Central Government Authorities Research Articles

Implementing farmers' rights under the plant variety protection law in India: Analysing the complex regulatory framework and its impact

AbstractThe Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) in India was touted as a unique law when it was enacted as it included farmers' rights provisions as well. The legislation contains some tall promises, which, if implemented in their truest sense, would assist the farmers in getting recognition and rewards for the conservation efforts that they have put in. This paper examines the implementation of the Act from the viewpoint of the delegated/subordinate/secondary legislation, which constitute the practical framework for implementing the primary legislation in practice. Although the PPVFR Act includes a separate chapter on farmers' rights, it is not certain whether the legislation's stated objective of protecting the rights of farmers has been realised or not. The uncertainty is mainly because of the inconsistencies between the PPVFR Act and the delegated/subordinate legislation, which will be the focus area of this paper. The present paper contends that the ineffective implementation of the PPVFR Act can be attributed to the arbitrary actions undertaken by the central government and PPVFR Authority in contravention of the statute via public notices, rules, and regulations. This, in turn, has contributed to the deplorable plight of the farmers in multiple ways.

Relocating the imaginary nation through nature: The performance politics of Arbor Day in postwar Taiwan

This article examines the transformation of Arbor Day in postwar Taiwan, focusing on how it has been used to relocate the imaginary nation—shifting from associations with mainland China toward alignment with the island-based regime in Taiwan. Using the framework of performance politics, we analyze how Arbor Day serves as a contested arena where various social actors—ranging from the central government and local authorities to civil society—compete to reassemble the mise-en-scène of nature. We argue that performative acts from these different sectors collectively distance Arbor Day from its early reliance on the mainland-oriented Founding Father narrative, redirecting attention toward localized concerns such as urban greening, environmental conservation, and urban governance. In this process, a “relocated” nation gradually emerges as the imagined setting of Arbor Day, reflecting Taiwan's shifting national identity. While Arbor Day continues to express nationalism, what changes over time is the scale of the nation these performances seek to address at different historical moments and for various purposes.

An Analytical Desk Review of the Implementation of Fiscal Decentralisation in Zambia: Challenges and Opportunities

Fiscal decentralization, coupled with effective intergovernmental fiscal relations, stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of modern governance structures. This paper analyzes the implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia as part of its initiatives across diverse socio-economic and political contexts for accelerated national development. The review was guided by three objectives which were: to review the existing legislation that supports implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia; to assess the revenue and expenditure autonomy assignments of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia; and to recommend a fiscal transfer system to be used to enhance the implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Zambia. The study is based on secondary data on fiscal decentralization collected in official sources of Zambia’s Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, and Cabinet Office – Decentralization Secretariat. All the data was processed by and used in the right format for the analysis of implementation of fiscal decentralization in Zambia. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this study analysed the real level of fiscal decentralization made in Zambia. Key findings of the study was that Zambia does not have an institution to supervise fiscal decentralization except a desk at Cabinet Office – Decentralization Secretariat. Besides, Local authorities have little autonomy in administering revenues and expenses as such, one of them requires approval by the Minister of Local Government and Rural Development. This hampers innovation around revenue generation as there is no known parameter used to grant or deny approval. Additionally, some of the aspects of the Zambia Intergovernmental Fiscal Architecture have not been implemented thereby depriving local authorities of revenue. These include Matching grants, revenue sharing of tolls and Road Transport and Safety Agency (RATSA) fees which are supposed to be shared between Central Government and local authorities as road maintenance is a concurrent mandate and revenue sharing for national income collected by Central Government from local authority jurisdictions. Finally, the connection between the level of fiscal decentralization and the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations is very important, to ensure maximum effectiveness of local government financing. The quality of the distribution of funds provided by the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations and the level of fiscal decentralization has a direct relationship. Balancing these two mechanisms is the most important way to increase the quality of public services at the local level as a way of enhancing the implementation of the fiscal decentralization. Arising from the study’s finding, there is need for amendment and harmonization of legislation governing the devolution process and procedures in order to empower the designate entities to carry out their mandate without unnecessary cob-webs. The local authorities also need autonomy on revenue mobilization and expenditure which are devoid of central government interference and/or rent-seeking pursuits. Furthermore, there is need to balance the level of fiscal decentralization and the scheme of intergovernmental fiscal relations in order to improve the quality of funds distributed and the effectiveness and efficiency in local government financing.

Dynamics of COVID-19 risk perception and predictors in South Korea: a two-year longitudinal study from the pandemic’s beginning (2020–2021)

Understanding the public’s cognitive and affective perceptions of risk, along with their predictors and the role of trust in various stakeholders, is essential for effective risk management. Cognitive and affective dimensions of perceived risk play a critical role in engaging the public during health emergencies, particularly in the early stages. This study investigates the evolving dynamics of COVID-19 risk perception, identifies its predictors, and examines how these factors changed over time from the beginning of the pandemic. We conducted a longitudinal repeated cross-sectional survey in South Korea, over the initial two years of the pandemic (2020–2021) from over 9,000 participants, beginning four weeks after the first confirmed case. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression, with time included as an interaction term. Results showed significant fluctuations in both cognitive and affective risk perceptions throughout the study period. Specifically, perceived susceptibility to infection was associated with respondents’ locality, policy stringency, and daily case counts, while perceived severity was significantly related to age and subjective health. Affective risk perception was predicted by gender and socioeconomic status. Notably, a contradictory association emerged between trust in the central government and public health authorities and perceived risk; while trust in the central government correlated with lower perceived risk, trust in public health authorities was linked to higher perceived risk. Additionally, the influence of trust in the central government on perceived risk diminished over time. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of risk perception and highlight the importance of fostering public trust in risk management strategies. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of communication strategies that respond to changing risk perceptions during emergencies, ensuring messages align with the evolving concerns of different sociodemographic groups and supporting ‘person-centered’ approaches to promote effective behavioral responses and strengthen public health efforts.

The Druze District Governor Nasib Beik Jumblatt and the Ottoman Policy in Mount Lebanon

This study examines the policies of the Ottoman Empire in the Shouf region during the 19th century, focusing on the prominent figures of the area. In this context, the Ottoman state's approach to the influence of Nasib Jumblatt, a significant political figure from the Jumblatt family, in the region will be discussed. As the Ottoman central government's authority weakened in the 19th century, the rivalry between the Jumblatts and Arslans, two long-standing families in the region, intensified. As a result, acquiring the district governorship of Shouf, where the Druze were densely populated, became crucial for perpetuating the influence of both families. For this reason, this study examines the political maneuvers of the Arslan and Jumblatt families in order to control the district of Shouf, as well as the activities of Nasib Jumblatt as district governor. The study will also discuss the manifestations of international interventions in Mount Lebanon. Finally, the Ottoman state's approach to the British influence in shaping Nasib Jumblatt's political identity will be another aspect of the study.

A Maintenance Cost and Work Performance Analysis on Irrigation Network at Kaubun Irrigation Area of East Kutai Regency, Indonesia

An irrigation network maintenance is an effort to maintain and secure the irrigation network to be always ready and well functioned. In facilitating its operational implementation and maintain its sustainability cycle, it can be attained through maintenance, repair, prevention, and security activities that must be conducted in continuity. The Kaubun irrigation area is one of the irrigation areas under the authority of central government with area length of 1,150 Ha (standard area) and 736 Ha (functional area), located in the East Kutai Regency. The Kaubun irrigation area has 1 (one) weir or dam and 2 (two) main canals. The irrigation network maintenance has not been carried out in routine and periodical ways either by the East Kalimantan Provincial Government or by the East Kutai Regency Government. Sediment accumulation is one of the main problems found in the secondary irrigation canal and able to cause canal blockage, reduced water flow capacity and increased infrastructure damage. This research was carried out by evaluating the Irrigation Network System and observing several factors causing channel damage with a guidance from regulation of Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number:12/PRT/M/2015 on date 6 April 2015, regarding Exploitation and Maintenance of Irrigation Network. Result of the research showed that recapitulation of the work performance index for Kaubun Irrigation Network System was obtain the largest optimum value in Physical Infrastructure aspect with an index value of 29.01. Meanwhile, the result from main treatment priority by employing Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method found the Physical Infrastructure aspect has a limiting value of 0.462. Finally, the routine and periodical maintenance costs for the Kaubun irrigation area is IDR.3.753.835.675.00

Station Area Planning and Resilient Urban Transformation: Insights from Siliguri Through Stakeholders’ Perspectives

The present research seeks to outline a common ground between the notions of urban aesthetics and inclusive planning by taking Siliguri Town station and its adjacent market as the cases. This article attempts to redirect the study of urban geography of Siliguri city away from macro-level analysis of space, which sometimes generates crude generalized discussions about the spatial development of urban landscapes, on the side of a more vigorous contemplation and critical consideration on the scope of micro-level planning alternatives for the city. Toward this objective, the research methodology is grounded on the analysis of historical databases, intensive field observation, and qualitative interviews. Through ten in-depth semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders including local body representatives, railway officials, planners, investors, as well as civil society organizations in Siliguri City, this study seeks to emphasize the factors that stakeholders in the city consider to be essential for the micro-scale development of Siliguri Town station neighborhood and its long-term effects on a number of actors. Findings from the interviews indicate that Siliguri Town station and its neighboring markets, such as Mahabirsthan and Hawkers’ Corner, are continuously growing as the places of urban contestation and struggle. To critically address these contestations, the research argues for the resurgence of Siliguri Town station neighborhood as the key urban territorial form for collaboration among central, state, and local government authorities as well as private players. The principal outcomes of this research, therefore, are expected to provide some micro-level planning alternatives, which can pave the path for an inclusive and planned production of urban space around Siliguri Town railway station, representing the heart of Siliguri city.

Indonesian National Policy of Criminal Law in Enforcing Law Against Illegal Logging of Conservation Forest Timber

Abstract Crime in the forestry sector in the form of illegal felling of trees creates problems that are quite complicated to overcome. Tree felling in Indonesia is one of the cases most frequently handled by the Environmental and Forestry Law Enforcement Service. Illegal logging leads to deforestation and a decrease in the size of state forests. This article aims to discuss law enforcement against illegal logging crimes and how national laws can reduce the occurrence of these crimes. This research uses a normative juridical approach, namely a study of statutory regulations as primary data supported by secondary data using a literature review. The findings of this research are that in law enforcement efforts to respond to these crimes, the Indonesian Government has implemented regulatory provisions that have been stated firmly in the Prevention and Combating of Forest Destruction Law (2013), which have comprehensively provided opportunities for regional governments through the distribution of central government authority, as well as the involvement of the community and legal agencies or corporation that has a permit to manage forest products in an effort to prevent and eradicate illegal logging crimes, imposing consequences on wrongdoers through incarceration, criminal fines, and administrative penalties. However, the legal policies in this law have not effectively reduced the occurrence of crime because other regulations still contain policies that open up opportunities for illegal logging. Therefore, synchronization between regulations and laws related to forestry issues is required. Keywords: criminal sanctions; Illegal logging; law enforcement.

Addressing the asymmetry between central and local air protection policies: Insights from Poland

Purpose: This paper examines the asymmetry between the air protection policies of the central government and local authorities in Poland, using the city of Kraków as a case study. Methodology: The study employs a comparative method to contrast the Polish state's coal policy with the air protection efforts of the Kraków local government. A systems analysis approach is used to identify the causes and effects of the divergent policies. Results: The analysis reveals a lack of alignment between the central government's focus on maintaining coal extraction and the local government's efforts to reduce air pollution. Kraków authorities have taken significant measures to improve air quality, but face challenges due to insufficient support from the central government and neighboring municipalities. Theoretical contribution: The paper highlights the importance of policy symmetry and coordination between different levels of government in addressing complex environmental issues like air pollution. It contributes to understanding multi-level governance dynamics in the context of air protection. Practical implications: The findings underscore the need for a collaborative model of air protection policy that engages central authorities, local governments, private sector entities, and civil society. Establishing air protection councils at the voivodship, county and municipal levels is proposed as a mechanism to facilitate this coordination. Integrating air quality considerations into local governments' management control systems is also recommended.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AS THE BASIS FOR THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE AGRARIAN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

The development of modern democratic states implies respect for the principle of subsidiarity, which means bringing down decisions and their execution to the local level. The decisions regarding the use of agrarian potential in the Republic of Serbia are still under the jurisdiction of the central government authorities, which contributes inadequately to the overall stability and development of agriculture in modern geopolitical correlations. The goal of this paper is to point out to the necessity of understanding the need to enable as much as possible the authorities at the local self-government level of the Republic of Serbia to implement the strategic goals of agrarian policy while improving permanently their agricultural capacities. Based on the research on the opinions of relevant state and local authorities and on empirical and theoretical arguments, the authors support this claim and provide a new perspective for the content of agrarian policy, as well as the development of the rich agricultural potential that the Republic of Serbia has at its disposal.

Legal Framework of Micro and Small Businesses in Indonesia for Achieving Empowerment and Legal Protection

<em>This research aims to identify, analyze, and discover efforts to facilitate business ease, empowerment, and protection for micro and small business operators in the Maluku Province through effective local legal regulations. Micro and small businesses play a vital role in supporting national development and enhancing the country's economy. Therefore, micro and small businesses need to be continuously developed to remain viable and competitive in the global trade arena. One of the measures to ensure the sustainability of micro and small businesses is through effective legal regulations that address various challenges faced by them. These legal regulations encompass not only national legal aspects but also local legal frameworks, including those in the Maluku Province. This research constitutes sociolegal research using primary and secondary data obtained through literature review and interviews. Based on the research findings, it is evident that the legal regulations for micro and small businesses in Maluku, both at the provincial and municipal levels, are not sufficiently effective in realizing ease of doing business, empowerment, and protection for micro and small business operators. The ineffectiveness of local legal provisions in Maluku is attributed to various issues in their content. These issues include discrepancies in regulations compared to other legal provisions, overlapping jurisdiction between the provincial and municipal governments, and even the central government's authority in regulating medium-sized businesses. Furthermore, legal gaps and unclear content lead to normative ambiguity, ultimately affecting the implementation of micro-business development and empowerment, which does not proceed smoothly.</em>

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ В ОБЛАСТИ ГАРАНТИИ И ЗАЩИТЫ ТРУДОВЫХ ПРАВ В РАМКАХ СУЩЕСТВУЮЩЕЙ ПРАВОВОЙ И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БАЗЫ

With the popularization of legal knowledge, the legal awareness of employees is gradu-ally increasing. In case of violation of their legitimate rights and interests, they can take effective legal measures to protect their legitimate rights and interests. On the other hand, the central Government and local authorities at all levels have also consistently implemented policies to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers. However, at the same time, the use of factors by employees to protect their rights has given rise to a number of derivative problems, namely the subsequent protection of employees, such as a situation where an employer exposes employees to retaliatory measures from the employer after taking measures to protect rights. The purpose of this article is to analyze current methods of protecting workers' rights, the status quo after the protection of rights, as well as existing laws and systems of subsequent protection of workers, in order to study the subsequent protection of labor rights.

An Epistolary Novel: The Interaction Between Government and Civil Society through Letters

The article investigates citizens’ letters addressed to officials in the second half of the 20th century. The authors show that people perceived the government as a multicomponent structure. People addressed their letters to the leaders of the Soviet State, to the central government and local authorities, to various social institutions, as well as to journals and newspapers. Soviet citizens often addressed their letters both to the central newspapers such as Trud (Labour), Izvestiia (News), Krokodil (Crocodile) and to local ones. Soviet citizens wrote their letters hoping to solve their everyday problems as well as in response to propaganda and agitation. To understand the specifics of this epistolary discourse, one should investigate both the issues discussed in a letter and its format: politeness formulas, emotions, arguments, etc. The research shows that Soviet citizens treated authorities through the prism of social and political guidelines and patterns. The chronological analysis enables the researchers to explore the evolution of the interaction between citizens and authorities and the dynamics of citizens’ confidence in the actions of the government. The research shows that in the second half of the 20th century citizens viewed the actions of the government with growing criticism. In their letters, citizens did not express requests, they criticized. The ideology experienced a crisis, the gap between common people and authorities was growing, letter writers were more demanding, social trust was gradually declining to increase during the Era of Perestroika. The authors conclude that social transformations had a great impact on the interaction between society and authorities.

Changes in the Revenue Autonomy of the Local Government Subsector of the European Union Countries as a Result of the Pandemic Crisis

Theoretical background: Intergovernmental relations are a key area of research on fiscal federalism. The extent and strength of central government’s influence on local governments determines the degree of autonomy of local authorities. The prevailing view in the literature is that a higher degree of local government autonomy is a factor that stimulates economic growth, fiscal stability, and efficient delivery of public goods. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic period forced the need for coordination between central government and subnational authorities. Under such conditions, significant changes occurred in the size and structure of local government budgets, which were the result of greater interconnection of local government finances with transfers from central government. These changes meant pressure to reduce the revenue autonomy of local governments. In view of this, the article formulates a research hypothesis that the degree of revenue autonomy of local governments decreased during the pandemic period. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to determine the direction and strength of changes in the level of local government subsector revenue autonomy in European Union countries. Research methods: The research used data for 2012–2022 from the Government Finance Statistics Database published by Eurostat. The values of three indicators for European Union countries determining the degree of revenue autonomy of local governments were compared: 1) the share of local governments’ transfer revenues in their total revenues; 2) the share of local governments’ own (non-transfer) revenues in general government sector revenues; 3) the share of local tax revenues in total taxation. In addition, the statistical significance of the differences in the studied indicators between the individual years of the study period was tested using a paired sample t-test (for the first indicator) and a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test (of the other two indicators). Main findings: It was shown that the COVID-19 pandemic period was only to some extent a factor in changing the revenue structure of the local government. The biggest influence on the changes in this structure came from transfers received from the central government, the importance of which did increase in the years preceding the pandemic period, but the increase from year to year was small and statistically insignificant. Indeed, it was only the pandemic crisis that caused significant statistical changes in this regard. In the case of the ratio of the share of local own revenue in general government revenue, it turned out that only to a small extent was the pandemic crisis the source of the reduction in the role of local revenue in the general government sector. No significant changes in the role of local government taxes in the tax revenues of the sector as a whole were also seen. For this indicator, there was no evidence of statistically significant differences in the values of this indicator during the COVID-19 pandemic period relative to the pandemic period. Similarities were also found in the direction of change of the first two indicators relative to the average for European Union states.

Challenges and Stakeholders' Views on Achievements of Multi-Sectoral Governance in Improving Child Nutrition in Buhigwe District, Tanzania.

In recent years, Tanzania has made good progress in addressing the problem of chronic malnutrition in children, but the levels are still unsatisfactory, at almost three in ten of its children are stunted. The government of Tanzania has taken significant measures to establish and strengthen multi-sectoral governance as part of national efforts to reduce the unacceptably high level of malnutrition. However, few studies have qualitatively documented stakeholder's perspectives at sub-national and community level with regards to performance of multi-sectoral governance in improving nutrition status of children in Tanzania. This study aimed to explore the achievements, facilitating factors and challenges of multi-sectoral governance in improving child nutrition in Buhigwe District Council. This was cross-sectional study, which employed qualitative method of data collection whereby semi-structured interviews were used to conduct in-depth interviews with members of the multisectoral steering committee for nutrition in Buhigwe Council and parents/caregivers of under-five children. There is significant improvement in allocating funds for multisectoral governance interventions targeting under five children across sectors, improved inter-sectoral coordination and increased knowledge on feeding practices among parents/caregivers. Strong leadership and political commitment, inter-sectoral linkage and Presence of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) supporting nutrition were identified as factors for improving child nutrition in the context of multisectoral governance. The issue of insufficient funding, inadequate spending of allocated funds, inadequate capacity, lack of cross-sectional financial mechanism and tools to collect nutrition information were raised by stakeholders as factors hindering the implementation of multi-sectoral governance in improving child nutrition. Smooth implementation of multi-sectoral interventions targeting under-five children requires strong multi-sectoral governance, which is supported by adequate spending of the allocated funds, strong leadership and political commitment, presence of NGOs supporting nutrition and inter-sectoral linkage among line sectors. However, key stakeholders including central and local government authorities should address the challenge of insufficient funds, inadequate capacity, lack of cross-sectoral co-financing mechanism and tools to collect nutrition information, which were reported as barriers to the implementation of multi-sectoral governance in improving child nutrition.

State-building and internal colonialism: A case study of the separatism in Aceh and West Papua, Indonesia

Adaptation to the norms of nation-states has always been one of the most important issues for Southeast Asian countries. This paper takes Aceh and Western Papua as examples to explore their interaction with the central government of Indonesia and try to answer why local authorities have different responses after implementing the indirect rule. This study mainly uses process tracking methods to test the interaction between the central and local governments in Indonesia. This study believes that trust is the fundamental factor that determines whether the local authorities and the central government can have a positive interaction. This reason will change the central government in the process of State-building. The study found that Aceh and Western Papua had different feedback to the central government. The key lies in whether they form a “trust” interaction, rather than whether they adopt an inclusive system (democratic system). This study concluded the feedback difference between Aceh and Western Papua as a classic case shows that, as a country, it is not only represented by the central government but also needs the “trust” of the central government and local authorities to form good governance, as well as national development effective.

Constructing Ukraine’s public space through preserving the memory of the fallen in the Russian-Ukrainian war

Russian aggression, which has been ongoing since 2014, has led to the deaths of both military and civilian citizens of Ukraine. For this reason, the perpetuation of the memory about the fallen in the Russian-Ukrainian war at the present stage of historical development is an important tool for shaping the future generations’ historical memory. The purpose of the study was to provide a comprehensive and holistic analysis of the peculiarities of constructing Ukraine’s public space by preserving the memory of the fallen in the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research was conducted on the basis of a wide range of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, objectivity) and special methods that allowed to analyse the policy and practices of commemorating the memory of the fallen during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research results indicated that in the period from 2014-2021, the public space was dominated mainly by the practices of commemorating military personnel and individual cases of civilians. It is noted that a significant number of memorial sites after the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia were occupied or in the combat zone, and therefore are probably destroyed and will no longer perform its main function of preserving the memory of the Russian-Ukrainian war. After the large-scale Russian invasion, there is a certain spontaneity in the commemoration of the fallen soldiers and civilians in the Russian-Ukrainian war, especially in the public space. It had been found that the public space practically does not reflect the genocidal dimension of the war, associated with massive Russian missile attacks on civilians, as well as the ways of commemorating the tortured Ukrainian citizens in the discovered torture chambers in the de-occupied territories. The research results are applied in nature, as they can be used by central and local government authorities to make adjustments to the current memory policy and launch a new series of fundamental researches related to the development of a new concept for perpetuating the memory of victims of the genocidal Russian-Ukrainian war

The Return of Tūtaepatu Lagoon

Tūtaepatu lagoon has been an important Ngāi Tahu mahinga kai/food gathering site for over 300 years. Following the formal colonisation that began in 1840, Ngāi Tahu meant to reserve the lagoon from the 1848 Kemp’s Deed purchase but this was not done. This article sets out the ways in which control of this mahinga kai was wrested from the control of Ngāi Tūāhuriri hapū in the mid-nineteenth century and managed by Pākehā local and central government authorities throughout the twentieth century until it was finally returned as a part of the Ngāi Tahu Treaty settlement in the 1990s. The importance of political power at both the local and central government level was fundamental to its eventual return.

Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency

The increasing population growth rate in Bali Province has led to the depletion of water sources, while the demand for providing clean drinking water continues to rise each year. To improve water supply, the Central Government, Provincial Government, and Local Authorities are undertaking an effort to construct the Titab Dam with an associated water supply system called the Burana Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM Burana) with a flow rate of 350 liters per second. Considering this situation, a research study is needed to analyze the water demand over the next 15 years based on the projected population using Arithmetic, Geometric, and Least Square Methods in five service areas: Penyabangan Village, Musi Village, Sanggalangit Village, Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village. According to the analysis results, the Geometric Method was used for population projection, with the smallest standard deviation of 185.368 and the coefficient of correlation (r) closest to 1, with a value of 0.877. The water demand for the next 15 years was found to be 82.39 liters per second in the five service areas. To optimize the provision of clean drinking water, the analysis recommends using GIP (Galvanized Iron Pipe) with diameters of 40cm, 20cm, and 25cm, starting from the Gerokgak Reservoir to Patas Village, with a total distribution pipeline length of 15,438 meters. WaterNet, a computer program, is required for simulating water flow in the distribution network with minimal relative errors. The WaterNet analysis results showed that the criteria for flow velocity (0.3 – 1 m/s), headloss (< 10 m/km), and pressure (15 – 100 m for GIP) were all met. The required capacity of the Gerokgak Reservoir for the water supply service is 1400m3.

The 18th Amendment: Revival of Pakistan as a Federal State

The study which uses a qualitative research approach, seeks to answer the question of how Pakistan's 18th Amendment has helped the country's parliamentary democracy advance. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan's constitution, which was drafted in 1973, achieves a reasonable balance between central government authority and local government authority. In April 2010, the Senate and National Assembly of Pakistan approved the 18th amendment to the constitution of 1973, which was welcomed as a significant step in regaining the legitimacy of the document. The findings of this study demonstrate that the 18th Amendment is regarded as the reform package with the greatest significance in the annals of Pakistan's constitutional history. The study suggested that decentralization of powers under the 18th amendment can be a good example of provincial self-government, but there must be a clear balance sheet between the center and the provinces when it comes to the distribution of economic resources.