Central Minnesota Research Articles

Influence of genotype and sowing date on camelina growth and yield in the north central U.S.

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) has gained considerable attention in North America as a potential oilseed feedstock for advanced biofuels and bioproducts. Progress has been made towards characterizing camelina's production potential for the western U.S. and Canada. However, little has been done to evaluate its potential for the north central region of the U.S. The objectives of the following study were to evaluate plant stand establishment, growth, and yield of 10 camelina cultivars and target the optimum sowing time for spring seeding in the northern Corn Belt. The study was conducted over three growing seasons between 2008 and 2010 in west central Minnesota, on a Barnes loam soil. Eight cultivars were evaluated in 2008, 10 cultivars in 2009, and four cultivars in 2010. Sowing dates ranged from 16 April to 15 June over the three-year study. Plant population density, time to 50% flowering, seed yield, and oil content were affected by sowing date, tending to decline with delayed sowing. Seed yield was significantly affected by cultivar only in 2009, whereas oil content was consistently affected by cultivar all three years. Across cultivars, seed yields were as high as 2300kgha−1 to as low as 743kgha−1 and were generally greatest for sowings between mid-April to mid-May. Across sowing dates and cultivars, oil content ranged from about 36 to 43% (wtwt−1) and declined with delayed sowing. Generally, seed yield and oil content differences tended to be small between most genotypes in the study. Results indicate that the best time to sow spring camelina in west central Minnesota is from about mid-April to mid-May. Further research is needed to optimize other agricultural inputs for camelina production in the northern Corn Belt.

Siting restrictions and proximity of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations to surface water

Abstract Proximity and connections to surface waters may play significant roles in determining impacts of manure spills. As occurred in many U.S. states, Minnesota adopted in 2000 more stringent regulations on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) including restrictions on siting new facilities near surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine whether CAFO proximity to surface waters decreased following the siting restrictions and to evaluate implications of siting restrictions. Permit dates, locations, and distances to nearest surface water bodies for 111 west central Minnesota CAFOs were determined based on satellite imagery, historical records, and correspondence with regulatory officials. Average distance between surface waters and facilities permitted after 2000 was greater than for facilities permitted before 2000. The increase in average distance between CAFOs and public surface waters was significant for open water (1790 m, p = 0.03), but not for streams (280 m, p = 0.47). Decreased CAFO proximity to surface waters should benefit water quality, but after 2000 facilities continued to be permitted close to hydraulic connections not covered by the siting restriction. Comprehensive manure spill tracking and long term targeted water quality monitoring are needed to evaluate effectiveness of siting restrictions and other strategies for protecting surface waters from manure spills.

On-farm environmental assessment of corn silage production systems receiving liquid dairy manure

Increased corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) silage and manure production accompanying the proliferation of large dairies has prompted concern regarding their environmental impacts. The objectives of this on-farm, field-scale study were (1) to quantify environmental impacts, e.g., soil chemical properties and offsite nutrient transport, of corn silage production with dairy manure application on artificially drained soils and (2) to assess the environmental benefits of and agronomic constraints on the adoption of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.) cover cropping by a large dairy in west central Minnesota. From 2007 to 2009, corn for silage was grown on two adjacent 65 ha (160 ac) fields, with rye planted after corn on one field in 2007. Liquid manure was fall applied annually at average total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) rates of 410 and 98 kg ha⁻¹ (365 and 87 lb ac⁻¹), respectively. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) and Olsen P accumulation did not occur with the studied cropping systems, but average annual NO₃-N and dissolved reactive P (DRP) subsurface drainage loads were 52 and 0.8 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ (46 and 0.7 lb ac⁻¹ yr⁻¹), respectively. Soil organic carbon (C) concentration was maintained on the field without rye and increased 15% to a depth of 15 cm (6 in) on the field with rye, but C additions with manure likely contributed to the increase. Rye reduced spring soil NO₃-N by 46% and increased ground cover an average of fourfold compared with winter fallow. Subsurface drainage NO₃-N concentration was reduced from 53 mg L⁻¹ (53 ppm) without rye to 39 mg L⁻¹ (39 ppm) with rye, but rye had no impact on DRP concentration. Rye aboveground dry matter yield was 2 Mg ha⁻¹ (0.9 tn ac⁻¹). Corn dry matter yield was 16%, or 2.7 Mg ha⁻¹ (1.2 tn ac⁻¹), lower after rye than after winter fallow. This reduced yield and the persistence of high NO₃-N and DRP concentrations in subsurface drainage with rye indicate alternative conservation practices are warranted at this site. In general, cover cropping with winter rye provided environmental benefits over corn silage alone but also increased economic risks.

Environmental correlates of acorn production by four species of Minnesota oaks

AbstractWe measured acorn production by four species of oaks in central Minnesota over a 17‐year period with the goal of understanding the proximate drivers of masting behavior. All four species exhibited significant annual variation and within‐population synchrony of acorn production, although masting behavior was more pronounced in the two species that require 1 year to develop acorns (‘1‐year’ species) than the two species that require 2 years (‘2‐year’ species). There was also strong synchrony between species that require the same number of years to mature acorns, but not between species requiring different numbers of years. Acorn production by three of the four species correlated with spring or summer conditions, while no significant environmental correlate of acorn production was detected for the fourth species. Acorn production by none of the four species correlated significantly with variables calculated from the differences in weather conditions from 1 year to the next. These results, combined with prior studies of oaks, suggest that environmental conditions during key periods of acorn development frequently correlate with acorn production, as expected if such factors bear a direct mechanistic relationship to seed production. On the other hand, the environmental factors involve vary greatly both among species and even among populations of the same species, a result consistent with the hypothesis that environmental correlates are simply cues used by plants to synchronize reproductive investment. In either case, our results do not support the recent proposition that variables based on differences in environmental conditions from 1 year to the next serve as a general cue for masting behavior.

Resource Exchange

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1Present on May 2, 2013: 1. Heather Allen – Central Minnesota Arts Board program officer present as partial funder of the project2. Solveig Anderson – textile artist3. Becca Barniskis – editor, poet4. Lori Brink – independent teaching artist; coach5. Therese Cacek — teacher of elementary art6. Barbara Cox – Arts Education Partnership Coordinator at Perpich Center for Art Education, Teaching Artist Journal editorial board member7. David DeBlieck – dance artist and educator8. Sarah Drake – artist who has worked with immigrants and refugees for many years9. Char Ellingson – science teacher interested in integrating arts and science10. Lee Ann Goerss – visual artist11. Melissa Gohman – Visual Arts Director at Paramount and ceramicist12. Karen Henneman – teaches ESL; volunteer at HAW13. Bettine Hermanson – independent arts education coach14. Alison Holland – independent teaching artist15. Debra Hunt – member of Artist to Artist network16. Jeri Olson-McCoy – weaver; teaching artist17. Dan Mondloch – visual artist18. Nancy Oestreich – teaches ESL and science; volunteer at HAW19. Jane Oxton – Education Outreach Coordinator at Paramount20. Nadja Reubenova – independent arts education coach21. Charlene Sul – lead evaluator with Sul and Associates, Inc, and adjunct faculty in ethnic studies at St. Cloud State University22. Norma Taylor - educator23. Mary Jo Thompson – veteran teacher; poet and a longtime collaborator with Artist to Artist network24. Carol Weiler – photographer and web designer25. Megan Wright – jewelry artist For more about this project, including the slideshow presentation and raw notes from the meeting, please visit http://a2anetwork.org/latest/

Landscape evolution, valley excavation, and terrace development following abrupt postglacial base-level fall

Many high-latitude fluvial systems are adjusting to base-level changes since the last glaciation. Channels that experienced base-level fall may still be incising, often through glacial diamictons (tills). These tills can be quite competent, behaving more like weak bedrock than unconsolidated sediment, and erode at a fast pace, thus providing a unique opportunity to test models of channel incision and knickpoint migration in transient systems. Here, we integrate light detection and ranging (LiDAR) topography, strath terrace chronology, and numerical modeling to determine knickpoint migration and incision history of the Le Sueur River in central Minnesota, USA. Results indicate that the Le Sueur River is best modeled as a detachment-limited channel, with downstream coarsening related to lag clasts from tills playing a critical factor in longitudinal profile development. The Le Sueur River meanders as it incises, so we coupled the best-fit incision model to a meander model to determine valley excavation history. The excavation history was used to determine a natural background erosion rate, prior to land-use changes associated with settlement and agricultural expansion in the mid-1800s. We compared background fine sediment (silt and clay) erosion rates with historic decadal-average annual suspended loads. Results show that modern fine sediment contributions from sources associated with valley excavation are three times higher than modeled presettlement loads. Recent changes in hydrology associated with land use and climate change have increased flows in rivers, leading to higher sediment loads, not just from field erosion, but from increased bank and bluff erosion in the deeply incised valleys.

Lessons in a Box Make a Difference for Head Start Youth

This article examines the health education implications of targeted nutrition lesson plans at Head Start programs in south central Minnesota. The Head Start program in Mankato and the University of Minnesota Extension collaborated to deliver and evaluate a nutrition education program directed at preschool children and their families. Nine lesson plans on various nutrition topics were developed and delivered to Head Start preschoolers. The program goals were to increase nutrition-related knowledge among children, improve healthy eating patterns/preferences, and increase physical activity. The evaluation intended to determine program effects and participant changes towards healthy eating habits.

Parameters in the use of pXRF for archaeological site prospection: a case study at the Reaume Fort Site, Central Minnesota

Field portable/hand-held x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzers have been characterized as potentially useful for archaeological site prospection, but little has been published on the parameters of their use in this manner. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the variability of surface geochemistry as characterized with a pXRF analyzer corresponds with subsurface archaeological features at a site subsequently excavated, and what conditions influence the success of this endeavor, including feature depths, soil moisture, and sample processing. A 520 m2 within-site area was systematically surveyed on a 2 m interval, within which several types of archaeological features were excavated (chimney bases, wall trenches, and a bonebed of faunal waste), taking readings in situ and collecting samples for ex situ testing (undried, dried but not powdered, and dried/powdered). The four different tests of each grid location, analyzed through univariate and multivariate tests, showed that the pXRF surface data does correspond with some types of subsurface features when those features are very shallow (within 5 cm of surface level) and are associated with clayey fills. Further, the data from the subsurface samples provides excellent distinction of feature fills from other sediments, regardless of sample preparation. In situ surface survey with pXRF analyzers may however be adequate for sites with a thorough baseline geochemical database.

History Day Collaboration: Maximizing Resources to Serve Students

In tough economic times, History Day provides an excellent opportunity for units at a university and interested parties in the community to collaborate in new and interesting ways. A focus on collaboration at St. Cloud State University (SCSU) helped ensure that History Day participants in central Minnesota had a more level playing field with their counterparts in the Twin Cities area. Strong relationships were built over three years of programming, which has become a stabilizing force as members of the team weather more new challenges due to the economic recession.

The essence of home

The essence of home Cheryl Weibye Wilke (bio) after Dan Pagis The essence of home is not a house, but a wall. Not eventhat, but a handful of nails. Not thirty, not even ten . . . not evena single nail head, just the shape of one—roundlike the world. [End Page 106] Cheryl Weibye Wilke Cheryl Weibye Wilke was born and raised on the small-town prairies of central Minnesota. Her award-winning poetry, and children's stories and articles, have graced numerous anthologies and literary magazines throughout the United States. Her first picture book is slated for publication by Raven Productions. Copyright © 2013 University of Nebraska Press

Growth and yield response of calendula (Calendula officinalis) to sowing date in the northern U.S.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) seed is a rich source of the conjugated C18:3 fatty acid calendic acid and can serve as a replacement for volatile organic compounds in many industrial chemicals such as paints, coatings and adhesives. Calendula is widely adapted to temperate climates and may be a beneficial rotational crop for the northern U.S. where crop diversity is lacking, while potentially providing producers with a new economic opportunity. However, very little is known about its agronomic potential for the U.S. or best management practices for its production. Therefore, a two-year study was conducted in west central Minnesota to evaluate the growth and yield response of calendula to sowing date. One open pollinated calendula cultivar, Carola, and two hybrids, 1557 and 99276, were sown at two-week intervals between early-May and mid-June. Final plant population density was greatest for the early-June sowing (139 plants m−2) and declined with earlier or later sowing. Based on the combined analysis of both years, mean seed yield ranged from 1166 to 1839kgha−1 and was greatest for the early-May sowing and declined thereafter. Hybrid 99276 gave the greatest seed yield, which was as high as 2380kgha−1 for the early-May sowing in 2009. Seed oil content averaged 19.4% and did not vary with sowing date, although Carola had slightly greater oil content at 20.5% than hybrids 99276 and 1557, which were 19 and 18.6%, respectively. The number of days from planting to 50% flowering ranged from 52 to 59d and from planting to harvest about 103 to 115d. Results indicate that calendula flourishes well in the northern Corn Belt and can be planted and harvested as early as most cold tolerant small grains making it a potentially attractive rotational crop for this region.

Invertebrate Community Patterns in Seasonal Ponds in Minnesota, USA: Response to Hydrologic and Environmental Variability

Seasonal ponds are common throughout forested regions of the north central United States. These wetlands typically flood due to snow-melt and spring precipitation, then dry by mid-summer. Periodic drying produces unique fishless habitats with robust populations of aquatic invertebrates. A basin’s physical/chemical features, the absence of vertebrate predation, and especially the duration of seasonal flooding, have long been viewed as the major structuring influences on these communities, but previous studies have shown only limited effects of environmental variables on pond invertebrates. Applying ordination methods to data from weekly collections of invertebrates during 2008–2009, we tested influences of site-level environmental gradients on the presence and relative abundance of aquatic invertebrate communities in 16 seasonal ponds in a forested region of north central Minnesota, USA. We assessed invertebrate community patterns in relation to pond size and depth, soil nutrients, canopy closure, hydroperiod, and predominant groundwater function (recharge, discharge, or flow-through). Patterns in pond invertebrate community composition were consistently related to pond depth, overhead canopy closure, and hydroperiod. Site-level hydrologic function showed weak relationships to seasonal patterns of invertebrate abundance. Although physical features of ponds had only modest influence on presence and abundance of invertebrates, weekly sampling improved models relating environmental variables to pond invertebrates.

Short- and full-season soybean in stale seedbeds versus rolled-crimped winter rye mulch

AbstractStale seedbeds are used by organic growers to reduce weed populations prior to crop planting. Rye mulches, derived from mechanically killed (rolled and crimped) winter rye cover crops, can serve the same purpose for spring-planted organic crops. Both methods can also be employed by conventional growers who face looming problems with herbicide resistant weeds. The objective of this research was to compare these methods over 2 years in central Minnesota in terms of weed seedling emergence, populations, biomass and manual-weeding times, as well as stands and yields of short-season and full-season soybean varieties planted late, in mid June. Rye mulch greatly lowered both pre- and post-planting weed populations of common annual weeds, which substantially affected necessity for augmented weed control. For instance, the need for within-crop manual-weeding was low for soybean planted into rye mulch (0–6 h ha−1), but ranged from 15 to 66 h ha−1of labor for soybean planted in stale seedbeds and augmented by inter-row cultivation. However, rye mulch lowered soybean yield potential by 800–1000 kg ha−1compared with stale seedbeds in 1 of 2 years. With organic feed-grade soybean seed valued at $1 kg−1, conventional soybean seed at $0.5 kg−1, and labor for manual-weeding at $10 h−1, the use of rye mulch compared with stale seedbeds augmented by manual-weeding are equally rational choices for organic growers in central Minnesota (assuming labor is available for hand-weeding), but rye mulches probably would be a wise financial option for conventional growers compared with hand-weeding. Lastly, full-season soybean had higher yields than short-season soybean and probably represents a prudent selection in central Minnesota, regardless of the late planting date requirements for both the rye mulch and stale seedbed systems.

Detecting ancient wild rice (Zizania spp. L.) using phytoliths: a taphonomic study of modern wild rice in Minnesota (USA) lake sediments

Wild rice (Zizania spp. L.) is a North American native grain with spiritual and dietary significance to many native people. Wild rice is also an important aquatic plant that provides critical habitat to wetland and aquatic wildlife. Past distribution of wild rice in North America is poorly understood, largely because of the limited taxonomic resolution of Poaceae pollen. A novel technique for detecting diagnostic Zizania silica phytoliths allows unambiguous identification of this taxon in lake sediments. We need to better understand modern depositional patterns of phytoliths in lake sediments, however, before attempting detailed paleoreconstructions. We analyzed distributions of diagnostic Zizania and other Poaceae phytoliths in modern sediments from three lakes with variable percent cover of wild rice and a non-wild rice control lake in central Minnesota. Absolute counts of phytoliths per gram sediment were achieved using an exotic diatom marker. Non-Zizania short-cell phytoliths, i.e. phytoliths from wetland grasses Phragmites australis and Muhlenbergia glomerata, dominate the assemblages in all lakes. Most Poaceae short-cell phytoliths appear to be derived locally, with little evidence for regional inheritance from eolian or alluvial processes. Because of anatomical differences in decay of plant debris and other taphonomic issues, Zizania inflorescence rondel phytoliths were most abundant, with morphotypes from other parts rarely encountered. Even in sediments under the densest wild rice stands, Zizania phytoliths contributed a maximum of 9 % to total Poaceae phytolith abundance. Lake morphology also affects the depositional pattern of phytoliths in modern sediments, so coring locations should be considered carefully. At least 500 phytoliths should be counted to detect a sufficient number of wild rice phytolith morphotypes. Diagnostic Zizania phytoliths are a reliable tool for wild rice detection in paleolake sediments.

Short-term declines in curlyleaf pondweed in Minnesota: potential influences of snowfall

Curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) is a long-established, nonnative aquatic plant common throughout southern and central Minnesota that is thought to be expanding northward. Curlyleaf pondweed typically grows abundantly in spring in productive lakes and then senesces in midsummer, often followed by algae blooms. We report observations of widespread, short-term declines in curlyleaf pondweed cover that appear linked to winter snow depth on frozen lakes. These findings suggest that climate change may greatly affect habitat suitability for curlyleaf pondweed. As Minnesota lakes warm with less snow cover limiting light penetration, curlyleaf pondweed growth will likely increase. These observations form the foundation for targeted follow up studies that more precisely describe conditions limiting the growth and expansion of curlyleaf pondweed in north-temperate, North American lakes.

Double-cropping with winter camelina in the northern Corn Belt to produce fuel and food

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) can be used as oilseed feedstock for biofuels. Recently, it was shown that fall-seeded winter camelina can be successfully grown in the upper Midwest USA and may be harvested early enough in the following summer to allow producing a second crop. Double-cropping may offer a profitable means of producing a dedicated biofuel crop without jeopardizing food security. To our knowledge no published information exists on exploring double-cropping with winter camelina. Therefore, a 2-yr field study was conducted between 2007 and 2009 in west central Minnesota to evaluate the agronomic and economic viability of producing short-season cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and forage millet (Setaria italica L.) after winter camelina in conventionally tilled and no-tilled soil. In most instances, yields of camelina and the second crop in the double-crop sequence differed between years but not by tillage practice. Averaged over both years, total oil yields for the camelina–soybean and camelina–sunflower sequences were 704 and 1508Lha−1. Compared to conventionally produced mono-crops, on average, double-crop soybean and sunflower yielded 82% and 72% of their mono-cropped counterparts, respectively. As expected, double-crop production costs were greater than for conventional mono-crops. However, in 2009 if camelina prices were similar to canola, net returns for double-crop camelina and soybean were $172–352ha−1 higher than for soybean alone, with highest double-crop net returns for conventional tillage. Furthermore, double-crop soybean seed protein content was little affected by late seeding, while double-crop sunflower oil content averaged over both years was about 13% lower than conventional sunflower sown at an optimum time. A winter camelina-food or -forage crop double-cropping system may be viable for the upper Midwest USA.

Complex facilitation and competition in a temperate grassland: loss of plant diversity and elevated CO2 have divergent and opposite effects on oak establishment

Encroachment of woody vegetation into grasslands is a widespread phenomenon that alters plant community composition and ecosystem function. Woody encroachment is often the result of fire suppression, but it may also be related to changes in resource availability associated with global environmental change. We tested the relative strength of three important global change factors (CO(2) enrichment, nitrogen deposition, and loss of herbaceous plant diversity) on the first 3 years of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) seedling performance in a field experiment in central Minnesota, USA. We found that loss of plant diversity decreased initial oak survival but increased overall oak growth. Conversely, elevated CO(2) increased initial oak seedling survival and reduced overall growth, especially at low levels of diversity. Nitrogen deposition surprisingly had no net effect on survival or growth. The magnitude of these effects indicates that long-term woody encroachment trends may be most strongly associated with those few individuals that survive, but grow much larger in lower diversity patches. Further, while the CO(2) results and the species richness results appear to describe opposing trends, this is due only to the fact that the natural drivers are moving in opposite directions (decreasing species richness and increasing CO(2)). Interestingly, the mechanisms that underlie both patterns are very similar, increased CO(2) and increased species richness both increase herbaceous biomass which (1) increases belowground competition for resources and (2) increases facilitation of early plant survival under a more diverse plant canopy; in other words, both competition and facilitation help determine community composition in these grasslands.

Planting depth for oilseed calendula

Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) is a popular ornamental and medicinal plant, but it also is a potential oilseed crop. Its seed oil has high levels of calendic acid, which makes it a highly valued drying oil with important industrial applications. Current agronomic information on calendula is not easily available, is limited in geographic scope, or pertains primarily to ornamental or medicinal varieties. Consequently, our objective was to investigate seedling establishment of oilseed calendula in response to planting depth and soil microclimate in field soils over two years in central Minnesota, USA. ‘Carola’ was used in all experiments; it is one of the few commercial oilseed varieties available. More seedlings emerged from planting depths of 1 and 2cm than from 4 or 6cm. Regardless of planting depth, time after planting to 50% emergence was less variable when estimated by hydrothermal time (HTT, 89°Cd, CV=14) than calendar days (7d, CV=39). HTT was calculated best with a base temperature of 5.5°C and a base water potential of −2900kPa (−2.9MPa). Thus, growers must plant calendula at 1–2cm, but soil at this depth can dry rapidly, which slows accumulation of HTT and delays emergence of calendula seedlings.

Exploiting tree shadows on snow for estimating forest basal area using Landsat data

Basal area (BA) is a basic structural and ecological attribute of forests that is often used to describe forest composition, estimate volume of wood, and guide management decisions. BA is the sum of cross-sectional area of trees measured at 1.37m above ground surface, per unit area, and is most commonly measured in-situ. The objective of this study was to supply estimates of BA for oak woodlands and savannas on the 12,828.5ha Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge in Central Minnesota to guide management efforts. We used winter and summer Landsat imagery, combined with field measurements, to assess the potential for improving forest BA estimates by taking advantage of the high spectral contrast between sunlit snow, forest canopy elements, and shadows projected onto snow ground cover. We explained up to 90% of measured variation in BA using partial least squares regression models calibrated using single- and multiple-date winter Landsat data (R2=0.898, RMSE=2.79m2ha−1), which performed better than models calibrated using summer imagery (R2=0.762, RMSE=3.85m2ha−1). Success of the winter-based BA models may be driven, in part, by potential geometric/allometric relationships between cast shadow and forest BA, but definitive proof of this is a topic for future research. This method of BA estimation is not refuge-specific and may be extended for regional use to manage oak forest wherever winter snow coverage is consistent. Additional research is needed to determine the degree of robustness to variations in the empirical relationship between BA and tree shading patterns across different forest functional types.

Segmenting Art Festival Visitors by Motivations

Festivals have become one of the fastest growing tourism attractions in the past decades and previous research advocates the importance of understanding festival visitors’ motivations for better planning, managing and marketing purposes. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, an attempt is made to identify visitors’ motivations for an art festival. Second, the designated motivations serve as a foundation to segment visitors into various groups. For that, a survey based on previous studies was administrated in Central Minnesota, USA and a total of 156 questionnaires were completed in 2010. Five factors of motivations were extracted after factor analysis and reliability test, including novelty, exploration, family gathering, recovering equilibrium, and socialization. Later, all participants were segmented into two groups based on their motivations, i.e., highly motivated and lower motivated group. These two groups were different on some social demographics and festival participation behaviours. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.