Central India Population Research Articles

Age Determination from Coracoid Process of Shoulder Joint in Males of Central India

There is no statistical data to establish variation in coracoids process fusion of shoulder joint in males in central India population. This significant oversight can lead to exclusion of persons of interest in a forensic investigation. Coracoid process fusions in males were analyzed on radiological basis to assess the range of variation of coracoids process fusion at each age. In this study the X ray films of the subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of degree of fusion. Firstly, those which were showing No Fusion )N), secondly those showing Partial Union )PC), and thirdly those showing Complete Fusion )C). Observations made were compared with the previous studies.

Role of Fok I VDR polymorphism in TB risk assessment; A Study in Central India population

PurposeStudy aim to investigate the possible role of Fok I VDR polymorphism in TB risk assessment. MethodsTo investigate the role of Fok I VDR polymorphism in TB risk assessment, we collected a blood sample from 106 healthy individuals including both gender. The genomic DNA was isolated and the VDR gene was amplified using gene-specific primers using polymerase chain reaction. The Genotyping of the Fok I polymorphism was performed using Fok I restriction enzyme. The distribution of genotype frequencies of VDR gene polymorphisms was calculated using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculator. ResultsIn the present investigation, the VDR gene was amplified with an undigested DNA band of 265 bp as FF homozygote. Additionally, 169 bp and 96 bp as ff homozygote and three bands ((265 bp, 169 bp, and 96 bp) were observed in the heterozygote. As per our finding, we report a significantly low frequency of susceptible genotypes in Ff (27.4%) and ff (6.6%) compared to average frequency Ff = 41.80% and ff = 8.25% of India. We also reported here the low frequency of mutant allele f in India's central part, i.e., Bhopal division, Madhya Pradesh. Considering our finding, the mutant allele's low frequency in central India, Madhya Pradesh, shows a negligible contribution of Fok I VDR polymorphism in TB prevalence. ConclusionsIn a comparative analysis with the Northern and Southern India population based on previous reports, the involvement of FoK I polymorphism in the VDR gene was non-significant in Central India. All the studied populations were found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except North India for the Fok1 VDR genotypes.

Estimation of stature from hand length of an individual in central India population

Anthropometry is a important parameter in medico- legal investigation, in which stature has vital importance in identification of individual. Estimation of stature is important when fragments or remnants or parts of body are found on crime scene. So, the aim of this study is to develop a regression formula to indicate relation between height and hand length of individuals of both sexes. The study was conducted on 159 healthy individuals (75 males and 84 females). Prior permissions were taken from Institutional ethics Committee and written informed consent from all subjects were taken prior to data collection. Linear regression equation was derived using SPSS 23 software. There was a linear correlation between height and hand length. Pearson correlation coefficient found significant at P value – 0.01 (P value <0.05) between height and hand length.The study will significant to medico-legal experts in estimating stature from remnants of upper limb.

Tomographic analysis of the apical anatomy of mandibular first and second premolars in central India population

Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the distance of the apical foramen in relation to the anatomical apex of mandibular premolars by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in a selected population of Central India. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the distance between the apical foramen and the anatomic apex of the mandibular first and second premolars of both the sides of mandible and in both the genders in a selected population of Central India. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, screening of total 250 CBCT scans of patients with a minimum age of 20 years, were evaluated and only 170 CBCT images (88 males and 82 females) were considered for the study based on the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, scans were observed in axial, sagittal and coronal planes. Results: Average (±SD) distance from apical foramen to the anatomic apex of first and second premolars in male was 0.61 - 0.62 mm and for females was 0.58 - 0.60 mm. No statistical significant difference was found between right and left quadrant and in males and females. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that minimum 1mm of distance from the anatomic apex in mandibular premolars could be appropriate for root canal therapy.

Assessment of fear psychosis and practice modification in dental fraternity to ϑight against COVID-19- A Survey in central India population

An outburst of coronavirus has tremendously affected the life of every individual. However, indeed, it has drastically been a setback for everyone around the world, but Healthcare professionals are the ones who are suffering as well as serving the most. Specifically, it has affected dental professionals who are at a maximum higher exposure to this coronavirus disease. So this study article aims to assess fear psychosis and practice modifications in dental fraternity to fight against COVID-19. This pandemic has changed the lifestyles of people as well their perspective towards life. Moreover keeping in mind, the current scenario it's vital to assess the knowledge and modifications which Dentist are adopting in their daily practice considering the pandemic situation. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey form from 24th to 31st August 2020. A questionnaire was formulated and uploaded online and circulated amongst dental professionals in central India population. One thousand participants were included from various parts of Central India More than two-thirds of the general dental practitioners (78%) from various regions Were having anxiety about the anxious and scared by the distressing effects of Coronavirus disease. There was awareness seen in almost 85% of dentists about changes in the treatment protocols. Nevertheless, carrying out of the recent protocol for treatment was estimated to be around 60%. The majority of the dentists (66%) were working in the hospital setting, 20% were from government settings. Despite having a high standard of knowledge and practice, dental practitioners around the globe are in a state of anxiety and fear while working in their respective fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact on humanity. It has been evaluated that a vast number of population has just shut down their practices for an uncertain period or have restarted the practices with new protocols.

Revisiting almost forgotten two ends of the central sulcus of cerebral hemisphere in brains of cadavers

: The central sulcus also known as Rolandic Fissure separates the sensory cortex in front from motor cortex behind. The central sulcus starts in or near the superomedial border of the cerebral hemisphere, and ends usually a little above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. The central sulcus is the only sulcus that divides the brain at its superior surface. The objective of the present study was to analyse the various types of the central sulcus of cerebral hemisphere with respect to its two ends in the cadavers. A total of 44 cadaveric brains (88 cerebral hemispheres) were studied. The variations at upper end of the central sulcus with respect to the superomedial border of the hemisphere and at its lower end with respect to the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure were noted. At the upper end, we found three types of central sulcus – type 1= 68% (those cutting the border and extending on the medial surface), type 2= 23% (those just reaching the border but not reaching the medial surface) and type 3 =9% (those falling short of the border). At the lower end of the fissure, we observed two types of the central sulcus – type 2=83% (those falling short of the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure) and type 1=17% (those reaching the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure). The variability in the morphology of the cortical gyri and sulci including size, shape and spatial pattern has been previously reported. Such variability raises methodological issues for functional brain mapping1 as well as for lesion localization in neurosurgical planning. This finding will be useful to anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists etc. Compared to Chinese population, the percentage of type 2 of the upper end was almost half in our study which represents central India population. Further clinical research is required by radiological examination of the two ends of the central sulcus to determine any association with functional anatomy as well as any correlation with various diseases of the brain.

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Determination of Etiology and Epidemiology of Viral Central Nervous System Infections by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Central India Population.

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common cause of hospital admission in worldwide and remain a challenging disease for diagnosis and treatment. The most common infectious agents associated with viral CNS infections are cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus (DENV),West Nile virus(WNV), and Chandipura virus(CHPV). The aim of the present work was to find the etiology of CNS viral infection in the Central India population by transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) comparing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method [one-step and two-step reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)] in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples of CNS viral infections patients. One-step and two-step real-time PCR assays were evaluated in CSF and parallel blood samples from patients with viral CNS infections for detection of DNA and RNA viruses. A comparative analysis was also done between gDNA, gRNA, cDNA, and plasmid-based real-time PCR methods for an efficient quantitation of viral particles in clinical samples for determination of viral etiology. On evaluation of 150 CSF and 50 parallel blood samples from suspected cases of viral CNS infections, a viral etiology was confirmed in 21 (14%) cases, including 3% for EBV, 1% of CMV, and 5% for VZV and JEV. The one-step RT-PCR has a higher detection limit for detection and quantitation of viral RNA in comparison to two-step RT-PCR. Our result reveals that VZV and JEV are the most usual cases of CNS viral infection in hospitalized patients in the Central India population and one-step RT-PCR shows higher viral load detection limits for quantitation of viral genome and more sensitivity in comparison to two-step RT-PCR.

Role of Platelet-rich Plasma in the Healing of Impacted Third Molar Socket: A Comparative Study on Central India Population

The aim of the study was to compare the healing and osseous regeneration of mandibular third molar extraction sockets with and without platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with the evaluation of clinical objectives such as pain, swelling, trismus, soft tissue healing, pocket depth distal to second molar and radiological evaluation of the bony density in the postextracted third molar socket. In this prospective study, 100 patients were selected by the random sampling method from the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in the year 2016-2017. Patients were equally allocated into intervention (transalveolar extraction followed by PRP placement) and nonintervention (transalveolar extraction without PRP placement) group as group I and group II, respectively, and evaluation parameters were considered accordingly. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 15.0 (IBM, USA) statistical analysis software. The pain score of patients of group I (non-PRP) was found to be higher as compared to group II (with PRP). Mean trismus of patients of group II was found to be higher than that of group I at postoperative day 7, but this difference was not found to be statistically significant. Swelling at T-Sn (Tragus-Subnasale) and T-Pog (Tragus-Pogonion) was higher among patients of group I as compared to group II. Healing in group II was two to three times faster than group I. Healing among patients of group I and group II was found to be statistically significant. The mean pocket depth of patients of group I was found to be significantly higher than that of group II at follow-up of 1 and 2 months. The bone density of patients of group II was found to be significantly higher than that of group I at 3 months and 6 months follow-up. The procedure of PRP preparation is simple and cost-effective, and can be prepared at the point of care. It had a significant impact on the postoperative healing of the third molar socket. The use of PRP application increases the bone density, healing process, and improvement in the pain and swelling, and there was a definite reduction in trismus and periodontal probing depth after the impacted mandibular wisdom teeth extraction.

Correlation between Chronological Age, Cervical Vertebral Maturation and Fishman’s Skeletal Maturity Indicators in Central India Population

Introduction: Skeletal maturity indicators are very important indicators when diagnosing and panning the treatment in growing population. Cervical Vertebrae Method (CVM) and Fishman’s Skeletal Maturity Indicators are two commonly used methods for the diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between cervical vertebral maturation (CVM)and Fishman’s hand-wrist skeletal maturity indicator and chronological age by including subjects within the range of circumpubertal growth spurt in Central India.
 Materials & Method: One Twenty Five contemporary hand-wrist and lateral cephalometric radiographs from population of Central India were randomly selected and analyzed. All subjects were within the circumpubertal period i.e. female subjects were between 10 and 15 years of age, and the male subjects were between 12 and 17 years of age. The hand-wrist bone analysis was evaluated using the method developed by Fishman whereas cervical vertebra bone analysis was evaluated using the method developed by Baccetti and co-workers. These two methods and chronological age were correlated using the Spearman rank correlation analysis.
 Result: CVM was significantly correlated with hand-wrist maturation (r=0.8868). However low correlation was found between the CVM and chronological age( r =0.7139) and little correlation was found between the HWM and chronological age ( r =0.6892).
 Conclusion: CVM is a valid indicator of skeletal growth during the circumpubertal growth period and has a high correlation with the HWM for the Central India population. However chronological age is not suitable to measure skeletal maturity as shown by the low correlations found between the chronological age and both CVM and HWM.

Estimation of stature and sex by foot length measurements using linear regression and discriminant function analysis, respectively: A study in central india population

Background and Aim In forensic investigations establishing the identity of a person is a vital step. Stature and sex are important attributes of personal identity. In cases of mass disasters, generally isolated body parts and extremities are recovered as remains and are utilized to ascertain identity of an individual with personal attributes like gender, stature. The present study was conducted to ascertain if the foot length can be reliably used in estimation of stature and gender, and to establish population-specific regression equation and discriminant function analysis in population of Central India.Methods One hundred subjects (50 males and 50 females) between the age group of 20 and 40 years, who are residents of Central India for two generations, were studied. Foot length, of both right and left sides, was recorded for each individual and stature was measured with the help of a stadiometer. Data were subjected to statistical analysis.Results Statistical analysis of the data of the study population showed statistically highly significant differences (p < 0.001) between males and females. Statistically highly significant positive correlation was observed between stature and foot length in males and females. Linear regression equations for stature estimation were derived separately for males and females. The discriminant function analysis, utilizing foot length correctly, classified 78 to 85.1% of cases for respective gender.Conclusion The statistically significant positive correlation between the foot length and stature and accuracy of sex classification by discriminant function analysis indicate the reliability of foot length in predicting stature and gender of an individual.

A New Regression Equation Proposed For Mixed Dentition Analysis in Chhattisgarh, Central India Population

Objective: To develop and propose a new regression for mixed dentition analysis in Chhattisgarh, Central India population. Material and Methods: The permanent dentition dental casts of 800 (400 males and 400 females) Chhattisgarh subjects were selected. Digital caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal crown widths of teeth. The linear regression equations and correlation between four mandibular incisors and the canine-premolars segments of maxillary and mandibular arches were developed (modified Tanaka-Johnston equation) and proposed for Chhattisgarh population. Results: New standardized regression equations were formulated to predict the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars especially for Chhattisgarh, Central India population. The equation in males for maxillary arch was Y = 11.90 + 0.39 (X) and for mandibular arch was Y = 12.23 + 0.36 (X). Similarly, the equation in females for maxillary arch was Y = 14.40 + 0.26 (X) and for mandibular arch was Y= 10.26 + 0.43 (X). A significant sexual dimorphism in teeth sizes was seen with higher mesio distal dimension in males in Chhattisgarh population. Conclusion: Sum of the mesiodistal diameter of permanent mandibular incisors can be used reliably to predict/estimate the sum of mesiodistal diameters of unerupted canines and premolars with the new regression equations.

Evaluation of incidence of mental nerve loop in Central India population using cone beam computed tomography.

Anatomical literature has described the anterior loop being an extension of the mental nerve which is present anterior to the mental foramen while the caudal loop has been described as the distance between the lower border of the mental foramen and the lowest point of the mandibular canal. The knowledge and identification of the anterior and caudal loop of the mental nerve are important in surgical procedures performed around the mental foramen to avoid inadvertent damage to these vital structures resulting in postoperative complications. The present study was conducted to determine the incidence and measurement of mental nerve loop in the mandibular arches using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 200 CBCT images were retrieved and inspected for the presence of the mental nerve loop. The length of the anterior loop was measured by counting the number of consecutive contiguous vertical cross sections displaying two round hypodense images. This number was multiplied by the thickness of the slices. The caudal loop was measured as the distance between the lower border of the mental foramen and the lowest point of mandibular canal. Shapiro-Wilk test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 57.5% (n = 200 scans) presented with the anterior loop of the mental nerve with a mean length of 0.50 mm and 0.37 mm on the right side and left side, respectively. All the samples of CBCT scans taken were having caudal loop extension with a mean length of 3.53 mm. A considerable number of individuals (57.5%) in the present study presented with the anterior loop of the mental nerve. CBCT was found to be an effective imaging modality for the detection of anterior loop of the mental nerve.

ADH1B, ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Gene Polymorphic Frequencies among Alcoholics and Controls in the Arcadian Population of Central India

BackgroundEpidemiological research has highlighted the global burden of primary liver cancer cases due to alcohol consumption, even in a low consumption country like India. Alcohol detoxification is governed by ADH1B, ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes that encode functional enzymes which are coordinated with each other to remove highly toxic metabolites i.e. acetaldehyde as well as reactive oxygen species generated through detoxification processes. Some communities in the population appears to be at greater risk for development of the liver cancer due to genetic predispositions.MethodsThe aim of this study was to screen the arcadian population of central India in order to investigate and compare the genotype distribution and allele frequencies of alcohol metabolizing genes (ADH1B, ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1) in both alcoholic (N=121) and control (N=145) healthy subjects. The gene polymorphism analysis was conducted using PCR and RFLP methods.ResultsThe allele frequency of ALDH2 *1 was 0.79 and of ALDH2*2 was 0.21 (OR:1.12; CI (95%): 0.74-1.71). The null allele frequency for GSTM1 was 0.28 (OR:0.85; CI (95%): 0.50-1.46) and for GSTT1 was 0.20 (OR:1.93; CI (95%): 1.05-3.55). No gene polymorphism for ADH1B was not observed. The total prevalence of polymorphisms was 3.38% for ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1.ConclusionThe results of this study suggested that individuals of the Central India population under study are at risk for liver disorders due to ALDH2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms. This results may have significance for prevention of alcohol dependence, alcoholic liver disorders and the likelihood of liver cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of thickened ligamentum flavum in degenerative lumbar spine-corelation with age, gender, degenerative disc, right-left asymmetry in central india population

Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of thickened ligamentum flavum in degenerative lumbar spine-corelation with age, gender, degenerative disc, right-left asymmetry in central india population

Ultrasound assessment of renal volume in healthy, pregnant women of central India-its correlation with body mass index, parity and gestational age.

Objective: Renal volume changes occurs due to varied physiological changes, especially in the kidneys of pregnant women. For the identification and monitoring of renal disease , renal size is an important factor. No established data is available in the literature for the sonographical nomogram of renal volume in the normal pregnant women in Indian population. To sonographically establish the nomogram of renal volume in the normal healthy pregnant women in central India population. Methods: Renal dimensions including length, width and thickness were measured using ultrasound in 501 normal, healthy pregnant women (mean age:24.7 years).Renal volume was calculated by using the formula volume=length x width x breadth/2. Every pregnant womens age, weight, height and body mass index were recorded. Gestational age and parity were acquired. The correlations between the variables were estimated. Results: A total of 501 normal pregnant women of age ranging from 18 to 38 years with a mean age of 24.7 years took part in the study. Parity ranged from 0 to 4.Body mass index ranged from 13.39 to 36.89. Gestational age ranged from 4 weeks to 40 weeks. The mean renal volume was 104.23 cm3 +_28.18 for left kidney and 105.77 cm3 +/-27.29 for the right kidney with significant positive linear relationship between right renal volume and left renal volume (P value = 0.00). No significant positive linear relationship was observed between the gestational age and either of the kidney volume. Also no significant difference between mean right kidney volume across different parity(P value=0.05) and mean left kidney volume across different parity(P value=0.18) was noted. Conclusion: This study provides data for normal sonographic renal volumes in healthy pregnant women of central India.

Retrospective Study of Root Canal Configurations of Mandibular Third Molars Using CBCT- Part-II.

Abnormal root canal morphologies of third molars can be diagnostically and technically challenging during root canal treatment. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular third molars in Central India population by using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) analysis. CBCT images of 171 mandibular third molars were observed and data regarding number of roots, number of canals, Vertucci's classification in each root, prevalence of C shaped canal, gender and topographical relation of morphology in mandibular third molar was statistically evaluated. Majority of mandibular third molars had two roots (84.2%) and three canals (64.3%). Most mesial root had Vertucci Type II (55.6%) and Vertucci Type IV (22.2%), distal root had Type I canals (87.5%). Over all prevalence of C shaped canals in mandibular third molars was 9.4%. There was a high prevalence of two rooted mandibular third molars with three canals.

Prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second and third molars in a central India population: A cone beam computed tomography analysis.

Introduction:To evaluate the prevalence of C-shaped root canals in mandibular molars using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a subpopulation of Central India.Materials and Methods:CBCT scans of patients from diagnostic imaging center were selected in accordance with the criteria given by Fan et al. (2004) for C-shaped canals. A total of 238 CBCT scans fulfilled the inclusion criteria and thereby divided into two groups: Group 1: Images showing C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molars. Group 2: Images showing C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular third molars. The frequency and distribution of canals and their configuration along with the position of lingual/buccal grooves in the images were evaluated, and the data was analyzed.Results:CBCT evaluation showed that 9.7% of second molars and 8% of third molars had C-shaped canals. A prominent buccal groove was seen in these teeth. The data showed a significant difference (P = 0.038) for the presence of such anatomy on the right side for mandibular third molars.Conclusion:The study showed a significant prevalence of C-shaped canal configuration in the subpopulation studied.

Retrospective study of root canal configurations of maxillary third molars in Central India population using cone beam computed tomography Part- I

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of maxillary third molars in Central India population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis.Materials and Methods:CBCT images of 116 maxillary third molars were observed, and data regarding the number of roots, the number of canals, and Vertucci's Classification in each root was statistically evaluated.Results:Majority of Maxillary third molars had three roots (55.2%) and three canals (37.9%). Most MB root (43.8%), DB root (87.5%), and palatal root (100%) of maxillary third molars had Vertucci Type I. Mesiobuccal root of three-rooted maxillary third molars had Vertucci Type I (43.8%) and Type IV (40.6%) configuration. Overall prevalence of C-shaped canals in maxillary third molars was 3.4%.Conclusion:There was a high prevalence of three-rooted maxillary molars with three canals.

Purview of allergens through skin test in Central India

Introduction: Clinical history and examination are very important for determining allergy. The most common forms being bronchial asthma (BA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). A lot of patients respond to the primary line of treatment. Patients come forward with the objective of uprooting the cause of these allergies. Skin prick test (SPT) helps in finding the most likely cause after which we can offer them the desensitization and protective advice. Objective: To evaluate the performance of various aeroallergens by assessment with SPT in Central India population. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-three patients with BA and AR were subjected to SPT. SPT was performed with antigen extracts from India. Results: Of the 143 patients, 86 (60%) patients had both BA and AR. These 143 patients showed 454 positive SPT results. Of the 454, 223 (49%) were positive for mites alone. Among the three mites tested for, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 81 (17.8%) was the most common. The study of seasonal distribution of allergens showed peaked results for mites in winter. Parthenium hysterophorus (congress grass) 11 (7.7%) was the most common pollen found. Conclusions: The dust mite had the greatest frequency in this study. Humidity levels are critical for the growth of mites, which provides a valuable clue to protect against it. Avoiding the relevant allergens can be a remedy for AR patients and reduce the frequency of symptoms in asthmatics.