Central Chernozem Region Research Articles

Water–salt regime of chernozems in the Central Chernozem Region

With the recent increase in the factor of risky farming in the Central Chernozem Region, there has been a tendency to restore old irrigation systems or create new irrigational systems in many farms of Voronezh oblast. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the water–salt regime of chernozems, which are basic agrocenose components, is of current interest.

Засоренность посевов при различных приемах и системах зяблевой обработки почвы в ЦЧР

Under conditions of the Central Chernozem Region in the period from 1990 till 2012 long-term and short-term experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of different systems and methods of main soil treatment on weed infestation of plantings and yield of field crops. Soil and plant samples analyses were performed by customary methods. It has been defined that improved fall-ploughing and supplementary fall-ploughing at a depth of 6-8 cm allow reducing the quantity of weed vegetation in sugar beet plantings by 22 % and 33.3 % respectively compared to conventional (two-phase) fall-ploughing.

Short-term dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission from the soils of natural and urban ecosystems in the Central Chernozemic Region

A comparative analysis of the spatial-temporal trends in the emission of CO2 from soils of different functional zones of the city of Kursk, a dark gray soil of an oak forest, and a typical steppe chernozem has been performed. The averaged CO2 emission from the urban soils is 25% higher than that from the natural soils (32.1 ± 17.8 and 17.8 ± 10.2 g CO2/m2 daily, respectively). The spatial heterogeneity of the CO2 emission is also significantly higher for the urban soils, while variation in temporal dynamics of soil respiration among the studied ecosystems was insignificant.

СОЗДАНИЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ К ОПАСНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ И ВРЕДИТЕЛЯМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЯ

СОЗДАНИЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ К ОПАСНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ И ВРЕДИТЕЛЯМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЯ

ВИДОВОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ И СТРУКТУРА ДОМИНИРУЮЩЕГО КОМПЛЕКСА ФУЗАРИОЗНОЙ СЕМЕННОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЦЧР РОССИИ

ВИДОВОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ И СТРУКТУРА ДОМИНИРУЮЩЕГО КОМПЛЕКСА ФУЗАРИОЗНОЙ СЕМЕННОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЦЧР РОССИИ

INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT AND GISMAPPING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF THE CITY OF VORONEZH (RUSSIA)

The authors have created a geoinformation-analytical system (GIS) for integrated assessment and mapping of the ecological conditions of the territory according to the criteria of anthropogenic impact and quality of the urban environment, as well as the response of woody plants and the health of the child population (on the example of Voronezh – the largest industrial city of the Central Chernozem region). It has been identified that anthropogenic pollution is formed by the industrial-transport sector and varies with regard to the features of the functional planning infrastructure; near the industrial facilities of the petrochemical profile in the left-Bank sector of the city, conditions for the existence of woody plants significantly worsen, which is manifested in the inhibition of their development; child morbidity rate is significantly higher in industrially polluted neighborhoods with high load of pollutant emissions from industry and transport. The diseases primarily associated with pollution are congenital anomalies, neoplasms, endocrine pathology and diseases of the urogenital area. The industrial zone is the main contributor to the total pollution of air, but the transport zone is the main contributor to the total pollution of soil and snow cover.

Возраст количественной спелости древесины сортовых тополей в условиях ЦЧР

Возраст количественной спелости древесины сортовых тополей в условиях ЦЧР

Технология циклического орошения в Центральном Черноземье

Технология циклического орошения в Центральном Черноземье

Consumption Level During the Period of Holodomor

Territorial expansion of the 1933 famine is a matter of dispute between Ukrainian and Russian history scientists. The former regard the famine to be localized within Ukraine, while the latter adopt the position that vast regions of Russia, in particular the Volga River region and Central Chernozemic region, were affected with the famine too. To solve this matter, the author has the data engaged which concern nutrition survey conducted by Gosplan (State Planning Committee) of the USSR in 1933. These data show that the situation in Ukraine was the most disastrous. The Volga River and Central Chernozemic regions, although suffered from the famine too, were featured with consumption of food products about 1.5 times higher than that in Odessa or Kiev regions. The average daily consumption of 1070 kcal which was recorded in Odessa region in early 1933 allowed life- sustaining activity of a human being for three months only.

Fire influence on the soil and plant cover of forests in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

The change in the structure and properties of soils and the structure of the plant cover in forests of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia (CCRR) after the fire in 2010 is considered for the first time. The content of organic matter and compounds of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was ascertained to decrease in soils in the context of growth in the content of ash elements (P2O5, K2O). The extent of phytodiversity transformation and development of the initial stage of fire-induced succession are noted.

Development and harmfulness of Tychius quinquepunctatus L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in pea crops in the southeast of the Central Chernozem Region

The biology, phenology, and harmfulness of the weevil Tychius quinquepunctatus L. in pea crops were studied for many years in the southeast of the Central Chernozem Region. The species showed a highly uneven distribution in Kamennaya Steppe, with preference for the early and short-stemmed pea varieties. A high pest density focus was found with heavy damage to the pea plants in the marginal field zone where 20–30% of the seeds were damaged; the yield loss may be as high as 6%. In later pea crops, T. quinquepunctatus appears at earlier phases of the plant development, oviposition and larval development proceed at higher rates, the damage to the crops increases, and the necessity of control measures against the weevil grows. Effective protection from T. quinquepunctatus in the crops with optimum sowing time may be achieved with a many-target insecticidal treatment at the budding phase.

Формирование лесомелиоративных систем при эколого – ландшафтном обустройстве агротерриторий Центрального Черноземья

Формирование лесомелиоративных систем при эколого – ландшафтном обустройстве агротерриторий Центрального Черноземья

Ресурсосберегающие технологии обработки почвы

The basic ways of energy-saving methods of the basic soil cultivation in Central Chernozem Region are suggested. Reducing the depth of primary tillage, replacement of moldboard plowing for subsurface soil loosening, combination of several operations and methods in one working process by the use of combined units and wide-coverage units and module-block complexes, the use of "gentle" tillage technologies: lane, zero and others.

Soil loss tolerance in the central chernozemic region of the European part of Russia

To calculate the soil loss tolerance for chernozems of the central chernozemic region, a linear modification of Skidmore’s equation was used. The soil loss tolerance values were obtained with due account for the soil type, the degree of erodibility, and the crop rotation pattern. The maximum possible value (10 t/ha per year) was obtained for a typical noneroded chernozem in all the crop rotations. Close values were obtained for noneroded leached and typical chernozems (9.6–9.9 t/ha per year depending on the crop rotation pattern). The soil loss tolerance for the noneroded podzolized chernozem was somewhat lower: 9.1 t/ha per year in the grain-herb-intertilled crop rotation and 6.3 t/ha/year in the grain-intertilled crop rotation. With an increase in the degree of the soil erosion, the soil loss tolerance decreased in all the variants of the experiment with an especially abrupt decrease in the grain-intertilled crop rotation (from 9.9–10.0 to 0.3–2.0 t/ha per year in the, respectively, noneroded and slightly eroded ordinary and typical chernozems). In the grain-herb-intertilled crop rotation, these differences were much smaller: in the slightly eroded typical chernozem the soil loss tolerance was estimated at 9.7 t/ha per year, while, in the slightly eroded typical chernozem, at 8.1 t/ha per year. The moderately eroded chernozems without the addition of manure could only be used in the grain-herb-intertilled crop rotation; the soil loss tolerance was estimated at 9.0 t/ha per year for the typical chernozem and 4.3 t/ha per year for the ordinary chernozem.

Probabilistic approach to the calculation of soil erosion loss

An algorithm was proposed for the simulation of water erosion as a stochastic process. Two concepts were used: the random single event (e.g., rainfall) and the implementation of a random process as a series of random single events during a long time period. The Monte Carlo method and previously developed and substantiated equations for rain and snow melt erosion were used for the numerical simulation of random single events. The simulation resulted in a series of values for the soil loss during the specified time period, from which the probability distribution of the soil loss during this period could be assessed. The testing results for the chernozemic soils of the Central Chernozemic region showed that the error of the soil loss calculation was 13% during 200 years of land use. It was shown that the SCS equation developed for the United States’ conditions can be used to calculate the rainfall runoff in the Central Chernozemic region of Russia. Problems that cannot be solved using deterministic models and the available observation data can be solved on the basis of the obtained probability distributions.

(Рецензия) А. В. Полуянов, Е. А. Аверинова. Травяная растительность Курской области (синтаксономия и вопросы охраны). Курск, 2012. 276 с.

The emergence of peer-reviewed monographs on herbal floristic classification of the vegetation of the Kursk region is a large region of the Central Chernozem region of Russia was preceded by the publication of another work on the vegetation of the Kursk region within the basin of the Sejm.

Assemblages of herb-dwelling spiders (Araneae) of various steppe types in Ukraine and Central Chernozem of Russia

A total of 107 spider species from 15 families were recorded in the herbaceous vegetation of the steppe ecosystems of Ukraine and the central chernozem region of Russia. Araneidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae and Theridiidae were the most species-rich. The species composition depended on the steppe type; adjacent forest habitats influenced steppe fauna in the forest-steppe and northern part of the steppe natural zone. The number of generalist, forest and wetland dwelling species in the steppe vegetation showed a tendency to decrease towards the south. Dominance of herb-dwelling spiders was specific to each steppe type; no single species was found to predominate in all the steppe habitats. Steppes are the most transformed ecosystem in Ukraine. The steppe natural zone comprises 40% of the country and about 80% of this territory was once covered with steppe vegetation. Presently, only 3% of relatively undisturbed virgin steppes have survived intact. They are preserved mainly in nature reserves or on gully slopes and saline lands not suitable for

Новые и редкие виды в лихенофлоре заповедных территорий Центрального Черноземья

Additional lichenological research was made in two nature reserves of the Central Chernozem Region (south-eastern part of Central Russia). As a result, 14 lichen species new to the Voronezh Region were found and 6 species new to the Central Chernozem Region as a whole. Among them, 5 indicating species of old-growth and moderately disturbed forest communities were noted, as well as 2 species rare in Russia. Other recorded species are rare for the Central Chernozem Region.

Change in the biochemical activity of leached chernozem during long application of fertilizers in a grain-sugar beet crop rotation

It is found that the 70-year application of fertilizers in a grain-sugar beet crop rotation in the forest steppe of the Central Chernozem Region changes considerably the biochemical indices of leached chernozem fertility and increases the activity of urease by 17.4–26.9%, catalase by 5.6–36.5%, protease by 23.2–54.2%, cellulose-decomposing activity by 96.2–154.2%; phosphatase activity decreased by 65.7–105.1%. The phytotoxicity of soil against a high fertilizer dose background increased 85.7%.

Water-retaining capacity as an indicator of plant adaptability

Climate changes in the Central Chernozem Region has increased the frequency of high evaporativity in the winter and spring, which both separately and in combination with other unfavorable factors intensifies transpiration losses, leading to a decrease in the yield of apple, strawberry, and winter crops. It is necessary to optimize the water regime of plants by selecting varieties with a high water-retaining capacity of one-year shoots and leaves as well as by reducing water losses during their growth.