Central Indian Population Research Articles

Evaluating the potential for reintroducing the endangered wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Kanha National Park, central India

Reintroducing megafauna to their historic range is an effective strategy to halt their extinctions and restore ecosystems. Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is an endangered megaherbivore that is lost from 95% of its range. About 90% of its global population (less than 4000) resides within India, in two isolated populations: northeast and central India. The central Indian population is on the verge of extinction and warrants urgent conservation interventions. We assess the potential and provide a strategy for reintroducing buffaloes in Kanha National Park, India. Habitat suitability using the global occurrence of buffalo revealed low‐lying grasslands with least human pressure found in Kanha (390 km2) to be suitable. Within this suitable range, we evaluated vegetation composition, forage biomass, and potential carrying capacity. Multidimensional ordination classified these suitable sites into moist and dry grassland clusters. Moist grasslands were found to better suit reintroduction due to lower grazing pressure, higher productivity, and availability of perennial water sources. Distinct matriarchal clades of swamp and river buffalo were observed. Within the river buffalo clade, Indian wild buffaloes formed a distinct cluster with close proximity between northeast and central Indian samples, suggesting northeast buffaloes could be sourced for a founding population in Kanha. Following IUCN guidelines, we discuss the reintroduction strategy that could sustain approximately 200 buffaloes in the area and subsequently expand to other suitable habitats in central India. If implemented as proposed, recovery of this lost ecosystem engineer will help to restore grasslands, and swamp habitats, as well as contribute to its global conservation efforts.

Evaluation of Cervical Spine Curvature and its Relation with Cranial Base in Class I, Cleft and Class III Malocclusion Individuals: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Introduction: According to the literature, an existing correlation is said to be present between craniocervical and craniofacial morphology. Recent studies have revealed that there are certain variations among the different forms of craniofacial patterns with respect to the morphology of the vertebrae. Since there are very few studies comparing the curvature of the cervical column in relation to the cranial base in Cleft, Class-I and ClassIII individuals, this study was carried out. Aim: To provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the curvature of the cervical vertebral column and its relationship with the cranial base in Class-I, cleft, and Class-III individuals within the Central Indian population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi (M).Wardha, Maharashtra, India, patients with skeletal Class-I, Class-III, and Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (UCLP) or Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (BCLP) in the Central India region were included. The study duration was eight months, from April 2022 to January 2023. The research involves a meticulous examination of 90 individuals, divided into three groups: Class-I individuals (n=30), cleft individuals (n=30), and ClassIII individuals (n=30). A comprehensive set of radiographic and cephalometric measurements will be employed to assess cervical vertebral curvature. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for analysis. Results: With the exception of Sella-Nasion to Gonion Gnathion (SA-Go-Gn), where the p-value was 0.13, a statistically significant difference between Class-I and Class-III was seen for all angles. For Class-III cases with clefts, every angle revealed a statistically significant difference. Except for SN-Go-Gn (p=0.65), all of the angles revealed a statistically significant difference when compared to Class-I with Cleft, with a p-value <0.05. Conclusion: The modified curvature angle utilised in the present study facilitated the assessment of cervical curvature in Cleft, Class-I, and Class-III malocclusions, revealing differences in skeletal sagittal jaw relations, particularly in their cervical positions, as indicated by the study findings. Participants in skeletal Class-III had significantly straighter cervical columns than participants in skeletal Class-I. A significant difference between the maxillary base, mandibular base, and the midsection of the spinal column was seen between all three groups.

Insights with consensus on Abductor Pollicis Longus from the Central Indian population at Nagpur, Maharashtra.

The anatomical snuff box is bounded laterally by the Abductor pollicis longus (APL) and the Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons. The variation in insertion of extensor tendons at the forearm and wrist is an interesting phenomenon. Therefore, a sound knowledge of such variations in extensor tendons is essential to know the consequence of tendon injury during implementation of its repair. Hence, we studied 48 formaldehyde fixed forearms of Indian-origin cadavers with age groups ranging from 33 to 67 years from the Central Indian population at Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Variation in the insertion of APL was checked by tracing the tendon till its insertion. APL muscle was found with single tendon in 20 forearms, double in 9, triple in 8 and quadruple in 5 and five (maximum) in 6 forearms. In 93% (n=45), the APL tendon was inserted into the first metacarpal bone and in 7% (n=03), it was inserted into the trapezium bone. No variation was noted in the EPB tendon. Data shows that there are accessory slips in the APL tendon, differing from the standard description. Thus, data provides awareness of such potential variation among operating surgeons for better management of the diseased during dissection.

Correlation of FIRE-MADE (Frailty Index in Rural Elderly - Mental Status, Activities of Daily Living, Depression, and Events) With Sarcopenia in Elderly Population of Central Rural India.

Introduction Ageing results in the deprivation of various physiological reserves and resources resulting in the development of frailty.Frailty in turn brings various morbidities and dependence on others for the survival of an individual making him weak and vulnerable to various infective and non-infective insults leading to death. The present study assessed frailty in rural older adults of central India by using the Frailty Indexin Rural Elderly - Mental Status, Activities of Daily Living, Depression, and Events (FIRE-MADE) and correlated it with sarcopenia assessed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) and European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People(EWGSOP2) criteria. Materials This study was a prospective cross-sectional study, involving 250 older adults (i.e. age >60 years) with good functional status (i.e. able to perform basic activities of daily living or more), visiting the Medicine Department of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Sawangi, Wardha, from December 2019 to May 2020. Frailty was assessed and estimated by FIRE-MADE frailty index (FI) and thencorrelated it with sarcopenia assessed by AWGS and EWGSOP2 criteria. And effects of various parameters of FIRE-MADE (like mental status, functional status, depression, polypharmacy, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive airway disease, ischemic heart disease, stroke and cancer) and sarcopenia on frailty were studied. Results The mean age of the present study group was 68.08±4.46 years. Out of 250, 204 (91.07%) were frail and 178 (71.2%) were sarcopenic, and among the whole study population, 72 (28.8%) were severely frail, whereas 89 (35.6%) were severely sarcopenic. Frailty and sarcopenia increase with an increase in age. Females were more sarcopenic than males in all age groups. All the components of FIRE-MADE were significant contributors to frailty, but sarcopenia was the most important factor, with an odds ratio of 295.00. Conclusion In the rural regions of India, there is an elevated probability of frailty, with sarcopenia being the main reason behind it.

Estimation of age by mental foramen using CBCT in central India

Introduction and aim. This study aims to estimate the age of a population in Central India by analyzing the mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The objectives of the study are to determine the parameters for age determination and study bilateral variations in mental foramen dimensions using CBCT. Material and methods. One hundred and twenty CBCT scans, HD LED monitor, GALAXIS GALLIEOS viewer. Results. Results from the study show significant values for various parameters such as the upper and lower borders of the mandible and mental foramen. Bilateral variations were also observed. The age regression model indicates a significant correlation between estimated and original ages for individuals aged between 31 to 50 years. While the study only analyzed five parameters of the mental foramen, it suggests that a more comprehensive assessment of mental foramen parameters with a larger sample size can yield more definitive results for age determination. Conclusion. As only five parameters of mental foramen had been assessed in this retrospective study, so a comprehensive assessment of various other parameters of mental foramen with an increased sample size may be done for more definitive results for gender and age determination.

Expression of FOXP3 of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Invasive Breast Cancer: Its Relationship to Histopathological Parameters and Overall Survival

BACKGROUND: Forkhead box P3 protein (FOXP3) is expressed in both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and is reported to be associated with differences in clinical outcomes. Recent literature shows that FOXP3 positive (FOXP3+) T regulator cells (Tregs) influence anti-tumor immunity in solid tumors.
 АIM: To explore FOXP3+ Tregs expression related to various prognostic factors in breast carcinoma (BC) in the central Indian population. Our study is also helpful in correlating the role of FOXP3+ Tregs in the survival of invasive ductal BC with different histopathological presentations.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective and prospective observational study in which FOXP3+ Tregs was counted in the peritumoral area by immunohistochemistry in 47 consecutive cases of BC operated on and diagnosed already. The patients were followed for 48 to 69 months for disease progression.
 RESULTS: High-grade tumors are prevalent (n = 30) in the study area irrespective of the stage of clinical presentation. Patients who could adhere to their treatment plan remained free of adverse outcomes until the end of our follow-up period of 69 months (p = 0.001). No molecular subtype in our study showed specific predilection towards a high Tregs count in the peri-tumoral area. No other clinical or pathological parameters significantly correlated with FOXP3 +Treg count, including overall survival and disease-free survival.
 CONCLUSION: The study shows that luminal human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negativ and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 enriched BC show comparatively high FOXP3+ Tregs count. There is no relation with tumor grade, TNM stage, important immune markers, or overall survival and disease-free survival.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication in general population of central India

Self-medication is widely used in both urban and rural people around the world, even in developing nations like India. Inappropriate self-medication can squander resources, increase microbial resistance, and pose serious health hazards regardless of whether it can help in the prevention and treatment of illnesses that do not require medical attention. To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 200 participants on self-medication, a cross-sectional study using questionnaires was conducted. On the recommendation of pharmacists, 45.5% of respondents used self-medication in the previous six months. About 83% of respondents thought self-medication was harmful if it was used without proper knowledge of drugs and diseases, 69% thought pharmacists were good resources for advice and information about minor medical issues, 59% thought self-medication was acceptable in some situations, and 34% thought a drug's effectiveness was unrelated to its price. Self-medication was favoured by the majority of respondents (38%) for minor illnesses like coughs, colds, and fevers. Due to time savings, participants' confidence in their own medical expertise, the expensive cost of visiting a doctor, and the clinic's distance from their homes, self-medication was chosen. Even though self-medication has negative effects, many nevertheless do it since it's more convenient. The general public should therefore be made aware of the potential risks associated with self-medication.

Sexual Dimorphism of the Nutrient Foramen of the Fibula and Its Importance in Vascularised Bone Grafting: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Vascularised fibular bone grafting is widely used in many reconstructive surgeries to repair bony defects. It is very essential for the nutrient blood supply to be conserved in the vascular bone graft. Understanding the sexual differences of the fibular nutrient foramen can help operating surgeons make appropriate changes in their clinical methodologies according to the sex. The present study was done to evaluate the sexual dimorphism of fibular nutrient foramen and its clinical importance in the adult central Indian population. This descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 136 dry adult central Indian human fibula bones of known sex (male: 68 and female: 68). The presence of nutrient foramen, their numbers, relation with fibular surfaces, and distance from the styloid process were assessed and were then clinically correlated. In males, single-nutrient foramen and double-nutrient foramina were seen in 92.65% and 7.35% of fibula, respectively. Whereas in females, single-nutrient foramen and double-nutrient foramina were seen in 95.59% and 4.41% of fibula, respectively. The position of the nutrient foramen and the fibular length showed significant sexual variation. This study concludes that among both sexes, the single fibular nutrient foramen in the middle third segment was the most prevalent. Compared to the female population, the male population demonstrated a broader location of the nutrient foramen.

Clinical Profile of Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lesions of Ovary: A Prospective Observational Study from Central Indian population

Clinical Profile of Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lesions of Ovary: A Prospective Observational Study from Central Indian population

A Study of External Ear Morphological Variation in Central Indian Population for Genealogical Purposes

The study aims to determine the inheritance pattern of different morphological features of the external ear in three generations from five states of India to assess the similarities between P1, F1, and F2 generations. The research involved 62 families, each with 124 grandparents P1 (62 males and 62 females), 124 parents F1 (62 males and 62 females), and 82 F2 generations (53 males and 29 females), a total of 330 samples, ranging in age from 1 to 75 years. All the samples were collected from five different states of India: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Maharashtra. The external ear is distinct in terms of shape, size, and orientation. Its morphological variation aids in the determination of genetic inheritance. Fisher exact test was performed to assess the inter-generation association of morphological characteristics of the ear. Similar to other body characteristics, it is established that the auricle shape, lobule shape, and ear lobule attachment are also inherited. The associations of ear traits in three generations were studied, and the results might be used in forensic identification.

Prevalence of Depression among the Geriatric Age Group Population of Rural Central India and Study of Dependency as a Risk Factor

Prevalence of Depression among the Geriatric Age Group Population of Rural Central India and Study of Dependency as a Risk Factor

Assessment of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors of Diabesity in an Urban Population in Central India.

Background Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of adult obesity has doubled. International awareness of the body mass index (BMI) as a benchmark for identifying and categorizing overweight and obesity has grown. This study was conducted to assess the socio-demographic factors of the study participants, assess the prevalence of obesity amongst the study subjects, find an association between risk factors and diabesity, and assessobesity using the percentage body fat and waist-hip ratio of study participants. Methods This study was undertaken among diabetes patients residing in the field practice area of the Urban Health and Training Centre (UHTC), Wadi, affiliated with the Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, from July 2022 to September 2022. Two hundred and seventy-eight diabetic people were included as study participants. Systematic random sampling was used to identify study subjects visiting UHTC, Wadi. The World Health Organization's step-by-step approach to the surveillance of risk factors for chronic diseases served as the model for the questionnaire. Results Among the 278 diabetic study participants, the prevalence of generalized obesity was 76.61%. Obesity was more prevalent in subjects with a family history of diabetes. All hypertensive subjects were obese. Obesity was more prevalent among tobacco chewers.In obesity assessment using body fat percentage when compared with standard BMI, the sensitivity was found to be 84% and specificity was 48%. Conclusion Body fat percentage is a simple estimation that can identify obesity among diabetic individuals who are non-obese by BMI.We can change the behavior amongst non-obese diabetic individuals by giving health education, thereby reducing insulin resistance and improving compliance and adherence to the treatment.

COVID 19 VACCINATION COVERAGE AND ITS ADVERSE EVENTS AMONG GENERAL POPULATION OF CENTRAL INDIA- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: The ongoing pandemic of Corona virus disease 2019(covid-19) is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2(SARCOV-2). The World Health Organization declared it as public health emergency of international concern on January 2020, and later declared as pandemic on 11 March 2020. Indian population are less aware of the pandemic and have less access to health care facilities. Vaccinating these populations can decrease disease burden and control the on-going pandemic. Aim and Objectives: To study AEFI pattern following COVID- 19 vaccination in populations of central India. To estimate the COVID 19 vaccination coverage in general populations of central India. To assess the factorsresponsible for COVID 19 vaccination coverage. Material and Methods: Acommunity based crosssectionalstudy will be conducted among 350 participantsresiding in the eld practice area of Urban and Rural Health care Training Centre of tertiary medical college of Nagpur from January 2022 to February 2022. Data is collected using structured interview questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Data is entered in Excelsheet and SPSS 20 for analysis. Analysis will be done using Chi square test and a p Value of <0.05 will be taken as signicant. Results: In the present study, 84.31% (301 out of 357) of the study participants had taken COVID Vaccine, of which 217 (60.78%) were partially vaccinated and remaining 80 (23.52%)were fullyVaccinated.Most ofthe vaccinated study participants had takenCovishield vaccine 237 (78.73%)followed byCovaxin vaccine 62 (20.59%). And 16.52% were aware about AE reporting however those who aware of them 20% report Adverse events. The percentage of The AEFI st nd experienced after 1 dose was 112 (51.61%) and 2 dose was 30 (35.71%). Fever and general fatigue were the most common AEFI experienced. Conclusion: The COVID vaccine coverage was good in general population.Although adverse events due to vaccines were reported during the survey none of the eventsreported were severe orserious, which reiteratesthat the vaccines used in India are safe and the events will last without any kind of sequelae.Studies ofthis nature reinforce theneedfor vigilant monitoring and reporting of AEFIs

Morphological and Morphometric study of Mandible using Orthopantogram (OPG) in central Indian Population

Introduction: The mandible is the biggest bone responsible for holding the lower teeth in place, assisting in mastication, and forming the lower jawline. The mandible is made up of two parts: the body and the ramus, and it is placed below the maxilla. The lower jawline is formed by a horizontally curved section of the body. The rami are two vertical processes that link the body at the angle of the mandible on either side of the body. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 150 digital orthopantogram (OPG’S). A total number of patient’s time of life selected between ranges of 20-60 years of age group. The sample was of 150 subjects. Data was collected from college who will come for OPD. Socio-demography, physical findings on examination during admission. Details of patient, parity, age and gender would be recorded. Results: Mandibular ramus of male Mean (mm)±SD of Minimum ramus breadth was 29.26±3.01 followed by Maximum ramus breadth 34.30±3.31, Maximum ramus height 75.24±5.62, Projective ramus height 69.25±5.54 and Coronoid height 62.49±5.60. Mandibular ramus of female Mean (mm)±SD of Minimum ramus breadth was 27.62±3.62 followed by Maximum ramus breadth 32.36±3.37, Maximum ramus height 70.33±5.34, Projective ramus height 64.20±5.76 and Coronoid height 58.19±5.74. Each of the five variables measured on mandibular ramus using orthopantomograph showed statistically significant gender differences, indicating that ramus expresses strong gender dimorphism. Conclusion: The present study has suggested that the accuracy of gender determination using mandibular measurements of the Indian population can be improved by deriving a discriminant function, which utilizes a combination of the six respective dimensions. Our study showed that minimum ramus breadth and maximum ramus breadth are most accurate in predicting gender on OPG while projective height was least reliable. Orthopantomogram is a reliable and accurate tool to record the various measurements in order to determine the gender of the given mandible.

The Perceptions of Dental Professionals and Laypeople to Facial Aesthetics and Mal-Occlusion in Central India Population.

Dental professionals play an important role in an individual's appearance which can affect the perception of others that can vary greatly depending on their educational and socioeconomic background. The purpose of this study was to determine an insight of recognizing ability of dental professionals and laypersons toward facial aesthetics with different types of orthodontic malocclusion. A questionnaire-based study was conducted on 90 dental professionals and 90 laypersons. The perceptions differences between groups were assessed using visual analogue scale on 11 photographs. Kolmolgorov-Smirnov was used for normality test. The perceptions of facial aesthetics showing various malocclusions were significantly different between dental professionals and laypersons. The dental professionals and layperson perceptions regarding the facial particularly in central Indian population are significantly different for most of the malocclusion types.

Lumbar Pedicle Morphometry of Dry Vertebral Columns in Relation to Transpedicular Fixation: A Cross-Sectional Study From Central India.

The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae of the vertebral column, which support the maximum body weight. There has been an increased focus on transpedicular spinal fixation for addressing various lumbar spine pathology. However, its safety and efficacy require precise knowledge of the lumbar pedicle anatomy. Mismatched size of screw and pedicle may lead to failure of instrumentation. It may result in cortex perforation or pedicle fracture and loosening of the pedicle screw. The oversizing of the pedicle screw can result in dural tears, leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid, and injuries to the nerve root. As the racial variations in the anatomy of a pedicle are well known, this study was performed to assess the morphological parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles in the Central Indian population so that the appropriate sizes of pedicular implants can be selected. The present study was conducted at a tertiary-level hospital and medical college on dry lumbar vertebrae specimens available in the department of anatomy. The measurement of morphometric parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles was performed in 20 dry lumbar specimens using vernier calipers and a standard goniometer. The morphometric parameters included in the study are pedicle transverse external diameter (pedicle width), pedicle sagittal external diameter (pedicle height), transverse angle of the pedicle, and sagittal angle of the pedicle.Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system version 25 (Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.). The broadest external transverse diameter was at the L5 level, with a mean of (17.54±1.6 mm) in the lumbar vertebrae. The broadest external sagittal pedicle diameter was at the L1 level (13.7±0.88 mm). The maximum transverse angle of the pedicle was at L5 with a mean of 25.39±3.10°. The maximum sagittal angle was at L1 with a mean of 5.44±0.71°. The increased concern regarding the internal fixation of the spine with pedicle screw systems created the need to have almost accurate anatomical knowledge of lumbar pedicles. Due to the dynamic nature of the lumbar spine and the body's load, maximum degeneration occurs at this spine segment, making it the most commonly operated region of the vertebral column. In our study, pedicle dimensions are comparable to populations of other Asian countries. However, the pedicle dimension of our population is lower than the White American population. This morphological variation of pedicle anatomy will help surgeons choose appropriate size screws and optimum angulations to insert the implant, decreasing complications.

Estimation of genetic diversity and population genetic structure in Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. populations using DAMD and ISSR markers

BackgroundGymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. is a well-known medicinal plant against diabetes in India. There is as such no organized cultivation in India, and the plant is still being collected from the wild for their therapeutic uses. It is, therefore, important to estimate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of G. sylvestre to ascertain the genetically diverse germplasm. The present study, therefore, was undertaken to analyze the genetic variability in 118 accessions belonging to 11 wild populations of G. sylvestre using directed amplification of minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). ResultsThe present genetic analyses of 11 populations with 25 markers (8 DAMD and 17 ISSR) revealed significant genetic diversity (H = 0.26, I = 0.40, PPL = 80.89%) at a species level, while the average genetic diversity at the population level was low. Among the 11 populations studied, PCH and UTK populations showed maximum genetic diversity, followed by KNR and AMB, while TEL population revealed the lowest genetic diversity. AMOVA and Gst values (0.18) revealed that most of the genetic variations are found within populations and very less among populations, and higher gene flow (Nm = 2.29) was found to be responsible for the genetic homogenization of the populations. The clustering pattern resulting from the UPGMA dendrogram was in congruence with STRUCTURE and PCoA, segregating all the 11 populations into two main genetic clusters: cluster I (populations of North and Central India) and cluster II (populations of South India). The clustering patterns obtained from all three statistical methods indicate that the genetic structure in G. sylvestre populations corresponds to the geographical diversity of the populations and represents a strong genetic structure. ConclusionThe genetically diverse populations identified during the present study could be a potential genetic resource for further prospecting and conserving this important plant resource.

Stafne bone cyst of mandible: A case report with comprehensive imaging features using cone beam computed tomography and literature review

Stafne’s bone cyst (SBC) is a rare, asymptomatic, unilateral oval shaped radiolucent defect mostly in the posterior region of the mandible below the inferior alveolar canal. This report describes a case of SBC in Central Indian Population, which was an incidental finding in a 65-year old male patient who presented with pain. This article also highlights the literature, differential diagnosis along with use of various diagnostic imaging resources, imaging features and management for this bone defect and adds a new Indian case to literature.

Perception of Changing Roll among Orthodontists, Dentists and Laypersons in Central Indian Population- A Pilot Study

Introduction: Esthetics is the main factor in choosing orthodontic treatment. It can be difficult to identify an esthetic issue because no two people think alike. When the line of dentition is rotated around a horizontal axis left-right, it is termed as roll. We are therefore attempting to evaluate the lack of clarity in perception among different groups. Aim: To assess and compare the perception of changing roll among orthodontists, dentists & laypersons. Materials and Methods: Two standard extra-oral photographs of a subject, were digitally manipulated in terms of roll. A sample of 120 evaluators [40 orthodontists, 40 dentists and 40 laypersons] judged both the images (original and altered) on a visual analogue scale ranging from 1 (the least attractive) to 10 (the most attractive). The responses were then analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0 version. Inclusion criteria: Participants from Central India residing for more than 2 years. Results: The comparison of the VAS score assigned to images by orthodontists, lay persons and dentists (except orthodontists) was done using Friedman test, followed by post hoc analysis. The comparison of the VAS score assigned to different images by participants of any group was done using Kruskal-Wallis test. This was followed by post hoc analysis. A p value <0.5 was considered statistically significant. Confidence interval was set at 95.0%. This revealed that dentists were able to identify roll of 3 mm or more with significant difference. Orthodontists could identify roll at 1 mm itself, while laypersons found the image with roll of 0 mm and 4 mm attractive. Conclusion: The most attractive image in the opinion of the orthodontists were with 0 mm of roll, 0 mm and 4 mm of roll for laypersons and 2 mm of roll for dentists.

Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Index and its Role in Sexual Dimorphism in Central Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Nasal Index (NI) is a sensitive anthropometric index. It exhibits sexual difference and has become useful tool in forensic medicine and reconstructive surgery. It is an important anthropometric parameter for classification of gender of a person whose identity is not known. Aim: To determine the values of the nasal parameters such as Nasal Height (NH), Nasal Breadth (NB) and NI, clinically and radiographically for male and female and also to compare the NI and its role in sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of a premium Medical College in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, between July 2017 and July 2019, study included total 392 subjects (196 males and 196 females), aged between 18 to 60 years. Posteroanterior (PA), Cephalogram (Ceph) was taken for all the study subjects. NH and NB were measured both clinically and radiographically. NI was then calculated as NB/NH×100. The data was analysed statistically using unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: As males and females were equally divided, major subjects belonged to the age group of 41-50 years (31.63%), followed by 51-60 years (27.04%). Radiographic findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in males (47.46±2.26 mm) while clinical findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in females (55.66±3.21 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of NB were found to be statistically higher in males (33.95±2.41 mm, 37.19±2.44 mm) as compared to females (30.55±1.50 mm, 32.41±1.58 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of the NI were found to be statistically higher in males (71.70±6.21, 69.94±5.87) as compared to females (67.02±5.21, 58.44±4.70). Conclusion: Nasal parameters showed significant differences between males and females in Central Indian population, suggesting sexual dimorphism and also serve as important clinical and radiographical tools useful in nasal surgeries, anthropometry and forensic medicine