetry. We witness it not only in Goblin Market: it permeates works, (4) prose as well as poetry, from the 1850s--one immediately thinks of juvenile prose tale, Maude, as well as poems such as The Convent Threshold and An Apple-Gathering, for instance--to last major poems, including the justly admired Monna Innominata sonnet of sonnets. That fear, I will eventually argue, also played a powerful role in Rossetti's own life, from the emergence of passionate religiosity at about the same time as serious adolescent illness--to ultimate rejection of two marriage proposals, and the arguments against marriage made in works of devotional prose. …

Mutations in the Sec61p Channel Affecting Signal Sequence Recognition and Membrane Protein Topology

The orientation of most single-spanning membrane proteins obeys the "positive-inside rule", i.e. the flanking region of the transmembrane segment that is more positively charged remains in the cytosol. These membrane proteins are integrated by the Sec61/SecY translocon, but how their orientation is achieved is unknown. We have screened for mutations in yeast Sec61p that alter the orientation of single-spanning membrane proteins. We identified a class of mutants that are less efficient in retaining the positively charged flanking region in the cytosol. Surprisingly, these mutations are located at many different sites in the Sec61/SecY molecule, and they do not only involve charged amino acid residues. All these mutants have a prl phenotype that so far have only been seen in bacteria; they allow proteins with defective signal sequences to be translocated, likely because the Sec61p channel opens more easily. A similar correlation between topology defects and prl phenotype was also seen with previously identified yeast Sec61 mutants. Our results suggest a model in which the regulated opening of the translocon is required for the faithful orientation of membrane proteins.

God's Brain. Some Critical Remarks on Modern Neurotheology

The author starts from an observed increase in theoretical contributions to the debate on neurotheology, illustrated by the example of the moral implications of certain discourse types in the novel God's Brain (Johler and Burow). Central scriptural passages of the Judeo-Christian tradition are then interpreted; a crucial shared aspect of these is the implication of an eternal divine memory, the physiological dimension of which has fostered, not just in terminology, a general openness of theology from the ‘neuronal turn’ to the neurotheological diagnostics since the late 19th century. Once the question of a possible self-reflection by the neurologist is systematically excluded, it becomes obvious that the ‘twilight of neurosciences’ still contains a considerable ideological potential. This is particularly evident in light of the questions addressed since the 1970s, despite the most modern methods in imaging and measurement.

The Preface to Book V of Gregory of Tours' Histories: Its Form, Context and Significance

The preface to Book V of Gregory of Tours' Histories has long been known as a central passage in the Bishop of Tours' works, expressing his view of good kingship. This article analyses the style of the passage to reveal it to be a complex rhetorical piece of prose and shedding more light on Gregory's skill as a writer. Investigation of the passage and its context within the Histories allows the suggestion that it originated as a letter or sermon composed at Easter 576. In turn this permits a solid foundation for the chronology of Gregory's writing of the Histories, can only have begun then, and no earlier. The examination of the political history of the period between 575 and 576 and of Gregory's message reveals that the bishop was a skilled and subtle politician well able to cope with the dangers and dramas of Merovingian politics. Finally, it is suggested that Gregory was initially influenced in the composition of the Histories by Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History.

The laws of fiction:

This essay addresses arguments from Derrida's ‘Force of Law: “The Mystical Foundation of Authority”’ in order to formulate an alternative approach to ‘law in literature’ which could be called ‘literature as law’. Its main interest lies in the way literary texts use the critical representation of law and legal rhetoric to establish the superiority of their own rhetoric and the laws of ‘literary evidence’. As an example, the essay will discuss central passages from James F. Cooper's The Pioneers (1823).

Deregulation of the SecYEG Translocation Channel upon Removal of the Plug Domain

Previous studies have shown that the SecY plug is displaced from the center of the SecYEG channel during polypeptide translocation. The structural and functional consequences of the deletion of the plug are now examined. Both in vivo and in vitro observations indicate that the plug domain is not essential to the function of the translocon. In fact, deletion of the plug confers to the cell and to the membranes a Prl-like phenotype: reduced proton-motive force dependence of translocation, increased membrane insertion of SecA, diminished requirement for functional leader peptide, and weakened SecYEG subunit association. Although the plug domain does not seem essential, locking the plug in the center of the channel inactivates the translocon. Thus, the SecY plug is important to regulate the activity of the channel and to confer specificity to the translocation reaction. We propose that the plug contributes to the gating mechanism of the channel by maintaining the structure of the SecYEG complex in a compact closed state.

The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe by Michael W. Fazio, Patrick A. Snadon

Book Reviews Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon. The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Baltimore:TheJohns Hopkins University Press, 2006, 816 pp., 349 black-and-white photographs, 22 color plates, 241 line drawings, hardcover, $75.00, ISBN 0-8018-8104-8. B y analyzing extant building fabric, surviving drawings, primary texts, and historic photographs, Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon address a fundamental need in architectural history: the creation of a canon of Benjamin Henry Latrobe's domestic designs. Most ofLatrobe's houses are lost, and his drawings often represent designs only partially adopted by clients. By interpreting the evidence, the authors establish an authoritative list of Latrobe's domestic work and provide insight into the design theory of this important American architect. The structure of this volume is only partially chronological. The text begins with a brief but intriguing biography of Latrobe, which is followed by detailed discussions of the designs of individual houses organized according to the location of Latrobe's practice. The epilogue recounts the disheartening preservation history of these buildings, which the authors attribute both to his unconventional designs and to urban growth. The book ends with a catalogue of the architect's domestic projects. Into this general scheme, the authors interject analytical chapters summarizing Latrobe's design theories and an overview of his career. Because these summary chapters are more narrative in style, they can be read independently. Illustrations comprise one of the book's most attractive features. Latrobe's drawings are juxtaposed with contemporary plans and historical photographs so that readers can readily follow the authors' line of reasoning. The book's reconstructed drawings represent an especially useful contribution to Latrobe scholarship. Overall, the book's organization suggests multiple audiences: specialized academic audiences can focus on specific design conditions and solutions, while a broader readership can find a more general account of Latrobe's place in English and American architectural history. Fazio and Snadon bring expertise in both design and architectural history to this work. Fazio, a professor emeritus at the School ofArchitecture at Mississippi State University, is a practicing preservation architect and a published authority on Latrobe. Snadon teaches interior design as an associate professor at the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning at the University of Cincinnati. Both authors earned Ph.D.'s in architectural history from Cornell University. As Latrobe might have preferred, the authors emphasize aesthetic inspiration as the most important part of the architectural process. Large portions of the voluminous text describe in detail the stylistic character and origins of the plans and elevations of Latrobe's elegant habitations. However, Fazio and Snadon also approach their subject from a less traditional perspective. They explain how Latrobe's designs responded to the economic status of individual clients and where he preferred to locate spaces inhabited by 70 ARRIS Volume Eighteen BOOK REVIEWS servants. Acknowledging Latrobe's reputation as an engineer, the authors deftly describe how he brought his innovative skills to architectural systems, such as suspended ceilings and sliding doors. The authors stress several themes in Latrobe's professional development. In addition to his consummate skill in creating picturesque interiors, Latrobe is portrayed as adept at articulating an architectural theory rooted in Enlightenment rationality, even though he was forced to compromise those ideals because ofa conservative clientele. According to the authors, Latrobe accommodated regional traditions, such as the emphasis in Virginia on dining as a theater for social hierarchy, but rejected others, such as the widespread, but not universal, preference for the central passage plan. Contrary to our present understanding of the architect's motivation, the authors argue successfully that while catering to many of his clients' social ambitions and often disparaging their lack of design sophistication, Latrobe shared their compulsion to achieve distinction through the use of accumulated wealth. Fazio and Snadon's book does not aim to replace Talbot Hamlin's outdated but wonderfully readable biography, Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1955). Likewise, it does not supplant Jeffrey A. Cohen and Charles E. Brownell's The Architectural Drawings ofBenjamin Henry Latrobe (1994), because it does not address Latrobe's civic architecture. Yet, because of its exhaustive analysis of both extant and lost domestic buildings attributed to...

CFD Simulation of a Novel Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve Prosthesis - An Estimation of the Venturi Passage Formed by the Leaflets

The aim of this study was to validate the flow characteristics of the novel Helmholtz-Institute Aachen Bileaflet (HIA-BL) heart valve prosthesis. The curved leaflets of the HIA-BL valve form a Venturi passage between the leaflets at peak systole. By narrowing the cross section the flow accelerates and the static pressure at the central passage decreases according to the Venturi effect. The low-pressure zone between the leaflets is expected to stabilize the leaflets in fully open position at peak systole. To investigate the Venturi passage, the flow fields of two valve geometries were investigated by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics): one geometry exhibits curved leaflets resulting in a Venturi passage; the other geometry features straight leaflets. The flow profiles, pressure distribution and resulting torque of both passages were compared and investigated. Although flow profiles downstream of both valves were similar, the flow passages between the leaflets were different for the investigated leaflet geometries. The straight leaflet passage showed a large boundary layer separation zone near the leaflets and the lowest pressure at the leading edge of the leaflet. The Venturi passage showed a reduction of the boundary layer separation zones and the lowest pressure between the leaflets could be found in the narrowest flow cross section of the Venturi passage. Additionally, the resulting torque showed that the Venturi passage produced an opening momentum. The results demonstrate that the Venturi passage stabilizes the leaflets in open position at peak systole.

Equity in Book V of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene

This article examines equity’s enigmatic treatment in Book V of Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. It focuses on the central Isis Church passage, in which the Isis priest beguiles Britomart into believing that equity constitutes a subtle power women can exercise over men—but only from behind the scenes rather than in a ruling role. Britomart’s final action in the text—her sole ruling role—reflects this lesson: she resubjugates the Amazons to male rule. The sort of equity presented here does not correspond well to the equity described in legal and political treatises of the time, and reflects a little-documented sixteenth-century transformation in equity’s meaning, as well as Spenser’s profound appreciation for equity’s derivation from the Greek επιείκεια (epieikeia). The equity taught at Isis Church and its reflection in Britomart’s actions are comprehensible in terms of Book V’s historical allegory when viewed in light of the controversy over the Elizabethan succession. Spenser twists equity’s meaning to deliver a lesson to a select segment of his audience. This lesson involves persuading gentlemen such as Lord Buckhurst or Sir Walter Raleigh to attempt, very subtly, to influence Queen Elizabeth to favor the sole male contender for the throne, James VI of Scotland, rather than one of the female contenders.

A method of evolving synoptic maps of the solar magnetic field, II. Comparison with observations of the polar fields

We describe the application of the synoptic transport equation to simulate the temporal evolution of the magnetic flux over the solar surface. This provides a means of predicting each day both the synoptic maps for the Carrington rotation starting the next day and the instantaneous map of the solar flux over the whole solar surface for the next day. The reliability of the predicted synoptic maps is tested by comparing the locations of the zero-flux contour with those of the observed maps produced by the National Solar Observatory, Kitt Peak and with the locations of Hα filaments measured on filtergrams obtained by the Big Bear Solar Observatory. We conclude that the best match at high latitudes is obtained by long-term simulations (over 20 rotations) with flux updates each rotation between latitudes ± 60°. We illustrate the use of the simulations to describe the evolution of the polar fields at the time of the polarity reversals in Cycle 23. The reconstruction of the instantaneous maps is tested by comparison with full-disk magnetograms. The method provides a simple means of estimating the large-scale flux distribution over the whole surface. It does not take account of flux emerging after the central meridian passage each rotation so it is only approximate in the activity belts but provides a reliable map beyond those latitudes.