Central Government Budget Research Articles

Infrastruktur Konektivitas, Peran Pemerintah, dan Perkembangan Sosial Ekonomi Regional: Bukti dari Kalimantan

The Island of Kalimantan, designated by the Indonesian government as the site for the new capital city, necessitates significant infrastructure improvements to support its economic development. This research evaluates the progress of the connectivity infrastructure in Kalimantan, reviews the role of the government in facilitating this development, and estimates the relationship between infrastructure and the community’s social and economic activities. The study applies descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, comparative studies, and interregional input-output methodology by utilizing various data sources including the central government budget, regional government budget, village potential data, Susenas, and Geographic Information System GIS) data. Our findings reveal increasing budgets from both central and local governments, yet limited improvements in road infrastructure. An increase in the availability of road infrastructure per km² is positively correlated with enhanced trading activities, the provision of shops, improved public transportation, and better access to education and health facilities. In addition, the establishment of airports and ports is linked to higher per capita income and increased service and manufacturing activities, as well as the growth of food stalls, shops, and banking services.

Central government budget transparency: Croatia with much room for improvement

Central government budget transparency: Croatia with much room for improvement

MENGUNGKAP FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENYERAPAN ANGGARAN BELANJA DI KANTOR WILAYAH KEMENTERIAN HUKUM DAN HAM BALI TAHUN ANGGARAN 2020

This study aims to identify delays in budget absorption in the work units within the Bali Ministry of Law and Human Rights Regional Office and the factors causing it with goal setting theory as the foundation theory. This research is a qualitative research with a case study approach. In this research, the research site is the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in Bali. Secondary data sources come from the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in Bali and publications on the official website of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia and the Directorate General of Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The primary data in this study were the results of direct interviews with research sources. The results of the study indicate that there is a tendency for delays in the absorption of budget expenditures in work units within the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Bali. The factors that cause delays in the absorption of the central government's budget are the Covid-19 pandemic, budget planning, procurement of goods/services, and human resources. Goal setting theory is a motivational theory that has an influence in achieving the performance targets that have been set.

산촌정책을 통해 본 지방정부의 구조적 제약에 관한 연구

Recently, Korean local governments have decided on major policies of local governments amid structural constraints such as market economic constraints where labor and capital move autonomously, the local financial crisis, and the disappearance of local populations. In particular, in the case of local underprivileged areas such as mountain villages, it can be seen as the last area to be excluded from the local government's developmental policies. This study aims to analyze Peterson's assumption of City Limits and his conclusions limited to the current public choice and mountain village policies of local governments and use them as a poetic analysis framework to look at the central government's support role and direction. As a result of the analysis, in the case of Goesan-gun and Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, the proportion of the redistribution policy and allocation policy budget was gradually lowered by focusing on the mountain village(forest) development policy. In Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, the allocation policy ratio was higher than that of development and redistribution policies, but after the transfer of local finances, the budget ratio of development policies changed to almost the same level. Overall, the direction of public choice can vary depending on the local environment, local residents' preferences, economic conditions, and policymakers' values, but at least through the central government's budget trend, it is necessary to understand what local governments are investing in development policies and what local governments are investing in redistribution and allocation policies.

Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Bidang Perumahan dan Pascabencana Tsunami Pandeglang untuk Pemulihan Kehidupan Masyarakat Terdampak

The construction of permanent housing in Pandeglang District is classified as very fast with very good building construction when compared to development in other regions in Indonesia. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the post-tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction in Pandeglang District in the infrastructure and housing sectors in terms of coordination, financing, and community empowerment. This research used a descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that post-tsunami recovery in the infrastructure and housing sectors had good diagonal coordination between units with different functions and levels. Coordination is carried out starting from the planning, budgeting, implementation, and evaluation stages. In the financing aspect, the optimization of the infrastructure sector is constrained by budget constraints, while in the housing sector, financing comes from grants and the central government's budget. Community empowerment in the infrastructure sector is limited to the aspect of supervision, which is different from the housing sector, which uses the pattern of community groups starting from the planning, implementation, and supervision stages. The infrastructure sector has not optimally supported the recovery of the lives of the affected communities in Pandeglang District. The housing sector recovered within 3 years after the Sunda Strait Tsunami disaster with the added value of the status of houses becoming property rights, sturdy buildings modeled on the Instant Steel Frame House (Rumah Instan Struktur Baja - RISBA), facilities for bathing, washing, latrines, and waste disposal facilities.

The Government's Intervention in Functioning the Central Bank of the State Bank from the Practices of Vietnamese Law

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the organizational model of the Central Bank of Vietnam and the Government. In this model, the Government has many rights to intervene directly in the implementation of the central bank function of the State Bank of Vietnam. Such direct interventions have forced the monetary policy to run or depend on fiscal policy and have been forced to pursue the short-term goals of the Government. The State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) must still supply the Central Government Budget with an amount of money through advance payments to deal with the temporary deficit in the State Budget under the Prime Minister's decision. This made the stability (in the long –term) of monetary value and the sustainable development of the national economy of the central bank become very difficult. The State Bank regularly has to focus a lot of resources on maintaining the stability of the monetary market by resolving the market's hot spots or handling weak credit institutions by administrative interventions...under the Government's requirement that has reduced the independence of the SBV when performing the central bank function.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FORMATION OF REVENUE BASE OF LOCAL BUDGETS

In this empirical study, author tries to scrutinize the formation, flow of the local budget in Uzbekistan. However, in world practice, it is emphasized that it is appropriate to follow the following principles when attaching taxes to the budget in accordance with the criteria for ensuring economic efficiency: a) Taxes assigned to the republican budget should be considered taxes with a high multiplier effect in the system of macroeconomic regulation of the countrys economy b) The system of income distribution between different social strata of the population and progressive taxes regulating income inequality should be included as a source of income of the Republic budget c) Taxes based on a strong disproportion in the distribution of the tax base are not highly effective in the policy of vertical equalization of sub-budgets. Therefore, it is recommended to attach such taxes as a source of revenue for the central government budget d) Naturally, in the system of vertical equalization for local budgets, the tax base of highly effective taxes should not be highly mobile and should be relatively evenly distributed across regions. Based on these principles, continuation of the policy of attaching taxes to local budgets will, first of all, create opportunities to ensure their financial stability by strengthening the revenue base of local budgets.

Regional Government Authority in Fulfilling the Right to Legal Aid for the Poor and Vulnerable Groups

The implementation of legal aid by the local government is urgent because the central government's budget allocation is still limited. This can be seen from the imbalance in the legal aid budget and the number of legal aid organizations compared to the number of poor people. The budget and the scope of legal aid are limited, only covering the poor. Regional governments, as stakeholders, are expected to complement the central government's shortcomings by allocating legal aid budgets and expanding the scope of legal aid recipients. This study aimed to examine the authority of local governments in fulfilling the right to legal aid for poor and vulnerable groups. This study was normative research by examining legal regulations relating to the authority of local governments in fulfilling the right to legal aid for the poor and vulnerable groups. The data obtained were analyzed using qualitative methods. The results of this study showed that local governments had the authority to fulfill the right to legal aid for the poor and vulnerable groups. This authority was attributive. Several laws obliged local governments to fulfill the right to legal aid.

CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC DEBT STOCK STRUCTURE IN TURKEY: COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERIOD

Bu çalışmanın amacı, küresel boyutta ekonomik krize yol açan Covid-19 salgın döneminde Türkiye’nin kamu borç stok yapısını incelemektir. Çalışma, salgın döneminde kamu borç stok yapısındaki değişimi görebilmek ve salgın sonrası sürecin gelişimini değerlendirebilmek amacıyla 2018-2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Türkiye’de 2020 yılı Mart ayından itibaren kısa zamanda yayılan salgın aynı zamanda bir ekonomik krize dönüşmüştür. Bu kapsamda salgının hem toplumsal hem ekonomik etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik maliye politikası araçlarının etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasıyla, artan merkezi yönetim bütçe açığının finansmanı kamunun borçlanma ihtiyacını önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Salgın ile birlikte bozulan mali disiplinin yanı sıra bozulan makroekonomik göstergeler, artan dolarizasyon sadece kamu borç stok büyüklüğünü artırmakla kalmamış aynı zamanda borç stok yapısında da ciddi bozulmalara yol açmıştır. Özellikle kamu borç stoku içinde TL cinsi değişken faizli ve döviz cinsi borçlanmanın payının artmakta olması Türk Lirasına (TL) olan güveni azaltmakta ve TL değer kaybetmektedir. Sonuçta, kamu borç stokunun faiz ve kur şoklarına karşı kırılganlığının ve maliyetinin artması etkin bir borç yönetim uygulanmasını engellemektedir.

Foutu maximum: The political economy of price controls and national defense in revolutionary France

War necessitates both allocating real resources to defense and certain interest groups being in favor of the government raising resources to wage war. Price controls can be a tool for governments to mobilize additional resources while buying the support of certain key interest groups, hence making war politically viable. France during the revolutionary Terror, the first instance of widespread price controls used in times of war, is used to illustrate this hypothesis. Urban capitalists benefited from price controls on agricultural output combined with forced sales. At the same time, I estimate that in the six months preceding the abolition of price controls, the government saved, by using them (and in real terms), the equivalent of roughly 40% of the annual 1790 central government budget. Consistent with my theory, once the exigencies of the war attenuated and as collective action became more costly for the urban population, price controls were abandoned.

ÖZ DÜZENLEMELİ HARİTALAR İLE MERKEZİ YÖNETİM BÜTÇE HARCAMALARININ İNCELENMESİ

Parlamenter sistemler için oldukça önemli olan merkezi yönetim bütçe harcamaları, Türkiye’de sırasıyla; hazırlanma, onanma, uygulanma ve denetim aşamalarından geçmektedir. Takip eden mali yıl içerisinde gerçekleşecek olan bu kamu harcamaları için istikrar şarttır. Aksi halde kamu giderlerinin, kamu gelirden fazla olması sonucu bütçe açığı gerçekleşmektedir. Merkezi yönetim bütçe harcamaları ekonomik ve fonksiyonel sınıflandırma olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Ekonomik ve fonksiyonel sınıflandırma içinde bulunan parametreler, altındaki giderlerin toplamı olarak sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada amaç, bir yapay sinir ağı modeli ve aynı zamanda bir kümeleme analizi yöntemi olan Öz Düzenlemeli Haritalar ile Türkiye’de kişi başına düşen merkezi yönetim bütçe harcamalarının kümeleme analizi sonuçlarını incelemektir.

THE PUBLIC DEBT PHENOMENON IN FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY, AND FINANCIAL DEVIATIONS IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES

In this study, we attempt to put forth the sustainability phenomenon, an empirical that occurs a significant fiscal impact on developing countries, which aim to reach the desired economic growth levels. Sustainability of public fiscal balances, especially in terms of debt policies, refers to a structural impact mechanism that means paying debts without default and restructuring them without risk in a period when the payment and redemption deadlines have come, especially in terms of external debts. This mechanism of influence is also expressed in the restructuring of a financial process, which can be expressed in different values, especially in developing countries, and whether the defaulted public liabilities refer to the later debt phenomenon. In this respect, public fiscal sustainability means that the real level of future primary surpluses is equal to the current real value of the public debt at a fundamental level. In our analytical study, the four countries were taken as the basis and the analytical values of these four countries in the financial balances were determined as emerging economies on the basis of these selected countries as Turkey, Poland, Chile, and Mexico. Besides, based on debts and public deficits, this fact also means a sustainable fiscal structure that can emphasize all kinds of debt phenomena at different levels, especially local governments, and the central government throughout the country. In addition, a debt obligation covering the entire public sphere also expresses sustainability in the narrow sense, representing the central government budget, which is essential in terms of sustainable budget balances. On the other hand, the sustainability of debts in developing countries where foreign public debt is in question, especially the public debt of central banks, can also lead to unexpected financial weakness and vulnerabilities. The policies as public borrowing instruments can create uncertainty about the level of financial-institutional impact in terms of future principal and interest payments and negatively affect fiscal policies sustainability. In this context, the acceptability of this fiscal process regarding the receivables of all institutions such as private bondholders, banks, and the World Bank is accepted as the sustainability of the debts in an ongoing process with mutually positive financial formations. When countries demand debt from financial markets, they have to maintain their fiscal sustainability regarding whether they should retake financial risks, especially in developing countries. This approach, which can also be expressed as the stability of debts, also puts forward a position identical to the expectations of stable ground for developing economic growth potential and financial infrastructure.

Central government budget transparency: Croatia records slight drop compared to previous research

Central government budget transparency: Croatia records slight drop compared to previous research

맞서고 생성하는 섬

The pioneering of Hokkaido in the 19th century was aimed at acquiring the resources necessary for modernization and industrialization of the Japanese mainland. During World War I and II, the Japanese government’s interest in Hokkaido weakened, but when overseas colonies were lost after World War II, the Japanese government once again actively began to develop Hokkaido. The Japanese government sought to improve Hokkaido’s lagging infrastructure by investing more budget in Hokkaido than in other regions. The purpose of such a policy was to close the regional gap, but more importantly, to build Hokkaido, which contributed to the mainland. As a result, however, Hokkaido has gotten a socio-economic system that relies excessively on the mainland, and politicians in Hokkaido have become more eager to win central government budgets than to offer prospects for independent system. Under such a structure, Hokkaido failed to lay a proper industrial foundation and the collapse of the real estate bubble caused the bankruptcy of Hokkaido’s largest bank in the 1990s. In the 2000s, Hokkaido was gradually shrinking, with its population decreasing and growth slowing. However, the current situation in Hokkaido is not just gloomy. This is because the movement to seek an alternative future is in full swing as it is clear that the growth-oriented development strategy that has gripped Hokkaido is no longer possible.

Improving the policy framework for financial assurance for mine closure in Mongolia

Mongolia is rich in mineral resources. Its economy is based on mining. As of 2020, mineral licenses for 1.65 million hectares have been issued in Mongolia, which represent 1% of the country's territory. Mining involves a great negative impact on the environment and society in mining areas not only during mining operations but also after mines are closed. To avoid such impacts on the environment and local communities, it is imperative to secure funds for appropriate mine closure. Therefore, adequate policy and regulatory frameworks for mine closure, including financial assurance for mine closure, are key to ensuring proper mine closure and minimizing negative environmental, health and safety impacts that may result from inadequate mine closure or abandoned mines. Our comparative study on financial assurance for mine closure, based on the internationally-applied guidelines, show that Mongolia's current legal framework regulating mining activities includes only a minimum level of requirements for mine closure and thus represents a policy and regulatory weakness that may lead to inadequate mine closure, or abandoning mines without proper closure.The study applies one of the typical formulas to calculate the cost of a recent mine closure in Mongolia. We then expand such calculations to cover the entire nation for mines in explorations or in operations that will be closed in the near future. Based on this estimation, we find that the total funds required to rehabilitate the existing areas affected by mining represent from 0.07 to 51.1% of local government budgets. If financial assurance for mine closure is not secured in order to avoid the abandonment of mines, financial burdens for mine closure in the future will place a heavy burden on central and local government budgets and the country's economy, along with serious negative impacts on the environment, biodiversity and human health.

ECOBY TECHNO SYSTEM, ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT INTO ECO-ENZYME PRODUCTS TO SUPPORT ZERO WASTE INDONESIAN MARKET

Garbage is one of the important factors that can damage the balance of the environmental ecosystem. The market is a place for the economy, but the market is one of the largest producers of waste, accounting for 24% of the total waste. Most of the markets in Indonesia are still traditional markets which are slum, muddy, with a lot of garbage scattered about and have a bad smell. This pile of garbage causes various problems, ranging from health problems, air, water and soil pollution. Garbage has the potential to contribute to increasing greenhouse gas emissions. One way to minimize this problem is to implement a community-based waste management program, especially vegetable and fruit traders, by converting market organic waste into Eco-enzyme products. Eco- enzyme is a solution of complex organic substances produced from the fermentation process of organic waste, sugar, and water. Some of the benefits of Eco-enzyme are as a multipurpose cleaning fluid, a liquid to keep fruits and vegetables fresh, air purifier, plant fertilizer, pest repellent, and preserving the environment. From the waste management problem in the market and as an effort to achieve the goals of SDGs goals 12, we came up with a solution idea, namely "Ecoby Techno System, Organic Waste Management Into Eco-enzyme Products To Support Zero Waste Indonesian Market." Ecoby Techno System is a center for managing market organic waste into Eco-enzyme products by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT). The application of the Ecoby Techno System can save costs, time and energy so that market waste management does not burden the regional or central government budget. The implementation of this system can support the government to realize a zero waste Indonesian market.

A Study to Enhance MULTICULTURAL Acceptance of Local Governments through Analysis of Factors Influencing Multicultural Acceptance

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the multicultural acceptance perception survey to verify the relationship between each demographic and social factor, contact factor, and multicultural education and multicultural acceptance, and to suggest measures to improve multicultural acceptance by region. Most of the preceding studies in Korea have proven simple relevance through multicultural acceptance analysis, but this study focuses on local autonomy and suggests the justification for multicultural acceptance education and central government budget allocation. Method: This study used the data from the 2018 General Public Multicultural Acceptance Survey, the most recent data of the General Public Multicultural Acceptance Survey conducted every three years by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to verify variables affecting multicultural acceptance. This survey selected a total of 4,006 men and 1,970 women as a probability sample (multistage stratified sample by region, gender, and age) based on the 2016 Population and Housing Census(Statistics Office). The variables in this study were the dependent variables such as multicultural acceptance score(subordinate variable), demographic factor, contact factor, and multicultural education(independent variable), and regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0, a statistical program. Results: As a result of the statistical analysis of this study, it was found that in the case of demographic factors, men, younger age, and higher education had a positive effect on multicultural acceptance. Looking at the contact factors, as direct contact, multicultural events, festivals, and strong relationships with foreigners could increase multicultural acceptance. In the case of indirect contact, multicultural acceptance could be increased when exposed to positive mass media content. In the case of the number of multicultural education sessions, the more education received, the more positive the acceptance was. On the other hand, it was found that household income, occupation and foreign contact, which were factors that had a significant influence in previous studies, did not have a significant effect in this study. Conclusion: This study, which identified the factors affecting multicultural acceptance by using statistical analysis, believes that it has a value to contribute to preparing measures to improve multicultural acceptance suitable for local governments. In the case of local governments, multicultural education can be conducted by selecting groups by gender, age and educational background. In addition, festivals and events with foreigners can be planned, and positive foreign-related broadcasts can be planned on YouTube videos promoted by local broadcasters or local governments.

Task-based budget as a method of local government financial management

The aim of this article is to present task-based budgeting as a new method of public finance management: from the central budget to the budgets of the lowest level. Particular attention was paid to the aims and objectives of the budget, as well as to its performance indicators. The publication is theoretical in nature and deals with the analysis of targeted budgeting with regard to public finance, especially in the context of the central government budget.

Indonesian Government's Budgeting Responses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Multi-Level Governance and Actor-Network Theory Perspectives

Indonesia is one country affected by Covid-19. The Indonesian government has responded this outbreak by implementing an open policy, not a total lockdown as implemented in several countries in Asia and Europe. Our study aims at exploring the budget policy response to the crisis conditions caused by the Covid19. This study focuses on three main issues related to how the central government budget policy responds to the local government level, how the government policies provide a stimulus for the private sectors and MSMEs, and the concrete steps in handling the education aspect. A qualitative paradigm through a netnographic approach was used to analyze these three issues. The data were collected using both mass media content and document analysis within a period of 1 April -31 August 2020. The analysis instruments consisted of a multi-level governance and actor-network theory. the research findings show that technology as a non-human actor plays an important role in building humans in solving problems existing in the multi-level governance involving central government, local governments, MSMEs, and education sectors. This study may provide some contributions on how to deal with the state crises due to the pandemic and other consequences.

Actor Contestation in Village Fund Management

Village funds are sourced from the central government budget which is trasferred directly to the village government. This direct transfer takes place after Law No. 6/2014 or also known as The Village Law. This larger village fund can only be accessed by the village government if it follows the rules set by the central government so that the actor in the village will use their assets to accomodate their interests related to village fund management. This study aims to explain the contestation of actors in managing village funds in two villages. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach conducted in Suko Village, Probolinggo Regency and Sukadamai Village, Bogor Regency. The results of this study are the village head is the actor who plays the most role in managing village funds using symbolic asset which is the position of the village head. This asset is the strongest because it has legitimacy from the state to be able to make decisions related to the village fund management.