Central Business District Area Research Articles

Short-form Video Content (SVC) Engagement and Marketing Capabilities

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study aims to investigate the role of short-form video content (SVC) in the association between marketing capabilities, influencers, and business brand engagement performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data was collected from 146 business owners and managers of private businesses from the central business district areas of the lower northern province of Thailand. A partial least square structure equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis was performed to examine the proposed relationships. Research findings: The findings indicate that SVCs enabled brand engagement and resulted in increased satisfaction with the influencer experience. The study found a positive relationship between marketing capabilities, SVCs, influencers, and brand engagement performance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study also contributes by providing empirical evidence of the mediation of short-form video content in the relationship between marketing capabilities and brand performance, thus suggesting that, in terms of the resource-based view (RBV), SVCs integrated with marketing capabilities contribute to fostering influencers to promote brand perception values into competitive advantage, while influencers are reaffirmed as having a positive impact on brand performance. Practitioner/Policy implications: This research also provides a practical outlook for businesses to better understand the adoption of SVCs at an initial stage and important practical implications for business entrepreneurs, managers, and practitioners regarding the use of SVCs to improve brand engagement performance. Research limitation: First, this study was limited by its focus on primary data collected using a survey approach. Therefore, future research may need to emphasise more subjective rather than objective research. Second, as this study focuses on top executives and higher levels of marketing managers, it could introduce potential biases. Further research, through the use of multiple informants (i.e., IT managers, lower-level frontline staff, etc.) in each business with well-rounded perspectives, could provide a deeper insight into the issues regarding such initiatives. Finally, more constructs related to the proposed research framework can be investigated.

Effects Of Load-Shedding On The Performance Of Small, Medium And Micro Enterprises In Gqeberha, South Africa

Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are recognized for promoting the livelihoods of the poor and for economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate how load-shedding affects the performance of SMMEs in the food industry in South Africa. The study was conducted in the Central Business District and Summerstrand areas in Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth). The study is explorative and adopts a qualitative research design. The study population was made up of SMMEs owners in the food industry, with paid employees ranging from 5 to 200 people in the Central Business District and Summerstrand areas within Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth). The purposive sampling method was utilized to select the study participants. The study revealed that load-shedding affected the capacity of SMMEs to provide quality products and services to their customers. To mitigate the effect of power outages, SMMEs adopted alternative power sources like backup generators and adjusted their operations to keep their businesses running. Also, the study confirmed that planned load-shedding enables SMMEs to plan and alleviate the effects of load-shedding. The study concluded that load-shedding disrupts the activities of SMMEs, which impedes customer satisfaction, leading to poor business performance.

FINDING THE CHALLENGES OF PLANNING AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR THE TIME OF CRISIS: A CASE OF KHULNA RAILWAY STATION AREA

Khulna railway station is one of the oldest establishments which is situated almost at the heart of Khulna city center, known as the Central Business District (CBD) of Khulna city. To support the growing demand for transport services in the CBD area, the existing three major transport modes (railway, waterway, and roadway) of the railway station area are fully functioning. Though they are situated in the same area for serving the same purposes but work separately. This separate route plan of the three transport modes demands more support services which cause traffic congestion and space scarcity to accommodate heavy weight vehicles like cargo trucks and lorry. The rapid growth of the economy and population of the city demand an upgraded transportation infrastructure. This paper aims to explore the context-specific challenges for planning transportation infrastructure in the CBD and its settlement area. A field survey of the study area, face-to-face interviews of different stakeholders, and questionnaire survey were conducted to gather necessary primary data. Detailed Area plan of Khulna Development Authority (KDA), Khulna City Master plans, newspaper cuttings, journal and conference papers, etc. are analyzed. This paper provides an overview of hazardous conditions of the study area caused by the existing public and freight transportation. Respecting the existing problems and limitations, an integrated transport infrastructure planning guideline has been provided to meet the future transport challenges in the densely populated urban CBD area.

Analysis of Trip Attraction Models in Morotai CBD (Central Business District)

The development of an area in land use can increase along with the increase in population in Morotai Island Regency, including the Morotai CBD area. In terms of urban transportation systems, generation and attraction have an important role in defining the development of a city, region, or area. The purpose of this research is to analyze of trip attraction modeling in the CBD area of Morotai. The concept of trip attraction modeling is analyzed using regression analysis, with various independent variables. The modeling analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software using Stepwise multiple linear analysis methods. The results of the study show that the factors that influence the attraction of vehicle in the Morotai CBD area are : the number of visitors (X4), the ratio of visitors against the building area (X10), the ratio of employees against the number of rooms (X13), the number of rooms(X5), the ratio of employees against the building area (X11), as well as the ratio of employees against the number of rooms(X12). And from the results of linear regression analysis, the best transport attraction model was found to be Y 1 = 86.790 + 0.422X 4 – 558.735X 10 + 1.949X 13  for the motorcycle (SM) attraction model and Y 2 = 12.183 + 0.091X 5 – 26.265X 11 + 0.292X 12 for the light vehicle (KR) model.

Variation of the Urban Heat Island Intensity over One Year in Putrajaya, Malaysia

This research was conducted to evaluate the variation of the urban heat island (UHI) effects in the planned city of Putrajaya over one year. Putrajaya, the administrative capital of Malaysia, is known for its meticulous town planning. The main observations are temperature variation, the changes in wind speed, percentage of relative humidity, and subsequently, the intensity of UHI in the research area. Putrajaya Corporation Complex Precinct 3 (P3) and Precinct 9 (P9) are located in the central business district (CBD) and residential areas respectively. These two places are representatives of UHI's effects on CBD and residential areas. Ultrasonic anemometers which measure 3 components of wind velocities and temperature were employed to analyse temperature and wind patterns. The result indicates the city experienced high temperatures during the day causing human heat stress and discomfort. The UHI intensities of the city are within the range of temperature differences 2 to 3 °C. Land surface cover and numbers of the population are the vital effects of the UHI. Thus, strategies to reduce the existing high air and surface temperature are required in the future.

Walkability Index Pada Zona Komersial Melalui Segmentasi Area Trotoar di Kota Pekanbaru

Walkability index is an assessment of pedestrians through the physical condition of a sidewalk facility. Sukaramai Plaza is located in the CBD (Central Business District) Area of Pekanbaru City. This area has become an attractions for the people of Pekanbaru and other areas. As for the movement that occurs not only the movement of vehicles in the lane of vehicles, but also pedestrians. Evaluation of pedestrian paths is needed to provide an input regarding the comfortability for pedestrian. This study aims to evaluate the sidewalk in the Sukaramai Plaza area on Jalan Sudirman, Pekanbaru. Sidewalk in this area is divided by 4 segments. The parameters used are the physical condition for pedestrians about 9 parameters of the physical condition of the sidewalk for each segment. The results showed that sidewalk has a walkability score in the range of 50-70 which is a good enough category to walk. In addition, the results of this study also showed that the presence of a shop window above the sidewalk making difficult for pedestrian. Therefore, the results will contribute primarily to the pedestrian pathway provider and the government as a regulator to improve pedestrian facilities, especially in the city of Pekanbaru.

Novel Workload-Aware Approach to Mobile User Reallocation in Crowded Mobile Edge Computing Environment

A mobile edge computing (MEC) paradgim is evolving as an increasingly popular means for developing and deploying smart-city-oriented applications. MEC servers can receive a great deal of requests from devices of mobile users, especially in crowded scenes, e.g., a city’s central business district and school areas. It thus remains a great challenge for appropriate scheduling and managing strategies to avoid hotspots, guarantee load-fairness among MEC servers, and maintain high resource utilization at the same time. To address this challenge, we propose a coalitional-game-based and location-aware approach to MEC service migration for mobile user reallocation in crowded scenes. Our proposed method includes: 1) dividing MEC servers into multiple coalitions according to their inter-Euclidean distance by using a modified <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means clustering method; 2) discovering hotspots in every coalition area and scheduling services based on their corresponding cooperations; and 3) migrating services to appropriate edge servers to achieve high utilization and load-fairness among coalition members. Experimental results based on a real-world mobile trajectory dataset for crowded scenes, and an urban-edge-server-position dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms existing ones in terms of load fairness, number of migrations, and utilization rate of edge servers.

COMMERCIAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF HIGHEST AND BEST USE STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL AREA SIER SURABAYA

Part of Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) Area is planned to become Central Business District (CBD) in accordance with the direction of the Surabaya City Government. The land use is changed due to the decrease of carrying capacity of the infrastructure in the environment around SIER, caused by density increase since Middle East Ring Road (MERR) was opened in 2012. In addition, some of the areas that became CBD areas are part of the PT SIER area (97.4 Ha). Aim: This study was aimed to determine alternative land functions. Methodology and results: Since CBD is generally dominated by commercial properties, this research focuses on commercial property development programs carried out within the scope of the Highest and Best Use (HBU) Study. This research was conducted through location, site, and market analysis, completed with recommendation for property type in SIER location. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Based on macro market analysis, supply of retail, hotel and apartment property is increasing, while supply of office is decreasing. The results of this study are the best and highest value proposals for the development of commercial property functions (apartments, offices, shopping areas, and hotels), so that the investment is not high risk. In addition, the result can be used as a policy orientation for all interested parties, especially PT SIER in the development of CBD in its area, related to the development stage that is adjusted to the interests and market conditions.

Settlement land directions based on the tsunami disaster in the coastal of Purworejo District, Central Java

The purpose of this study was to determine the direction of land use for settlements. The research location is on the coast of Purworejo Regency which includes Purwodadi District, Ngombol District, and Grabag District. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and secondary data processing from related agencies. The analytical technique used in the Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis is to overlay tsunami hazard data, evaluate the suitability of residential land and area functions. The results of the overlay will show the zoning for the direction of the settlement. The results showed that the coast of Purworejo Regency has three directions of land use for settlements. The optimal direction of land use for settlements has an area of 427.6 Ha with the development of settlements with high density and can be developed as a Central Business District (CBD) area. The conditional direction of land use for settlements has an area of 3794.05 Ha. The law on the development of low-density residential areas and residential areas with structural and non-structural mitigation because this zone has a moderate level of tsunami vulnerability. The directive not to make settlements with an area of 1242.78 hectares is directed to the green belt area with limited community activities.

The reinforcement of pedestrian safety in the central business district: A spatial analysis of Austin, Texas

ABSTRACT This study suggests strategies for the built environment to enhance pedestrian safety in the central business district (CBD) in Austin, Texas. This study examines how the built environment in CBD affects the frequency of pedestrian-vehicle crashes and pedestrian injury severity by employing negative binomial regression and logistic regression models, respectively. The findings reveal that, in the CBD areas, certain types of land use and intersections increased the probability of pedestrian crash incidence. Interestingly, parking and mixed land-use parcels had a statistically significant association with a pedestrian crash incidence in the CBD, while they were not statistically significant in the non-CBD areas. Further, this study finds that sidewalk coverage reduced pedestrian injury severity in the CBD and non-CBD areas. Based on the results, this study suggests planners consider developing more targeted strategies for the pedestrianization of CBDs.

Bus ridership and its determinants in Beijing: A spatial econometric perspective

Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics and determinants of public transport ridership play an important role in urban planning. Previous studies have focused on exploring the determinants at the station level using global models, or a local model, geographically weighted regression (GWR), which cannot reveal spatial autocorrelation at the global level. This study explores the factors affecting bus ridership considering spatial autocorrelation using the spatial Durbin model (SDM). Taking the community in Beijing as the basic study unit, this study aims to explore the temporal and spatial dynamics of bus ridership and identify its key determinants considering neighboring effects. The results show the following: (1) The temporal dynamics are quite distinct on weekdays and weekends as well as at different time slots of the day. (2) The spatial patterns of bus ridership varied across different time slots, and the hot areas are mainly located near the central business district (CBD), transport hubs, and residential areas. (3) Key determinants of bus ridership varied across weekends and weekdays and varied at different time slots per day. (4) The spatial neighboring effects had been verified. This study provides a common analytical framework for analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamics and determinants of bus ridership at the community level.

Distributed Edge System Orchestration for Web-based Mobile Augmented Reality Services

The emergence of edge computing and 5G networks has fueled the growth of mobile Web AR. Although efforts have been made to improve the edge system efficiency for Web AR applications, efficient edge-assisted mobile Web AR services remain technically challenging. This paper presents EARNet, a distributed edge system orchestration approach for mobile Web AR in 5G networks. The design of EARNet makes three novel contributions. First, EARNet manages the edge network dynamics with respect to user mobility and their Web AR service requests by employing landmarks and grid index based edge node localization mechanisms. Second, EARNet takes into account both request serving performance and offloading cost in managing workload balance and quality of service and leverages dynamic hash and max heap mechanisms for efficient Web AR service lookup and AR computations. Third, EARNet designs the service migration schemes by optimizing several performance factors, such as message efficiency, scheduling latency, request density and locality of mobile users and edge nodes, and accuracy of Web AR services after migration. Experimental evaluations are conducted using the real base station deployment data in the Melbourne Central Business District (CBD) area. The results shows the effectiveness of the EARNet edge orchestration approach compared to several baseline approaches.

Full Battery and Hybrid Bus based Rapid Transit System as a Cost Effective Urban Transit Mode alternative to Metros in Tier II Tier II I Indian Cities

Intra-city travel is a significant part of urban life and a fully functional intra-city transit system will help in reducing the number of private vehicles on the road, thus reducing pollution and traffic congestions. A robust urban transit system helps in the physical expansion of city limits, making education, job, and medical facilities accessible to people living in city fringe areas. This will help in depopulating the Central Business District areas and optimization of real estate cost. Heavy Rail Based Metro Transit system has improved living conditions in Metropolitan cities. The High Capital Investment required for setting up a metro system necessitates the requirement of alternate Transit systems for Medium and smaller cities. This paper delves into this important area of suggesting an alternate urban transit model for Tier II and Tier III Indian cities. In this paper, modifications were suggested in the Metro Neo specification issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs [10], to make it more cost-effective (to construct and maintain), agile, and with scope to harness new technologies as they become commercially viable in the future. Elevated or dedicated Busways with Full Diesel Hybrid Buses comprising an Energy Storage system (Li-ion battery pack) and a diesel power pack are suggested as the rolling stock for the transit system. This suggested rolling stock will be not only cost effective but also environmentally friendly. In the future, the Diesel Power Packs in the buses can be replaced with Hydrogen Fuel Cells or additional batteries to enable full electric and non-fossil fuel operation. The need for further research in developing cost-optimized structures in the Construction of viaducts and bus stations is felt and details in these areas have been highlighted. The suggested system will have the flexibility of a Bus Rapid Transit system and shall have some advantages of a metro system. Even in big cities with a full-fledged Metro system, the suggested modified Metro Neo system can act as a feeder system from faraway places. The paper proposes essential features of a transit system that is robust in present and is future-ready.

Full Battery and Hybrid Bus based Rapid Transit System as a Cost Effective Urban Transit Mode alternative to Metros in Tier II Tier III Indian Cities

Intra-city travel is a significant part of urban life and a fully functional intra-city transit system will help in reducing the number of private vehicles on the road, thus reducing pollution and traffic congestions. A robust urban transit system helps in the physical expansion of city limits, making education, job, and medical facilities accessible to people living in city fringe areas. This will help in depopulating the Central Business District areas and optimization of real estate cost. Heavy Rail Based Metro Transit system has improved living conditions in Metropolitan cities. The High Capital Investment required for setting up a metro system necessitates the requirement of alternate Transit systems for Medium and smaller cities. This paper delves into this important area of suggesting an alternate urban transit model for Tier II and Tier III Indian cities. In this paper, modifications were suggested in the Metro Neo specification issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs [10], to make it more cost-effective (to construct and maintain), agile, and with scope to harness new technologies as they become commercially viable in the future. Elevated or dedicated Busways with Full Diesel Hybrid Buses comprising an Energy Storage system (Li-ion battery pack) and a diesel power pack are suggested as the rolling stock for the transit system. This suggested rolling stock will be not only cost effective but also environmentally friendly. In the future, the Diesel Power Packs in the buses can be replaced with Hydrogen Fuel Cells or additional batteries to enable full electric and non-fossil fuel operation. The need for further research in developing cost-optimized structures in the Construction of viaducts and bus stations is felt and details in these areas have been highlighted. The suggested system will have the flexibility of a Bus Rapid Transit system and shall have some advantages of a metro system. Even in big cities with a full-fledged Metro system, the suggested modified Metro Neo system can act as a feeder system from faraway places. The paper proposes essential features of a transit system that is robust in present and is future-ready.

Simulation Modelling of Traffic Flows in the Central Business District Using PTV Vissim in Pekanbaru, Indonesia

The state of art simulation modelling in managing traffic flow within a busy central business district (CBD) is demonstrated in this article. The objectives of this article were to; identify the existing condition of the street V/C ratios within the CBD area, and to develop various simulations modelling. The development of microscopic traffic simulations encompassing 5 streets within the CBD area in Pekanbaru, Indonesia using the PTV Vissim application was performed as a case study. The existing conditions of these 5 streets were very busy (Level of Service C and D) with on-street parking and on-street traders (vendors) along the streets. Several simulations model based on 4 traffic management approaches were applied; (i) controlling on street traders (vendors) activity, (ii) controlling parking lots, and (iii) changing the on-street parking angle and (iv) combination of these approaches. The simulation results have indicated that the optimum simulation modelling in managing CBD traffic flow within these 5 streets was conducted by managing the on-street parking angle at the position of 300 as well as controlling on street traders activity. Hence, by conducting simulations using this application improved the streets Level of services (LOS) within this CBD area from D (0,75<VC<0,84) to C (0.45<VC<0.74).

Effect of On-Street parking on pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service - an Indian viewpoint

Urbanization and automobile-oriented development have resulted in a significant increase in vehicular trips towards central business district (CBD) areas, consequently increasing the demand for on-street parking. In many Indian cities, on-street parking demand is regulated by an odd–even date on-street parking scheme. Under this scheme, sidewalks are subjected to fully and partially confined boundaries, affecting pedestrian movement and the level of service (LOS). Therefore, it becomes imperative to study the influence of on-street parking on pedestrian characteristics to design efficient pedestrian facilities. Pedestrian flow data were collected at three study sites in the CBD areas of three major metropolitan cities of Gujarat, India, using a videography technique. Investigation revealed an 18% reduction in walking speed for parking sidewalk face (PSF) compared to non-parking sidewalk face (NPSF), attributed to the variation in density and presence of parked vehicles. The influence of parked vehicles probed for a similar set of pedestrian densities revealed a 14% reduction in walking speed for PSF compared to NPSF. For the same geometric attributes of the sidewalk, PSF had a deteriorated pedestrian LOS at a given average condition, promulgating the need to develop separate LOS thresholds for PSF and NPSF. Based on the developed speed-density relationships for PSF and NPSF, the Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to facilitate the development of LOS thresholds. Based on the developed LOS thresholds and cumulative percentile plots, the study recommends LOS B as the design service level for sidewalks in the CBD area characterized by on-street parking.

Urban correction of global DEMs using building density for Nairobi, Kenya

Urban flood models that use Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to simulate extent and depth of flood inundation rely on the accuracy of DEMs for predicting flood events. Despite recent advances in developing vegetation corrected DEMs, the effect of building height and density errors in global DEMs in urban areas are still poorly understood, and their correction remains a challenge. In this research we developed a methodology for building error correction that can be applied to any other case study, where building density data and a local reference DEM data are available. This methodology was applied to Nairobi, Kenya using six global DEMs (SRTM, MERIT, ALOS, NASADEM, TanDEM-X 12 m, and TanDEM-X 90 m DEM). Our results show building error at highest building density varying between 1.25 m and 5.07 m for the DEMs used, with the MERIT DEM showing the smallest vertical height error from the reference DEM. The six DEMs were corrected by deriving a linear relationship between building density and DEM error. Our findings show that the removal of building density error resulted in the improvement of the vertical height accuracy of the global DEMs of up to 45% for MERIT and 40% for ALOS. This methodology was also applied to the Central Business District (CBD) area of Nairobi, characterized by taller buildings and high building density. The error parameters in the CBD area resulted to be between 15 to 45% higher than those of the Nairobi city wide area for the six global DEMs, thus providing further insights into the contribution of building heights to errors in global DEMs. Building height data is still unavailable on a global scale and our results show that global DEMs can be usefully corrected for building density errors in urban areas, even where specific building height data are not available.

Spatial Relationship Between Eviction Filings, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Proximity to the Central Business District: A Case Study of Salt Lake County, Utah

ABSTRACT There has been an increasing body of literature analyzing eviction in different cities and contexts in urban studies, public health, sociology, geography, and housing studies. Still, little has been known about the underlying spatial point process of how housing evictions are generated. After geocoding eviction filing cases in Salt Lake County in 2015, this study analyzed factors affecting the intensity of eviction using the inhomogeneous Poisson point process (IPP) model. The IPP model result identified demographic, economic, and housing covariates associated with the high intensity of eviction filings. This study also found a significant relationship between eviction filings and the built environment characteristics—such as proximity to central business district (CBD) and light rail transit stations, intersection density, and land use mix score. Particularly, this study found that the intensity of housing evictions is negatively associated with an increase in the distance to CBD when CBD was transformed into gentrified areas led by new high-end apartment constructions during the housing boom since 2000. The article ends with some recommendations for policymakers, including the implementation of an “anti-eviction zone” in CBD areas to reduce the high intensity of housing evictions led by new high-end apartment constructions.

Unraveling Latent Transfer Patterns Between Metro and Bus From Large-Scale Smart Card Data

Intermodal transfer patterns could provide a better understanding of urban mobility in an integrated transit system. However, the existing literature is still limited related to in-depth data-driven investigations of transfer patterns, particularly between metro and bus. In this study, we propose a generic framework to unravel latent transfer patterns at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. K-means clustering method is first used to classify metro stations based on surrounding built environment. We then introduce the cube technique which allows hierarchical aggregations for each dimension and cross-tabulations of massive ridership data. Last, we redesign the generative mechanism of the structural topic model that is capable of capturing the variability and interdependence in transfer patterns with passenger-level attributes. An empirical study is conducted with large-scale metro and bus smart card data, as well as built environment data in Nanjing, China. The results indicate intermodal transfers exhibit significant heterogeneous patterns in different transfer types over space and time. Although transfers per station in central business district (CBD) areas rank the highest, urban sprawl helps increase the utilization rate of transfer services in inner suburbs with most types of transfer behaviors. Strong correlations are identified among commuting transfer patterns, while correlations remain weak for pattern pairs between commuting and non-commuting activities, reflecting high consistency among commuting activities. Adults play a dominant role in commuting patterns in CBD areas and inner suburbs. Yet, students and the elderly are found to influence the pattern prevalence more effectively in outer suburbs and periphery areas.

Application of Connected and Automated Vehicles in a Large-Scale Network by Considering Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology

Application of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is expected to have a significant impact on traffic safety and mobility. Although several studies evaluated the effectiveness of CAVs in a small roadway segment, there is a lack of studies analyzing the impact of CAVs in a large-scale network by considering both freeways and arterials. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of CAVs at the network level by utilizing both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication technologies. Also, the study proposed a new signal control algorithm through V2I technology to elevate the performance of CAVs at intersections. A car-following model named cooperative adaptive cruise control was utilized to approximate the driving behavior of CAVs in the Aimsun Next microsimulation environment. For the testbed, the research team selected Orlando central business district area in Florida, U.S. To this end, the impacts of CAVs were evaluated based on traffic efficiency (e.g., travel time rate [TTR], speed, and average approach delay, etc.) and safety surrogates (e.g., standard deviation of speed, real-time crash-risk models for freeways and arterials, time exposed time-to-collision). The results showed that the application of CAVs reduced TTR significantly compared with the base condition even with the low market penetration level. Also, the proposed signal control algorithm reduced the approach delay for 94% of the total intersections present in the network. Moreover, safety evaluation results showed a significant improvement of traffic safety in the freeways and arterials under CAV conditions with different market penetration rates.