Central Control Research Articles

Higher central circadian temperature amplitude is associated with greater metabolite rhythmicity in humans

Robust circadian rhythms are essential for optimal health. The central circadian clock controls temperature rhythms, which are known to organize the timing of peripheral circadian rhythms in rodents. In humans, however, it is unknown whether temperature rhythms relate to the organization of circadian rhythms throughout the body. We assessed core body temperature amplitude and the rhythmicity of 929 blood plasma metabolites across a 40-h constant routine protocol, controlling for behavioral and environmental factors that mask endogenous temperature rhythms, in 23 healthy individuals (mean [± SD] age = 25.4 ± 5.7 years, 5 women). Valid core body temperature data were available in 17/23 (mean [± SD] age = 25.6 ± 6.3 years, 1 woman). Individuals with higher core body temperature amplitude had a greater number of metabolites exhibiting circadian rhythms (R2 = 0.37, p = .009). Higher core body temperature amplitude was also associated with less variability in the free-fitted periods of metabolite rhythms within an individual (R2 = 0.47, p = .002). These findings indicate that a more robust central circadian clock is associated with greater organization of circadian metabolite rhythms in humans. Metabolite rhythms may therefore provide a window into the strength of the central circadian clock.

Identification and Ecological Study of Algal Species in the Polluted Stretch of Bharalu River, Guwahati, Assam, India

Guwahati city, the gateway of the Northeastern India has been facing major environmental threats due to various anthropogenic pressures, thus making the city prone to water hazard especially in the form of water pollution and flash floods. The Bharalu river, flowing through the Guwahati city is notoriously known for its critically polluted water quality as reported by the Central Pollution Control Board. Although the river is highly polluted, still a few organisms including microbes, such as algae are found to thrive in it. The purpose of the present research is to study and identify the pollution tolerant algal species present in the polluted water of Bharalu river, so that their bioremediation potential can be explored subsequently. During the study, altogether 33 species of phytoplankton distributed in four different families were recorded. Chlorophyceae has been represented by 20 species followed by Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenaceae with 8, 3 and 2 species, respectively. Scenedesmus was the most dominant genera with a total of 11 species. Phytoplankton peaks were observed during Jan- Feb (19×103 units/l).

Development of a laboratory-based model to study the interaction between nutrients and Vibrio cholerae and predicting the spread of cholera outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent.

Cholera is an infectious disease that is transmitted through contaminated water. The disease includes a long back history of epidemics. Despite the numerous hygiene and prevention techniques that have been developed for Cholera, outbreaks of cholera are still reported worldwide. The resolution to this issue lies in promptly identifying the area susceptible to cholera outbreaks, a matter that continues to perplex scientists and medical professionals. It has been reported that Vibrio is effective in nitrogen digestion because it contains the nasA gene. In this study, initially theimpact of nutrients (nitrate and nitrite) on growth of Vibrio cholerae was determined, subsequently a relationship was developed between nutrient substrates and V. cholerae growth rate, using Monod model. Subsequently, the model was applied to large national river quality data set (2012-2014) developed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and a possible cholerae outbreak zone was predicted. This work will definitely help the policy makers to develop management strategy for keeping rivers safe from future cholera outbreak.

Математичне моделювання руху автобронетанкової техніки з колісною формулою 4×4 при зміні тиску в шинах коліс на прикладі КрАЗ-Спартан

The authors proposed a study of the passability of trucks and armored vehicles of the National Guard of Ukraine with a 4x4 wheel formula. The movement of armored vehicles (AMT) of the National Guard of Ukraine involves movement both on public roads and off-road. The possibility of increasing cross-country ability by ensuring optimal pressure distribution in the tires of the wheels is being considered. The increase in bearing capacity in difficult operating conditions can be estimated with the help of modern mathematical tools. This allows the vehicle equipment of the National Guard of Ukraine to study the cross-country ability and select optimal parameters when performing service and combat tasks with a certain ratio of technical characteristics in different operating conditions. As a result of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, more serious technical requirements are imposed on the vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) and the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) than in peacetime. Among these requirements, maneuverability is in the first place - controllability is ensured by the ability to move at high speed over rough terrain. The patency of the AMT of the National Guard of Ukraine depends on many factors, the main ones of which are: the type and quality of the surface on which movement takes place, the pressure in the tires of the wheels, the weight of the vehicle, the order of passing the route of the convoy, etc. The central air pressure control system in wheel tires (SRPRS) is widely used in various variants of automotive equipment with high traffic intensity, but the main disadvantage of such systems is the need to minimize tire pressure to improve cross-country ability on load-bearing surfaces with low load-bearing capacity. This tolerance can cause the tire to slip off the rim, overheat or burst. This is due to the fact that the maximum speed is limited due to the risk of system failure. It is recommended to determine the influence of various factors in order to ensure the required level of support patency and analyze it using the example of the KrAZ-SPARTAN armored car with a 4×4 wheel formula.

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of different serum biomarkers in girls with central precocious puberty

BackgroundAlarming trends show an increase in referrals of girls with suspected early puberty. However, variations in defining precocious puberty exist. GnRH stimulation test is the gold standard diagnostic test, which is expensive and challenging to interpret. Moreover, intravenous GnRH might not be available. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the diagnostic performance of basal serum Luteinizing Hormone and Anti-Mullerian hormone in girls with central precocious puberty, as an easier alternative to GnRH stimulation test. The study was conducted on 26 Egyptian girls presenting with early puberty at age < 8 years. Several evaluations including Tanner staging and GnRH stimulation test were performed. Basal serum luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and anti-Mullerian hormone were analyzed, and ROC curve was performed.ResultsThe mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 5 ± 2.8 years. Most patients had breast Tanner 3 (76.9%). Bone age was advanced in 65.4% of patients. Basal luteinizing hormone level significantly differed between central precocious puberty and controls (p < 0.001), with an area under the curve of 0.840. A cut-off of 0.29 IU/L provided 84.62% sensitivity and 76.92% specificity.ConclusionsBasal luteinizing hormone out-performs follicle-stimulating hormone and anti-Mullerian hormone as a screening tool and valuable indicator of central precocious puberty, potentially reducing the necessity of GnRH stimulation test.

Effect of Plyometric Exercises on Balance Ability for Ashihara Karate Practitioners

This research adopts a predictive approach to forecast the evolution of events. Ashihara Karate is a contemporary, full-contact fighting style that emphasises Sabaki, utilising the opponent's footwork and attacking techniques to gain an advantage by positioning oneself in the opponent's "blind" spot. Maintaining balance is often essential for mastering situations that require quick and rational action, and it also holds great value in preventing accidents. Purpose: This study aims to highlight statistically significant differences in improving dynamic balance capacity for the lower limbs after implementing a programme that includes plyometric exercises. Methods: Twenty performance athletes from the Sen Craiova Sports Club aged between 20 and 35 participated in this study. The dynamic balance capacity was assessed using the Y-Balance platform (Functional Movement, 2016), a dynamic test performed in a single-leg stance requiring strength, flexibility, central control, and proprioception. Results: A comparison of the descriptive statistics obtained with the Y-Balance platform from the initial and final tests reveals significant positive differences in favour of the experimental group that underwent plyometric exercises during training.

Central Heating Control Charts for the Economic Use of Energy in Residential Buildings

Methods and types (qualitative, quantitative or mixed) of control of central heating installations in residential buildings are presented. Measurements were made for a radiator in a central heating system that was powered by a heating node substation. The output temperature of the heat node supplying the residential building, in which the test stand was located, was compared with the measured supply and return temperature. Indoor room temperature, outdoor air temperature, inflow and outflow temperature on the vertical supplying the heater were also recorded and analysed. These data were compared with the control charts of the heat networks allowing for direct readings of the required feed water temperature for a given outdoor temperature according to the Heat Energy Enterprises data. The differences are accordingly presented. The actual measurements, read at the test stand located on the 2nd floor of the 4-storey building with input parameters of 90/70 °C during the entire month of December 2022, are recorded every 6 hours and are tabulated and displayed in comparison charts with the calculated parameters. Inflow and outflow temperatures values on the vertical supplying the heater and the values of outdoor temperature measured by a sensor were analysed. The temperatures supplied to the radiators in the apartments were also compared with the requirements of electronic heating cost allocators contained in the PN EN 834 standard. New design temperatures for the central heating installation were proposed due to the requirements of the electronic heating cost allocator.

Transient and steady‐state performance improvement of two interconnected areas through VSC‐based HVDC transmission line using multi‐purpose control strategies

AbstractThis paper presents various control strategies to improve operations in two interconnected areas connected by a VSC‐HVDC transmission line. The main focus is on designing a central control system (CCS) that coordinates control units in both areas. In area 1, an AC voltage control unit is connected to the CCS. In area 2, three control units including a load power control unit, a fault detection unit, and an AC voltage control unit are also connected to the CCS. The CCS receives inputs from these units and generates commands for the DC voltage and active/reactive power control units on both sides of the DC line. The first proposed strategy addresses permanent voltage drops caused by load fluctuations in area 2. It adjusts the transmitted power from area 1 based on voltage variations in area 2. The second strategy focuses on mitigating faults in area 2 by injecting active and reactive power from area 1 during such events. The third strategy resolves transient voltage oscillations in both areas by controlling the reactive power of stations on either side of the DC line. Simulations using MATLAB‐SIMULINK demonstrate that these mechanisms successfully achieve their objectives.

An atlas of brain-bone sympathetic neural circuits in mice.

There is clear evidence that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediates bone metabolism. Histological studies show abundant SNS innervation of the periosteum and bone marrow-these nerves consist of noradrenergic fibers that immunostain for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, or neuropeptide Y. Nonetheless, the brain sites that send efferent SNS outflow to the bone have not yet been characterized. Using pseudorabies (PRV) viral transneuronal tracing, we report, for the first time, the identification of central SNS outflow sites that innervate bone. We find that the central SNS outflow to bone originates from 87 brain nuclei, sub-nuclei, and regions of six brain divisions, namely the midbrain and pons, hypothalamus, hindbrain medulla, forebrain, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. We also find that certain sites, such as the raphe magnus (RMg) of the medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain, display greater degrees of PRV152 infection, suggesting that there is considerable site-specific variation in the levels of central SNS outflow to the bone. This comprehensive compendium illustrating the central coding and control of SNS efferent signals to bone should allow for a greater understanding of the neural regulation of bone metabolism, and importantly and of clinical relevance, mechanisms for central bone pain.

Prototype solar dome designed to function as a solar calendar

ABSTRACT The experiment aimed to create a prototype of a calendar dome that shows the days of the year using solar light passing through specific holes in the dome’s covering. Specific openings are placed on the dome to allow sunlight pass through daily all year round. Clear skies allow radiation to pass through and illuminate months plate. For more precise calculations, lenses can also be placed in the dome body to regulate and calibrate the location and orientation of reflected light. The light is then directed onto specific mirrors, which then reflect it onto a central control plate functioning as a fixed date reader in the center of the room. As bold characters are reversed and placed between the mirror and the central control plate, they display the exact day and time of the year. The date and time will be clearly shown on the control plate as a silhouette. To make it all done, the authors assessed the position, azimuth, latitude, and elevation angle of the sun to accurately determine the direction of solar radiation. This guarantees the precise and effective creation of the Solar Calendar Dome Prototype.

Optimization operation of data Center's distributed air conditioning system based on supply-demand matching

A supply-demand matching optimization control of data center's distributed air conditioning system was investigated. For the demand side, an estimation model of a server's cooling air parameters was proposed based on server’ thermal resistance. Test results showed that thermal resistances of servers with power being 6–11 kW were 5.5–9 °C/kW. With the server's heat resistance, chip's temperature and power being known, cooling air outlet temperature and air flow rate can be calculated for different air supply temperature. For the supply side, a mathematic model of the distributed air conditioning system, that combines free cooling and mechanical cooling, was established to calculated energy consumption. Using the above two models, the optimal cooling air supply temperature, which leads to the least power consumption of the air conditioning system can be calculated. Performances of the optimized control method were compared with the conventional control method. Results showed that energy consumption could be saved by 94.4 %, 47.6 % and 31.3 % under the natural cooling mode, the hybrid cooling mode, and the active cooling mode, respectively. Annual energy saving ratios after using the optimized control method in the data center located in Harbin and Kunming were 62.2 % and 45.7 %, respectively.

Evaluation of Particulate matter and air pollutants level in the ambient air of Bengaluru city

Background: Air pollution has been a global environmental concern, and its effects on human health in the past have played an important role. Thus, this study investigated the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) in four distinct areas of Bengaluru over one year. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional design, utilizing secondary data from the Central Pollution Control Board's National Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, expressing descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and maximum concentrations. Results: The study reveals varying air quality levels, with PM10 peaking at 102 µg/m³ in Silk Broad (August 2023) and NO2 spiking in February 2023. SO2 peaks at Majestic (March 2023), while CO poses health risks, peaking in January 2023. Silk Broad shows highest PM10; Majestic has elevated NO2, SO2, and CO. Conclusion: The study reveals fluctuating air quality, with PM10 peaking at 102 µg/m³ in Silk Broad station (August 2023) and NO2 spiking in February 2023. SO2 and CO levels also vary, posing health risks, particularly at Majestic station. Regional disparities highlight the need for targeted pollution control.

Exploring a Theoretical Explanation of Changes in the Central Government Control over Local Governments

Exploring a Theoretical Explanation of Changes in the Central Government Control over Local Governments

Design and production of an automatic temperature regulation system for a biodigester (Republic of Guinea)

Automatic temperature regulation system is crucial to optimize the anaerobic fermentation process and maximize biogas production. In this study, we implemented an automatic system integrating GSM technology to enable remote temperature control and regulation. For this, we installed a temperature sensor inside the biodigester in order to monitor these thermal variations, the data collected by this sensor is transmitted to the central control system via an Arduino Uno module. The latter compares the received data with predefined thresholds and accordingly sends adjustment commands to the heating system. Operators can monitor and adjust temperature parameters remotely via SMS messages through the SIM800 GSM module. Through this system, the temperature of the biodigester can be maintained at optimal levels, thereby promoting efficient digestion of organic materials and continuous production of biogas, while providing convenient and responsive remote management.

Pre-War Greek “Open” Prisons: A Dynamic Spatial Condition

The article explores the unique nature of pre-war Greek agricultural prisons, arguing that these settlements offered aprogressive spatial condition to the enclosed communities. In contrast to Foucault's model of central control andisolation, these prisons incorporated agricultural work and open-air spaces, aiming for rehabilitation through: a)connection with the natural environment and b) assigning responsibilities to the inmates. As Yi-Fu Tuan suggests, wecross-examine conceptual, built, and experienced spaces to explore "...how abstract ideas develop out of those givendirectly to the body...". Following a qualitative research method, we examine three aspects of prison space: spacedefined by the legal system, the built space, the lived space. We present findings on the built structures and lifewithin them, concluding with how culture of enclosed societies contributes to a state's legal and political civilization.We highlight these places as valuable heritage deserving further interdisciplinary investigation by architecture,criminology and anthropology.

IOT Based Smart Grid to Remotely Monitor and Control Renewable Energy Sources using Cloud Computing

Abstract: The growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources necessitates advancements in grid structure. This project explores the potential of an IOT-based smart grid to remotely monitor and control renewable energy sources. In this, we use solar energy as a renewable energy source, and with the help of cloud computing, we monitor and control different types of loads. The paper highlights the key components, functionalities, and benefits of such a system.The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions fuels the development of smart grid technologies. This project proposes an IOT (Internet of Things)-enabled smart grid architecture for remote monitoring and control of renewable energy sources. The core concept involves integrating sensors with renewable energy sources like solar or wind turbines. These sensors collect real-time data on energy generation, environmental conditions, and system health. This data is then transmitted over a network to a central control system or a cloud platform for further analysis. By implementing remote control capabilities, grid operators can: regulate energy production based on demand; integrate storage solutions for surplus energy; and improve overall grid stability and reliability. The project concludes by outlining the benefits of this approach, including a reduced carbon footprint, cost savings, and a more sustainable energy future.

Cascade Failure-Based Identification and Resilience of Critical Nodes in Automotive Supply Chain Networks

In the case of cascade failure, due to the close connection of the automobile supply chain network, the chain reaction caused by it should not be ignored; therefore, to find out the important nodes in the automobile supply chain network, to reduce the damage of cascade failure on the supply chain network, and to improve the destruction resistance of the automobile supply chain network is a problem that we should focus on. This paper takes Tesla’s new energy automotive supply chain network as an example to study the impact of cascade failure on the destructive resistance of the automotive supply chain network. From the analysis of the identification results, it is found that the key nodes in the automobile supply chain network with strong influence on risk propagation are mostly charging pile enterprises, motor enterprises, and electronic control enterprises at the core, such as Hengdian Electromagnetics, Wanma Stocks, etc. Meanwhile, Changxin Science and Technology, as a central control panel manufacturer with a large number of indirect suppliers, is also in the top position. Through the proposed key node identification method, it has good practical application value for preventing risk transmission in the automotive supply chain.

Sentinel lymph node pathological ultrastaging: Final outcome of the Sentix prospective international study in patients with early-stage cervical cancer

ObjectiveTo report the outcome of SLN staging in the SENTIX international prospective trial of SLN biopsy in patients with cervical cancer with an intensive ultrastaging protocol and central quality control and to evaluate how the intensity of pathological assessment correlates with metastatic detection rate in SLNs. MethodsEligible were patients with stages T1a1/LVSI+ to T1b2 (<4 cm, ≤2 cm for fertility sparing), common tumor types, no suspicious lymph nodes on imaging, and bilateral SLN detection. SLNs were examined intraoperatively and processed by an intensive protocol for ultrastaging (paraffin blocks sectioned completely in 150-μm intervals/levels). SLNs from each site were submitted for central quality control. ResultsIn the SENTIX SLN study, 647 out of 733 enrolled patients underwent SLN ultrastaging, identifying 12.5% (81/647) with node positive, N1 cases. Intraoperative detection revealed metastases in 56.8% (46/81) of these cases, categorized into macrometastases (83.7%), micrometastases (26.3%), and isolated tumor cells (9.1%). Ultrastaging identified additional metastatic involvement in 43.2% (35/81) of patients, with detailed sectioning revealing metastases (MAC/MIC) at first level in 20 cases (24.7%), at levels 2–4 in 9 cases (11.1%), and at level ≥5 in 6 cases (7.4%). ConclusionSLN ultrastaging detects additional 43% of N1 (MAC/MIC) in patients with negative LNs by imaging and intraoperative pathological assessment. The detection rate of positive SLN correlates with the intensity (number of levels) of ultrastaging. Examination of four levels from paraffin blocks, which detects >90% of patients with N1, is a reasonable compromise for an international standard for ultrastaging.Study registration:NCT02494063 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Hierarchical control on EV charging stations with ancillary service functions for PV hosting capacity maximization in unbalanced distribution networks

PV hosting capacity of a practical three-phase unbalanced distribution network is expected to increase, thus increasing safe PV penetration and speeding up the decarbonization of power systems. However, power unbalances and bus voltage violations are two major obstacles limiting further increases in the PV hosting capacity. With the popularization of electric vehicles (EVs), EV charging stations (EVCSs) as controllable loads can effectively provide grid ancillary services, which helps enhance the PV hosting capacity. In this regard, this paper proposes a hierarchical control method for EVCSs in an unbalanced network, consisting of central day-ahead scheduling and local real-time dynamic control. It is novel that the local control capability of EVCSs is reserved in the central scheduling. A three-phase day-ahead EV charging scheduling optimization model is developed to reduce the power unbalance and the bus voltage violation, and in turn, improve the PV hosting capacity. Moreover, active power transfer and voltage droop control are developed as two ancillary service functions for local real-time control responding to dynamic network operating conditions. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing PV hosting capacity and providing grid ancillary services.

Automatic Zebra Crossing Using Raspberry PI

The Automatic Zebra Crossing project enhances pedestrian safety and convenience at zebra crossings using an Atmega8 microcontroller board, a time display, and Progisp software. The project features a pair of automatic gates positioned at both ends of the zebra crossing, closing whenever the traffic signal turns red to stop vehicles. This closure effectively restricts pedestrian movement beyond the zebra crossing area, ensuring enhanced safety. The system works like an automatic stairway, with the gates being opened or closed depending on the condition of the traffic signal. As the central control device, the Atmega8 microcontroller board processes inputs from the traffic signal and generates control signals to open and close the gates. The time display tells pedestrians how much time is left until they can cross in real time. The Atmega8 microcontroller is programmed using the Progisp software, allowing the construction of the control logic and synchronization with the traffic signal. The software enables the microcontroller to work seamlessly with the gate motors and the time display. The Automatic Zebra Crossing system dramatically improves pedestrian safety by keeping people inside the crossing area when the light is red. This system uses gates for straying, lowering accident rates, and optimizing traffic flow. The project documentation outlines the software implementation with Progisp and explains the hardware setup. This setup involves an Atmega8 microcontroller board, gate motors, and a time display. The code integrates a control logic for synchronization.Hardware Requirement:  Raspberry Pi- Pico  Mobile Wi-fi Module  Power Supply Unit  Motor Unit  Relay Unit  Software Requirement:  Python  PC  Web page