Central Console Research Articles

PDS-YOLO: A Real-Time Detection Algorithm for Pipeline Defect Detection

Regular inspection of urban drainage pipes can effectively maintain the reliable operation of the drainage system and the production safety of residents. Aiming at the shortcomings of the CCTV inspection method used in the drainage pipe defect detection task, a PDS-YOLO algorithm that can be deployed in the pipe defect detection system is proposed to overcome the problems of inefficiency of manual inspection and the possibility of errors and omissions. First, the C2f-PCN module was introduced to decrease the model sophistication and decrease the model weight file size. Second, to enhance the model’s capability in detecting pipe defect edges, we incorporate the SPDSC structure within the neck network. Introducing a hybrid local channel MLCA attention mechanism and Wise-IoU loss function based on a dynamic focusing mechanism, the model improves the precision of segmentation without adding extra computational cost, and enhances the extraction and expression of pipeline defect features in the model. The experimental outcomes indicate that the mAP, F1-score, precision, and recall of the PDS-YOLO algorithm are improved by 3.4%, 4%, 4.8%, and 4.0%, respectively, compared to the original algorithm. Additionally, the model achieves a reduction in both the model’s parameter and GFLOPs by 8.6% and 12.3%, respectively. It saves computational resources while improving the detection accuracy, and provides a more lightweight model for the defect detection system with tight computing power. Finally, the PDS-YOLOv8n model is deployed to the NVIDIA Jetson Nano, the central console of the mobile embedded system, and the weight files are optimized using TensorRT. The test results show that the velocity of the model’s inference capabilities in the embedded device is improved from 5.4 FPS to 19.3 FPS, which can basically satisfy the requirements of real-time pipeline defect detection assignments in mobile scenarios.

Dsigning system for observation of real-time patients via ICT In Health Institutions of Iraq

ICT is becoming more and more popular in the field of remote control. In the healthcare system, patients are monitored in an intensive care unit after a surgical procedure until they are physically stable, then moved to a room for evaluation and recovery. Usually, ward evaluation does not imply continuous monitoring of physiological parameters, and therefore patient relapse is not uncommon. This paper describes the steps taken to design and build a prototype for a low-cost, modular monitoring system. This system is intended to provide mobile support to facilitate faster and better medical interventions in emergencies and has been developed using dedicated low-power sensor arrays for BPM, SpO2, and temperature, as well as room temperature and humidity. The interfaces for these sensors are developed according to the IoT model: the central console displays a web interface based on a REST API that ensures platform-neutral behavior and provides a flexible mechanism for integrating new components. Finally, this paper also investigates the technologies and systems related to e-health services with a better understanding of monitoring applications based on multiple models and different IoT sensors. Finally, this study contributes to scientific knowledge by identifying the main challenges of the topic and providing possible opportunities in this research area.

Thermal and mechanical properties of high-performance polyester nanobiocomposites reinforced with pre-treated sunn hemp fiber for automotive applications

The objective of this study is to create high-performance nano biocomposites by utilizing unsaturated polyester resin (PE) reinforced with pre-treated short (2cm) lengthened sunn hemp (SH) fibers and by incorporating 5% nanoclay (hydrophilic bentonite) through the compression molding technique. The addition of 5% nanoclay to the biocomposite significantly increased the flexural strength by approximately 165% for H2O2-treated SH fiber and 148% for KMnO4-treated SH fiber, when compared to untreated fibers. This enhancement was achieved through phase separation, intercalation, and exfoliation between the SH fibers, polyester resin (PE), and 5% nanoclay. In particular, the H2O2-treated SH fiber nanobiocomposite exhibited a 43% higher flexural strength compared to its corresponding biocomposite. The incorporation of nanoclay significantly decreased the water absorption of the bio-composites from 11.86% in the untreated samples to a minimum of 2.76% in the H2O2-treated SH/PE nanobiocomposite. The study suggests that short SH fiber/PE/nanoclay nanobiocomposites could be used as effective alternatives to synthetic composites in various applications, including the aerospace industry, household products, and automotive interior components such as side panels, seat frames, and central consoles. Additionally, they could be utilized in exterior parts like door panels and dashboards.

Interactions between rearward-facing child restraint systems and the center console in frontal impact sled tests

Objective To quantify the head and chest injury metrics associated with a pediatric anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in rearward-facing infant child restraint system (CRS) models positioned directly behind a center console during frontal impact sled tests. Methods Sled tests using the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 frontal crash pulse were performed. The test buck comprised a second row middle seat and center console from the same 2023 model mid-size SUV spaced as per the in-vehicle relative dimensions, a force plate covered with an automotive floor mat, a post-mounted shoulder belt simulating the in-vehicle roof-mounted seatbelt and an array of high-speed cameras. The 12-month-old Child Restraint/Air Bag Interaction (CRABI-12) ATD was seated in one of two rearward-facing infant CRS models (model A, rigid lower anchors; model B, flexible lower anchors), which was installed with either the base (support leg or no support leg; attached using lower anchors or the seatbelt) or without the base (attached using the European or US belt path). Conductive foil was attached to the rear surface of the center console and to the shell of the CRS and/or base to quantify contact. The vehicle seat was replaced every second test and the center console was replaced when damaged. Results For sled tests of the CRS models with a base attached using lower anchors, there was no contact of the CRS with the center console when the support leg was used, and all head and chest injury metrics were reduced compared to the tests of CRS with no support leg. However, there was contact between the CRS and the center console when the base of the CRS models was attached using the seatbelt, which typically increased head and chest injury metrics compared to the lower anchor attachment method. For CRS model B with the base attached using either the lower anchors or the seatbelt but no support leg, head acceleration 3 ms clip exceeded the injury assessment reference value (IARV) of 80 g. All tests resulted in HIC36 values below the IARV of 1000. The tests of the CRS models without a base using the European belt path did not result in contact and had the lowest head and chest injury metrics of all tests, which were all below IARVs. For the tests of the CRS models with the base attached using the seatbelt and tests using the US belt path, chest acceleration 3 ms clip values exceeded the IARV of 60 g. Peak normal support leg reaction forces in this study ranged from 3.6 to 4.3 kN. Conclusions The rearward-facing CRS models with a base and a support leg attached using lower anchors, or without a base using the European belt path, resulted in the lowest head and chest injury metrics due to not contacting the center console.

Automated Hydroponic Farm System

Current agriculture faces a multitude of issues – limited seasons, excessive pesticide use, sustainability concerns in organic farming, high carbon footprint, and inconsistent produce quality. Traditional methods, restricted by seasons and harming the environment with pesticides, are struggling to keep up with a changing world. This paper proposes a groundbreaking solution: an automated hydroponic farm system. Unlike traditional methods, this system allows year-round, pesticide-free production through advanced growing stations using a precise nutrient delivery technique (NFT). To create perfect growing conditions, a Greenhouse Climate Control System with various sensors regulates factors like temperature, humidity, and light. Additionally, a Central Console acts as the brain of the system, connecting everything and monitoring the entire farm. By automating these processes, this hydroponic system aims to revolutionize agriculture, offering a sustainable, efficient, and high-quality alternative.

P‐65: A Novel Free‐Form, High Contrast Emissive Projection Display and Vehicle Applications

A novel high contrast emissive projection display (EPD) on black screen is developed, using a set of RGB emissive nanomaterials that can be selectively excited by digital projection of 3 violet‐blue wavebands. The new photoluminescent display enables a scalable and freeform emissive display onto any vehicle interior surface, without covering or hiding the original surface. For example, the set of RGB emissive materials can be applied as clear topcoat onto pitch‐black foil or substrate on vehicle dashboard or center console, showing superior image contrast in bright ambient light under lower power projection. Such high contrast free‐form emissive projection will be discussed with demos for many new vehicle interior display applications.

Enabling the design for circularity through circularity measures: breaking down the R-strategies into useful design measures

AbstractImplementing a product design that incorporates circular economy aspects is a highly intricate task. Its complexity stems from various aspects, such as the interdependent solution space and the challenge to evaluate the impact of circular design in early development phases. To facilitate informed decision-making, a support system is necessary that integrates product-oriented circular measures, and derives their effect on the product's design and its circularity. We present an approach for such a support system, including its evaluation on the design of an automotive center console.

Impact Localization for Haptic Input Devices Using Hybrid Laminates with Sensoric Function

The required energy savings can be achieved in all automotive domains through weight savings and the merging of manufacturing processes in production. This fact is taken into account through functional integration in lightweight materials and manufacturing in a process close to large-scale production. In previous work, separate steps of a process chain for manufacturing a center console cover utilizing a sensoric hybrid laminate have been developed and evaluated. This includes the process steps of joining, forming and inline polarization as well as connecting to an embedded system. This work continues the research process by evaluating impact localization methods to use the center console as a haptic input device. For this purpose, different deep learning methods are derived from the state of the art and analyzed for their applicability in two consecutive studies. The results show that MLPs, LSTMs, GRUs and CNNs are suitable to localize impacts on the novel laminate with high localization rates of up to 99%, and thus the usability of the developed laminate as a haptic input device has been proven.

The research of touch screen usability in civil aircraft cockpit.

With the advancement of touch screen technology, the application of touch screens in civil aircraft cockpits has become increasingly popular. However, further analysis and research are required to fully promote its applications. The paper researched the usability of touch screens in aircraft cockpit considering the operation performance and subjective NASA-TLX workload evaluation, conducted experimental research on three touch gestures: click, drag, and zoom. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted on the touch performance under different layouts, positions, touch sizes, dragging direction angles, and zoom multiples. The touch performance indicators include operation time, error rate, operation speed, and workload. The experimental results show that the 21 mm size has the minimum operation time and workload, and 18 mm size has the lowest error rate in the clicking tasks. Additionally, the performance and workload of the captain's layout are better than those of the co-pilot's layout, and the performance of the center console position is best. The operation speed of the dragging tasks is faster when performed at position R3 compared to other positions. The dragging moving angles with better operation speed are 80°-190° and 250°-290°. The operation performance and workload of the zooming tasks vary depending on the zoom multiples. As the multiple increases, the operation time and workload also increase. There is no difference in operation performance or workload between zooming in and zooming out. The paper provides experimental support and suggestions based on human operation and subjective NASA-TLX workload evaluation for the application of touch screens in civil aircraft cockpits.

Considerations Regarding the Ergonomics of the Vehicle Interior

Abstract The evolution of the vehicle industry, as well as the sudden increase in competition between manufacturing companies, dictates the increase in the obligations of manufacturers to meet the increasingly complex requirements of users, in terms of ergonomics, comfort, safety, as well as environmental protection. Researchers have investigated the factors influencing the ergonomics of the vehicle interior which is very practical to improve safety and driving performance in addition, it can significantly reduce the development costs and the development cycle of new vehicle concepts, but the concept of ergonomics was not clearly articulated from a human perspective. This study aims to interpret the definition of ergonomics in the context of the interior of the vehicles and also in the study the influencing factors of the ergonomics of the index layer of the human-machine interaction interface, in the central console of the vehicle, are identified. The influencing factors are analyzed by creating and visualizing bibliometric networks in VOSViewer.

Preliminary validation of the GHBMC average male occupant models and 70YO aged model in far-side impact

The objective of the current study was to perform a preliminary validation of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) average male occupant models, simplified (M50-OS) and detailed (M50-O) and the 70YO aged model in Far-side impacts and compare the head kinematics against the PMHS responses published by Petit et al. (2019). The buck used to simulate the far-side impacts comprised a seat, headrest, center console plate, leg support plate, and footrest plate with rigid material properties. The three occupant models were gravity settled onto the rigid seat and belted with a 3-point seatbelt. Positioning details of the PMHS were followed in the model setup process. A deceleration pulse with ΔV of 8m/s was applied. The far-side crash simulations were performed with and without the addition of a plexiglass cover around the setup similar to the experimental setup. The head kinematics were extracted from the models for comparison against the PMHS data. Peak head displacements in Y and Z axes from the three models were compared to the PMHS data in addition to the head rotation alongXaxes. The peak head displacement values for the M50-OS, M50-O, and M50-O 70YO aged models are 594.10mm, 568.44mm, and 567.90mm along Y and 325.21mm, 402.66mm, and 375.92mm respectively along Z when the plexiglass cover is included in the test. The peak head rotation values for the M50-OS, M50-O, and M50-O 70YO aged models are 95.64°, 122.15°, and 129.08° respectively when the plexiglass cover is included in the test. The three occupant models capture the general trend of the PMHS data. The detailed occupant models have higher head rotation compared to the simplified model because of the deformable structure of the spine and intervertebral discs modeled. These three occupant models can be used for further parametric studies in this condition to study the influence of restraint parameters.

Experimental Study of the TVOC Distribution in a Car Cabin

The vehicle in-cabin is subject to several types of pollutants infiltrating from the outdoors or emitted directly inside it, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The concentration of TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) is the result of the emission from different equipment surfaces that compose the car cabin. In the present study, the experimental characterization of TVOC emission from the interior surfaces of a car cabin is discussed by considering the influence of two parameters: the temperature and ventilation modes. A measurement location grid was used to measure TVOC’s emissions from 267 points on all surfaces of the car’s interior equipment. Three different temperatures and two ventilation modes (recirculation and outdoor air) were investigated. The results indicate that the concentration of TVOC increases with the temperature inside the cabin with a contribution that varies with the type of cabin equipment including the dashboard, center console, seats, and carpets. On the other hand, the concentration distributions of TVOC showed relative differences of 10–13% and 2–5% for surface and volumetric measurements, respectively. This implies no preferential positioning of the in-cabin probe for TVOC volumetric concentration measurements. In addition, the recirculation ventilation mode results in a higher accumulation of TVOC; therefore, higher concentrations are measured.

Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

The best format of exercise training (ET) in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is still to be defined. Current guidelines recommend aerobic exercises, such as running and cycling, including some sessions per week of resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to address the effectiveness of a concurrent exercise training program utilizing a circuit of sequential endurance and resistance exercises on functional capacity and muscular strength in patients with CHF. Ninety-five consecutive male patients (age 63.1 ± 6 years) with CHF (EF < 40%) in NYHA functional class II/III, were randomly assigned on 1:1 basis to a 12-week aerobic continuous training (AT) or concurrent CT), aerobic + resistance, training (CT), three times a week, with each session lasting 80 min. We used high quality, specifically designed ergometers, connected with each other and governed by a central console, and managed by a single physiotherapist. Before and after training all patients performed a symptoms-limited exercise test on a treadmill and a 6-min walking test (6MWT). Patients in the CT group also performed resistance exercises of upper and lower body. The 6MWT and exercise duration at ergometric test increased significantly in both AT and CT groups, with the increase being greater in CT group (p < 0.001; ES = 0.13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.07). Muscular strength increased significantly in the CT group, particularly in the lower body muscular districts (p < 0.001). Quality of life improved in both groups, with a significantly greater improvement in the CT group (p < 0.05). No side effects leading to discontinuation of training were observed. These findings indicate that concurrent, within-session training results in larger improvements in functional capacity, in addition to muscle performance, in patients with CHF, in comparison to single-mode aerobic training.

Driving Behaviour and Usability: Should In-Vehicle Speed Limit Warnings Be Paired with Overhead Gantry?

Variable speed limits (VSL) aim at improving safety and traffic fluidity by increasing drivers’ awareness. In the present simulator study, VSL displayed on overhead gantries on a motorway were also displayed on a mobile phone, fixed on the vehicle’s centre console, with distance-based triggers (250 m vs. 500 m from the overhead gantry). Results showed drivers (N = 20) complied with the in-vehicle information, which was congruent with the upcoming gantry. The sooner the in-vehicle VSL, the faster the speed when speed limits increased. Similarly, the sooner the in-vehicle VSL, the slower the speed when speed limits decreased. Later in-vehicle VSL resulted in lower speed homogeneity, which is a safety concern. Speed homogeneity was greater when no in-vehicle VSL were displayed. Finally, the 70 mph VSL were affecting driving behaviour differently. These results suggested that there might be traffic disruption and more erratic longitudinal vehicle control on real roads.

Control Interface for Next Generation Vehicles: What Is the Best Way to Drive Four-Wheel Independent Steering Vehicles?

Four-wheel independent steering (4WIS) vehicles refer to vehicles designed to be able to move in multi-orientation by eliminating the mechanical linkage among the wheels. This study aims to evaluate and compare the usability of previously proposed 4WIS vehicle controllers. A usability test with 33 drivers was conducted to compare the five control interfaces (steering wheel buttons, touchscreen buttons, center console buttons, joystick, and paddle shifters). In order to identify what factors contributes to the usability of 4WIS control interfaces, we utilized a mixed-method approach that collects and analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data within the study. The quantitative results indicate that button-type interfaces shorten task completion time and reduce workload than joystick or paddle shifters. Qualitative analysis implies that touchscreen buttons reduce the perceived safety of drivers due to the lack of tactile feedback. Design recommendations for 4WIS control interfaces were provided from the usability testing results.

Analysis of Biomechanics of Motor Vehicle Collisions for Passenger Cars: Implications for Passenger Vehicle Safety and Future Car Design Innovations

Investigating biomechanics of injury patterns from motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) informs improvements in vehicle safety. This study aims to investigate two-vehicle MVCs involving a passenger car and specific injury patterns associated with sources of injury, collision biomechanics, vehicle properties, and patient outcomes. Retrospective cohort study conducted to evaluate the biomechanics of specific injury patterns seen in MVCs involving passenger cars using the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network database between the years 2005 and2015. A total of 631 MVC cases were included from 2005 to 2015. The majority of cases involved injuries to the head or neck, the thorax, and the abdomen (80.5%). Head/neck injuries from the steering wheel were associated with significantly higher injury severity score compared to those from seatbelts (26.11 versus 18.28, P<0.001) and airbags (26.11 versus 20.10, P=0.006), as well as a >6-fold higher fatality rate (P=0.019). Thoracic injuries caused by the center console were twice as likely to be fatal than those caused by the seatbelt (P=0.09). Occupants suffering injuries to the head/neck, the thorax, and the abdomen had higher injury severity score and fatality rates compared to other body regions, demonstrating that manufacturing and safety guidelines should focus on minimizing these injury patterns. Head/neck injuries caused by the steering wheel were associated with worse outcomes compared to those caused by seatbelts and airbags, further emphasizing the benefits of these critical safety features. Integration of innovative safety features like center-mounted airbags may improve occupant safety.

A method proposal for evaluating color tolerance in viewing multiple white points focusing on the vehicle instrument panels

Although chromatic adaptation eases us to adopt our vision to nuanced whites, viewing more than two substantially different white balances costs perceptual workload and appeals to poor quality control. This study proposed a method for evaluating the color tolerance of light modules using a uniformity analyzer focusing on the instrument panels in passenger cars, two premium line-up vehicles from Hyundai and Mercedes Benz. Using a luminance uniformity analyzer, we captured three main lighting regions in their instrument panels: clusters, steering wheel, and center console. Based on u&#x2019; and v&#x2019; values, we identified and compared the chromaticity coordinates of the white lighting components. The measurement-based judgment supports the manufacturer in achieving the quality objectively and consistently.

Possibilities of driver and passenger identification as a result of a comprehensive analysis of injuries inside the interior of a class J car in a head-on collision

Objective. To establish the possibility of identification of the driver and passenger as a result of a comprehensive analysis of injuries inside the interior of a class J car in a head-on collision.Materials and methods. 179 fatal traffic accidents were analyzed, of which the injuries of the driver and passenger in a frontal collision in the cabin of a class J car in accordance with the European Economic Classification were considered. Visual inspection and forensic examination were used. The detected damage was entered into the Microsoft Access database. Statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel.Results. The analysis of the received damages by the driver and the passenger showed that in practice in salon of the modern car of a class J, specific signs of identification very seldom meet. Characteristic for the driver are ruptures of the lungs resulting from interaction with the steering column respectively, fractures of the ribs on the right and left, fractures of the sternum. The distribution of limb injuries was marked by a predominance of right-hand orientation - due to contact with the center console: soft tissue injuries of the right arm and right leg. Passengers are characterized by injuries of the left side - the result of interaction with the center console, respectively, were observed: head injury on the left, ruptures of the spleen, damage to soft tissues and bones on the left.Conclusions. Identification of the driver and passenger requires a comprehensive recording and analysis of the damage. Characteristic for the driver are ruptures of the lungs as a result of interaction with the steering column, respectively, fractures of the ribs on the right and left, fractures of the sternum. The distribution of driver limb injuries was marked by a predominance of right-hand orientation due to contact with the center console: soft tissue injuries of the right arm and right leg. Passengers are characterized by injuries of the left side - the result of interaction with the center console, respectively, were observed as follows: head injury on the left, ruptures of the spleen, damage to soft tissues and bones on the left.

Exploring relationships between design features and system usability of intelligent car human–machine interface

In-vehicle human–machine interface (HMI) mainly refers to the T-shaped panel system with instruments, centre console, gear lever and other components installed. For intelligent vehicles, the high level of intelligent interconnection may to some extent make drivers lack situational safety awareness and reduce the usability of the system. Thus, this study attempted to establish a relationship between design features and system usability of the in-vehicle panels. From the perspective of visual ergonomics, the panels were deconstructed into design features to determine 36 samples to be studied. After dividing each sample into four areas of interest (AOI), eye movement and subjective preference data were collected to quantify the user experience. Artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) were used in the study. Nevertheless, conventional learning algorithms often underwent deficiencies in accuracy and robustness in the detection of multifarious kinds of panels. Therefore, the parameters of the two models were tuned to deal with the noise common in user experience data. The determinant coefficients, mean-square errors and mean relative errors of the two models showed that the SVM model had a higher accuracy, smaller error and was more stable in the learning of user experience of HMI design features, which could provide a method for the layout design and evaluation of T-shaped instrument panel. • 36 types of panel system were identified based on four design features. • Eye movement and subjective preference towards four areas of interest were collected. • ANN and SVM were used to clarify the relation between design features and usability.

Design Guidelines for the Size and Length of Chinese Characters Displayed in the Intelligent Vehicle’s Central Console Interface

In order to ensure the driver’s safe driving, the human–computer interaction interface of an intelligent vehicle needs to convey important information. The text is an important carrier of this kind of information. The design criteria of English characters have been widely discussed, including the color, meaning, size and length. However, design guidelines for Chinese characters in central consoles of vehicles have rarely been discussed from a human–computer interaction perspective. In this paper, we investigated the size and the length of Chinese characters in the intelligent vehicle’s central control screen, based on international design guidelines and standards. The experiment involved 30 participants performing simulated in-vehicle secondary tasks. The result from the experiments shows that the usability of characters increases and the driver’s workload decreases as the characters get larger and shorter. We also propose a set of recommended values for the size and length of Chinese characters in this context. Future work will focus on providing design guidelines for other aspects of HMI design in intelligent vehicles.