Central Blood Station Research Articles

RHD Genotyping Characteristics of RhD-Negative Blood Donors in Wuhu Area

To investigate the molecular mechanism and distribution characteristics of RhD negative phenotypes in Han population of blood donors in Wuhu city. A total of 210 RhD- samples from August 2021 to August 2022 were screened by serological test and collected from Wuhu Central Blood Station for the voluntary blood donor population. Exons 1 and 10 of the RHD gene were amplificated by PCR to determine whether the samples had the RHD gene. Exons 1-10 of the RHD gene were amplificated by PCR and zygosity analysis were performed in 82 samples containing D gene, and Sanger sequencing was performed on 55 samples containing all RHD exons to determine the genotype. Among 210 RhD- specimens, 128 cases (60.38%) had RHD gene deletion. 27 cases had partial exons of RHD, including 2 cases with RHD*DVI.3/RHD*01N.01, 24 cases with RHD*01N.04/RHD*01N.01, and 1 case with RHD-CE(2-10)/RHD*01N.01. 55 cases had retained all of 10 exons, including 4 cases with RHD*01/RHD*01N.01, 6 cases with RHD*15/RHD*01N.01, 1 case with RHD*01W.72/RHD*01N.01, 1 case with RHD*15/RHD*01EL.01, 39 cases with RHD*01EL.01/RHD*01N.01, and the remaining 4 cases were determined to have no RHD gene deletion by zygosity analysis and sequencing showed the presence of 1227G>A mutation loci. There is polymorphism in the molecular mechanism of RhD- D gene in Wuhu blood donor population, among which RHD*01EL.01 and RHD*15 are the main variants in this region. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for RhD blood group identification and clinical blood transfusion in this region.

Detection and analysis of parvovirus B19 among blood donors in a regional blood center in Eastern China

Background and objectiveThe B19 virus is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract; however, studies have shown that it can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or plasma products. This study investigated B19V antibodies, DNA, and gene typing in blood donors at a central blood station in China to evaluate the status of B19V infection. Materials and methodsA total of 7728 samples from Suzhou Blood Center were collected from July 2022 to April 2023. Samples were detected for the B19V DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, 893 selected samples were screened for the seroprevalence of B19V antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The NS1-VP1u fragment of the B19V DNA-positive samples was amplified using nested PCR, and the sequences were determined. A B19V phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighborhood joint and maximum parsimony methods to discriminate genotypes using the NS1-VP1u sequences. ResultsThe percentages of IgG, IgM, and DNA were 19.4 %, 1.9 %, and 0.09 %, respectively. IgG positivity increased with age, and there was a significant difference among the blood groups. The IgG levels of repeat donors were greater than those of first-time donors. There were no apparent differences in the IgM levels in all the participants. Genotyping revealed that the B19 genotype was 1. ConclusionsThe prevalence of B19V antibodies and DNA was lower in these areas than in rest of China, indicating that the risk of B19V transmission via transfusion may be relatively low. However, during transfusion, particular attention should be paid to the B19V-susceptible populations, especially those in high-risk groups.

Analysis of the effect of the application of the precision training model in the promotion of blood donation during public health emergencies

This study aimed to explore the impact of precision training on the promotion of blood donation during public health emergencies. The research focused on blood donation volunteers at the Wuwei Central Blood Station from 2018 to 2021. The data from 2018-2019 represented the period before precision training, while the data from 2020-2021 represented the period after precision training. The study observed the number of non-remunerated blood donations and group non-remunerated blood donations in the Wuwei Central Blood Station from 2013 to 2021. The success rate of blood donations, group blood donations, "turning back" of non-remunerated blood donations, and knowledge rate of non-remunerated blood donations were compared before and after precision training. The results showed that the actual values of blood donations were higher than the predicted values, indicating a positive influence of precision training. The success rate and group blood donation rate increased significantly after precision training. The rate of "returning" blood donation also increased significantly. Additionally, the knowledge rate of non-remunerated blood donation among different age groups increased significantly after precision training. In conclusion, precision training has a positive impact on blood donation during public health emergencies and can help alleviate blood shortage crises.

A hybrid neural network based model for blood donation forecasting

ObjectiveTo develop a hybrid neural network-based blood donation prediction method, via this predictive model, we can obtain the best estimate of whole blood in Beijing Tongzhou District Central Blood Station and help managers smoothly solve the allocation problem under fluctuating hospital demand and limited resources. MethodInspired by the practical problems faced by blood stations providing transfusion services to several hospitals, a hybrid model based on a time-series prediction method and neural network, SARIMAX-TCN-LSTM is proposed for the prediction of daily whole blood donations. The experiment was performed at the central blood station in Tongzhou district, where we used whole blood donations from January 1, 2015, to November 14, 2021, as the subject, supplemented by meteorological and epidemic factors affecting blood donation, to predict daily blood donations for the next two weeks. ResultThe hybrid model significantly outperformed the traditional time series forecasting method on multiple regression metrics, with twice as effective fitting as the baseline and a 33% reduction in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Results indicate that the proposed model can improve the prediction accuracy of daily blood donations, and the co-validity of the structure was evidenced in an ablation experiment. ConclusionDevelopment and evaluation of a hybrid neural network-based model structure improve the prediction of daily blood donations. This intelligent forecasting method can help managers to overcome the challenges of sudden blood demand and contribute to the optimization of resource allocation tasks.

Improved neural network for predicting blood donations based on two emergent factors.

Blood donation forecasting is a critical part of blood supply chain management. However, few studies have focused on modeling blood donation with different emergency factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different emergency events on blood donation and to build a suitable blood volume prediction model. The amount of blood donation from 2015 to December 2021 at Beijing Tongzhou District Central Blood Station was selected as the time series data. First, statistical methods were employed to analyze the effect of weather and epidemic factors on blood donation. Second, a hybrid model of SARIMAX and a neural network was built to predict the blood donation in the next two weeks with two factors. We identified significant differences in blood donations under different emergency conditions and a high correlation between epidemic status and blood donations. In addition, the decision coefficient improved by 60.7%, and the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) decreased by 1.668 when using the hybrid model of SARIMAX and the neural network, indicating that the model was effective in reducing the prediction error of blood donation. The hybrid model approach allows long-term forecasting of blood donations under emergency conditions and provides reliable and accurate forecasting results for blood stations up to 2weeks in advance, facilitating warnings on the blood supply to relevant hospitals and improving hospital treatment rates while reducing blood transportation costs.

Analysis on the Nursing Effect of Communication in Blood Collection of Central Blood Station and Its Influence on Stress Reaction

Analysis on the Nursing Effect of Communication in Blood Collection of Central Blood Station and Its Influence on Stress Reaction

Application of Intelligent Blood Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System in Blood Station

Objective: To explore the application of intelligent blood temperature and humidity monitoring system in cold chain management of blood station. Methods: Through the monitoring of fifty sets of cold-chain equipment in the central blood station in Hezhou for 6 months, the differences between the management of the automatic temperature and humidity monitoring system and the manual management were compared in terms of real-time recording, equipment alarm, data storage, historical data traceability and data analysis. Results: Temperature and humidity automatic monitoring system can automatically real-time acquisition, transmission, storage and alarm according to the required time interval; meanwhile, historical data can be quickly exported and traced, data and charts can be analyzed, and the alarm is real-time and effective. Conclusion: The system can effectively monitor the process of blood cold chain in blood stations and play a key role in ensuring blood quality. It can be popularized and used in blood stations.

Prevalence of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and 2 among Blood Donors in Jiangsu from 2016 to 2019

To investigate the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type-I/II infection among voluntary blood donors in Jiangsu (Nanjing, Suzhou, Xuzhou). From 2016 to 2019, 408 262 samples of voluntary blood donors from four blood stations in Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Suzhou Central Blood Station, and Xuzhou Central Blood Station) were screened for HTLV-I/II antibody by ELISA. The positive samples were sent to National Center for Clinical Laboratories for confirmation by RT-PCR and Western blot. The positive rate of HTLV-I/II screened by ELISA was 0.20‰ (82/408 262), and three HTLV-I positive samples were confirmed. The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 0.74 per 100 000 (3/408 262). All three donors were female repeated blood donors of childbearing ages. Jiangsu is a low prevalence area of HTLV, and a reasonable blood screening strategy for HTLV can further reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted virus infection.

The Alterations in Methylene Blue/Light-Treated Frozen Plasma Proteins Revealed by Proteomics

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the modified proteins in methylene blue/light-treated frozen plasma (MB-FP) compared with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in order to gain a better application of MB/light-treated plasma in clinic transfusion. Methods: MB-FP and FFP were collected from Changchun central blood station, and a trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method was used to remove albumin for the enrichment of lower abundance proteins. The plasma protein in MB-FP and FFP were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and the differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Finally, the differentially expressed proteins were tested using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Approximately 14 differentially expressed protein spots were detected in the MB-FP, and FFP was chosen as the control. After 2-DE comparison analysis and mass spectrometry, 8 significantly differentially expressed protein spots were identified, corresponding to 6 different proteins, including complement C1r subcomponent (C1R), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITI-H4), keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 (KRT1), hemopexin (HPX), fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG), and transthyretin (TTR). Western blot showed no significant difference in the expression level of KRT1 between MB-FP and FFP (p > 0.05). Both Western blot and ELISA indicated that the level of HPX was significantly higher in FFP than in MB-FP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This comparative proteomics study revealed that some significantly modified proteins occur in MB-FP, such as C1R, ITI-H4, KRT1, HPX, FGG, and TTR. Our findings provide more theoretical data for using MB-FP in transfusion medicine. However, the relevance of the data for the transfusion of methylene blue/light-treated plasma remains unclear. The exact modification of these proteins and the effects of these modified proteins on their functions and their effects in clinical plasma infusion need to be further studied.

Analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug resistance variations in HBV carriers of Chinese blood donors

Background: To analyze hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations of nucleoside drug resistance in blood donors of Shantou Central Blood Station. Methods: A total of 22,539 blood donors in Shantou City in 2014 were recruited in the study. Two hundred and one blood samples were detected positive by two types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 99 cases of HBV positive samples were detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among them, 45 cases with viral loads greater than 1,000 IU/mL were sequenced by PCR sequencing method. Drug resistance mutation sites of sample DNA sequences were analyzed. Results: All known 10 drug resistant sites of HBV were not detected from these 45 cases of HBV blood donor carriers. Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV strains from blood donors in Shantou were wild-type.

Application of marketing strategies and methods in recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors

Objective To explore the application of marketing strategies and methods in recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors. Methods From November 2016 to October 2017, a total of 2 762 voluntary blood donors, who had donated apheresis platelet at the Foshan Central Blood Station, were included in study group. During that period, the marketing strategies and methods already applied to recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors. And from November 2015 to October 2016, a total of 2 621 voluntary blood donors, who had donated apheresis platelet at the same blood station, were included in control group. During that period, the marketing strategies and methods were not applied to recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors yet. Marketing strategies and methods for the recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors included: mobilization of apheresis platelet donation population, optimization of blood donation environment, improvement of blood donation service mode, improvement of blood collection techniques and service levels of blood collection staff, adjustment of blood donation souvenirs, improvement of post-donation services, etc.. A retrospective analysis method was used to investigate the incidences of adverse reactions of voluntary apheresis platelet donors, the proportions of voluntary blood donors who repeatedly donated apheresis platelet more than twice in one year, and proportions of voluntary blood donors who donated 20 U of apheresis platelet at a single blood donation in the two groups, respectively. By the way of questionnaire, the satisfactions of blood donation of voluntary apheresis platelet donors in the two groups were investigated. By chi-square test and correction for continuity chi-square test, the incidences of adverse reactions of voluntary apheresis platelet donors, the proportions of voluntary blood donors who repeatedly donated apheresis platelet, the proportions of voluntary blood donors who donated 20 U of apheresis in a single blood donation, and satisfactions of blood donation of voluntary apheresis platelet donors between study and control group were compared, respectively. Results ① In this study, the incidence of adverse reactions of voluntary apheresis platelet donors in the study group was 0.4% (11/2 762), which was lower than 0.9% (24/2 621) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.574, P=0.018). ② The proportion of voluntary blood donors who repeatedly donated apheresis platelet in the study group was 16.6% (458/2 762), which was higher than 12.0% (314/2 621) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=17.074, P<0.001). Among the voluntary blood donors in the control group, the proportion of donors who donated twice and three times or more was 5.6% and 11.0%, respectively, which were higher than 2.8% and 9.2% in the control groups, with statistically differences (χ2=25.116, 4.863; P<0.001, =0.027). To compare the composition ratios of voluntary apheresis platelet donors who donated twice and three times or more in the two groups, there was statistically significant difference (χ2=9.055, P=0.003). ③ The proportion of blood donors who donated 20 U apheresis platelet was 21.1% (584/2 762) in study group, which was higher than 8.0% (210/262 1) in control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=184.43, P<0.001). ④ The total satisfaction of blood donation of voluntary apheresis platelet donors in study group was 95.0% (114/120), was higher than 85.0% (102/120) in control group , and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=6.667, P=0.010). The composition ratio of the different degree of satisfactions of voluntary apheresis platelet donors between the two groups were compared, and there was statistically significant difference (χ2=8.682, P=0.034). Conclusions The marketing strategies and methods were applied in the recruitment of voluntary apheresis platelet donors, which could reduce the incidence and severity of adverse reactions of apheresis platelet donation, and increase number of voluntary apheresis platelet donors and satisfaction of apheresis platelet donation. So, the blood collection and supply institutions can not only develop the potential apheresis platelet donors, but also increase the number of apheresis platelet donors who could donate twice or more, which ensures continuous and healthy development of apheresis platelets donation, as well as adequate supply of apheresis platelets in clinical. Key words: Blood donors; Marketing; Blood platelets; Blood donation team; Recruiting

Functions and clinical applications of frozen-thawed platelet without dimethyl sulfoxide elution

Objective To investigate the functions and feasibility of clinical applications of frozen-thawed platelet without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) elution. Methods From January to December 2015, a total of 60 bags (200 mL/bag) of cryopreserved platelets which were prepared and saved by Dongying Central Blood Station of Shangdong Province were included into this study, by simple random sampling method. These 60 bags of cryopreserved platelets were thawed and included in thawed original platelet group (n=60). After mixing 10 mL platelet of thawed original platelet group with 30 mL fresh frozen-thawed plasma according to the volume ratio of 1∶3, the new gained ones were included into the mixed platelet group (n=60). And a total of fresh platelet which were collected by our blood station in the same period were included into control group (n=60). The quality of above-mentioned frozen-thawed platelets, fresh liquid platelets, and fresh frozen-thawed plasma met the relevant regulations in Quality Requirements for Whole Blood and Blood Components (GB18469-2012). A total of 150 patients who received frozen-thawed platelets without DMSO elution transfusion in the Second People′s Hospital of Dongying at the same period were randomly selected as blood transfusions reaction observation objects, by using simple random sampling method. Three groups of platelets were detected with thrombelastogram and coagulation time after recalcification, so as to compare the platelet coagulation function in each group. A retrospective analysis was carried out on the transfusion reactions of 150 patients after transfusion with frozen-thawed platelets without DMSO elution, and the platelet counts in peripheral blood were compared before and 1, 24, 48 and 72 h after transfusion, so as to analyze the clinical application of frozen-thawed platelets without DMSO elution. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of the Second People′s Hospital of Dongying. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results ① Thrombelastography coagulation index (CI) of mixed platelet group was 2.5±0.2, which was higher than that of 1.0±0.1 in control group, and that of 0.9±0.2 in thawed original platelet group, and the differences were statistical significant (t=16.69, 23.02; P<0.05). ② The coagulation time after recalcification of mixed platelet group, thawed original platelet group and control group were (6.5±0.5), (9.0±0.75), (11.0±1.08) min, respectively. There was significant different of coagulation time after recalcification among these three groups (F=27.38, P<0.05). Compared with control group, the coagulation time after recalcification of platelet in thawed original platelet group was obviously shortened, and the difference was statistically significant (q=-7.38, P<0.05). Compared with control group and original platelet group, the coagulation time after recalcification of platelet in mixed platelet group was also obviously shortened, and the differences were statistically significant (q=-3.36, -2.29, P<0.05). ③ In this study, 150 patients were transfused with a total of 319 therapeutic dose of frozen-thawed platelet without DMSO elution, and no adverse transfusion reaction were found in them. Compared with pre-transfusion, the platelet count was increased by (7.6±1.1)×109/L of 48 h after transfusion, the increase value was lower than those of (16.3±2.5)×109/L and (13.5±2.5)×109/L at 1 and 24 h after the transfusion, and the differences were statistically significant (t=-24.87, -25.92, P<0.05). Conclusions The coagulation function of the mixture of frozen-thawed platelet without DMSO elution and fresh frozen-thawed plasma (the volume ratio of 1∶3) was significantly increased, its quick hemostasis effect was good. No adverse transfusion reaction was found of clinical transfusion of frozen-thawed platelet without DMSO elution, which could meet the need of acute hemostasis. Key words: Dimethyl sulfoxide; Blood preservation; Blood platelets; Plasma

Quality evaluation of red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate separated and prepared from whole blood stored at 22℃ for 24 hours

Objective To evaluate the quality of red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate separated and prepared from whole blood stored at 22℃ for 24 h. Methods From May 2014 to February 2015, a total of 60 voluntary blood donors who were recruited by Maoming Central Blood Station of Guangdong Province were included into this study, using simple random sampling method. The inclusion criterion for subjects was that the physical examination and related hematology tests results of all blood donors before blood donation met the relevant regulations in the Whole Blood and Blood Component Donor Selection Requirements (GB18467-2011). All the 60 donors were randomly divided into study group (n=30) and control group (n=30). A total of 60 bags of whole blood (400 mL) were collected from the blood donors in the two groups, using quintuple blood collection bags. In the study group, the whole blood was stored and transported at 22 ℃, and prepared into red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate 24 h after blood collection. In the control group, the whole blood was also stored and transported at 22 ℃, and prepared into red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate within 8 h after blood collection. The preparation of red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate in both groups was conducted by the buffy coat method. Red blood cell suspension was stored at 4 ℃ until the end of the storage period (35 d after preparation), and its sterility test was using Bact/ALERT full-automatic microbial detection system. Moreover, red blood cell count, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hb) level, free hemoglobin (FHb) level, hemolytic ratio at the end of the storage period, and K+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations in red blood cell suspension were compared between the study group and control group. Also, platelet concentrate was stored at 22 ℃ until the end of the storage period (5 d after preparation), and its sterilty test was using Bact/ALERT full-automatic microbial detection system. Additionally, platelet content, red cell volume, FHb level, pH value at the end of the storage period, adhesion rate, aggregation rate, and K+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations in platelet concentrate were compared between the study group and control group. Results ① In the study group and the control group, there was no bacterial growth found in red blood cell suspension 35 d after storage, and in platelet concentrate 5 d after storage. ② In the red blood cell suspension of both groups 35 d after storage, all test results of HCT, Hb level and hemolytic ratio at the end of the storage period met the relevant requirements in Quality Requirements for Whole Blood and Blood Components (GB18469-2012). There were no significant differences comparisons of red blood cell count, HCT, level of Hb, level of FHb, hemolytic ratio at the end of the storage period, and K+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the red blood cell suspension of both groups (t=0.55, 0.51, 1.18, 0.48, 0.72, 2.86, 2.07, 2.40; P>0.05). ③ In the platelet concentrate of both groups 5 d after storage, all test results of platelet content, red cell volume and pH value at the end of the storage period met the relevant requirements in Quality Requirements for Whole Blood and Blood Components (GB18469-2012). There were no significant differences comparisons of platelet content, red cell volume, level of FHb, platelet adhesion rate, platelet aggregation rate, K+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations, and pH value in the platelet concentrate of both groups (t=0.17, 0.16, 0.56, 2.43, 0.36, 2.50, 1.85, 1.75, 0.32; P>0.05). Conclusions The quality of the red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate prepared by whole blood stored at 22 ℃ for 24 h met national standards. Therefore, the separation and preparation of red blood cell suspension and platelet concentrate using whole blood stored at 22 ℃ overnight is feasible. Key words: Blood storage; Blood component removal; Red blood cell; Platelet; Quality control

Changes of parathyroid hormone level and its impact on immune function in long-term apheresis platelet donors

Objective To explore the changes of levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its impact on the immune function in the long-term apheresis platelet donors. Methods From 7th October 2015 to 5th December 2015, a total of 30 blood donors who donated apheresis platelet in Yantai Central Blood Station of Shandong province were included in this study as research objects, and put into the study group (n=30). The study group inclusion criteria were ① donated blood were apheresis platelet; ② donate apheresis platelet for 5 years and over 10 times for each year; ③ before blood donation, the results of physical examination and blood tests of each donor were in line with Donor Health Inspection Requirements (GB18467-2011). Exclusion criteria were ①any results of physical examination and blood tests before blood donation were incompatible with Donor Health Inspection Requirements (GB18467-2011); ② donors who did not want to participate in this trial. According to gender and age, a total of 30 donors who donated whole blood for the first time in the same period were included in control group (n=30). The control group inclusion criteria were ① donated blood were whole blood; ② the first blood donation; ③ before blood donation, the results of physical examination and blood tests of each donor were in line with Donor Health Inspection Requirements (GB18467-2011). Exclusion criteria were ①any results of physical examination and blood tests before blood donation were incompatible with Donor Health Inspection Requirements (GB18467-2011); ② donors who did not want to participate in this trial. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detected the level of serum PTH and immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG and IgA of donors in study group before the blood supply, 1, 24 h and 7 d after blood supply, and those of control group before the blood supply. Using flow cytometry (FCM) detected CD3+ T cells absolute counts, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ CD8+ T cells of donors in study group before blood supply, 1, 24 h and 7 d after blood supply, and those of control group before the blood supply. All these indicators mentioned above were analyzed and compared by statistical method. There were no significant differences of subjects' general features between two groups, such as age and gender ratio(P>0.05). Donors recognized the necessity of research on correlation between blood donation and health of donors, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results ① There were no significant differences in the levels of PTH, IgM, IgG and IgA between the study group donors and the controls before blood donation (P>0.05). Similarly compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the absolute counts or the percentage of T cell subsets (CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ CD8+ T cells) and the ratio of CD3+ CD4+ T cells/CD3+ CD8+ T cells at baseline. ②However, the PTH levels at 1 h after donation in the long-term apheresis platelet donors were significantly higher than both those before donation and the controls [(72.47±7.25) ng/L vs (54.70±6.59) ng/L, t=9.937, P 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the levels of IgM, IgG and IgA at 1, 24 h and 7 d after donation of the apheresis platelet donors compared with those of the control group (P>0.05). ③ There were no significant differences in the absolute counts or the percentage of T cell subsets (CD3+ T cells、CD4+ T cells、CD8+ T cells和CD4+ CD8+ T cells) as well as the ratio of CD3+ CD4+ T cells /CD3+ CD8+ T cells, compared with those of control group (P>0.05). Conclusions The levels of PTH in long-term apheresis platelet donors had short-term changes, but had no impact on the immune function, and our current apheresis platelet donation mode dose not affect the health of unpaid blood donors. Key words: Blood platelets; Blood donors; Parathyroid hormone; Immunoglobulins; T-lymphocyte subsets

Application of PDCA cycle management mode in nursing of blood station

Objective To discuss the applied effects of PDCA cycle management mode in increasing the quality of nursing of blood station. Methods Using the method of randomization cluster trial (RCT), a total of 4 961 blood donors who donated blood gratuitously in Rizhao Central Blood Station from September 2013 to August 2014, were selected as the objects in this study. Among all these 4 961 donors, 2 396 donors who donated blood in department store blood service were selected as study group (n=2 396), and 2 565 donors who donated blood in donggang government square blood service were selected as control group (n=2 565). All the donors met the requirement of Blood Donors' Health Examination Standard (GB 18469-2011). Donors in study group were using PDCA cycle management mode, meanwhile donors in control group were received usual nursing service. Personal basic demographic information of donors was collected through registration information file. The donors' satisfaction including service attitude, service technology and overall evaluation were collected through satisfaction questionnaires. The demographic information and satisfaction of donors were compared between two groups. Results A total of 4 961 blood donors' satisfaction questionnaires were distributed and all of them were recovered and effective. The effective recovery rate was 100.0%. There were no statistical differences in age, gender ratio, education level, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and hemoglobin (HB) level between two groups (χ2/t=0.264, 0.102, 0.962, 0.792, 1.443, 1.172, 0.890; P>0.05). Satisfaction rate of service attitude, service technology and overall evaluation in study group were 96.74%, 96.41% and 96.49% respectively, which were significantly higher than 87.52%, 88.23% and 87.99% of control group (χ2=5.838, 4.348, 4.348; P<0.05). Conclusions The application of PDCA cycle management in nursing of blood station could increase the donors' satisfaction, and thus deserves to popularize in other blood stations. Key words: Blood donors; Nursing care; PDCA cycle management

Contrastive analysis of different treponema pallidum detection schemes between medical institutions and blood services in Dongying City, Shandong Province

Objective By contrastive analysis of different treponema pallidum (TP) detection schemes between blood services and medical institutions, to explore the best TP screening and diagnosis schemes, so as to guide the clinical diagnosis and unpaid blood donation and TP screening before marriage. Methods From May 2013 to December 2014, a total of 22 471 cases of patients receiving TP screening in Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying, Shandong Province, as medical institution group (n=22 471) and from January 2013 to December 2014, a total of 26 148 cases of blood donors in Dongying Central Blood Station, as blood service group (n=26 148) were included into this study. In Dongying Central Blood Station, two kinds of TP-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit from different manufacturers and toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) kit were used to detect these donors' TP, respectively. The donors whose TP-ELISA or TRUST detection results were positive were required to be retested by TP particle agglutination (TPPA) test. In Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying, TP-ELISA was used to detect patients who wanted to receive TP screening at first. And the patients whose TP-ELISA detection results were positive were required to be retested by TRUST and TPPA test. The two TP detection schemes were analyzed by statistical methods. In addition, an example in Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying was introduced to explain the disadvantages of only detecting TP nonspecific antibody before marriage in family planning services. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying and Dongying Central Blood Station. All donors were confirmed by the Requirements of Donor Health Examination (GB18467-2011). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. There were no significant differences about age and gender composition between two groups (P>0.05). Results ①Among 22 471 cases of patients in medical institution group, a total of 315 cases were TP-ELISA positive, accounting for 1.40% which was obviously higher than that of blood service group (108/26 148, 0.41%), and the difference was statistically different (χ2=234, P<0.05). While the TRUST and TPPA positive rates of medical institution group were both obviously lower than those of blood service group (0.03% vs 0.23%, 0.04% vs 0.23%), and the differences were statistically different (χ2=35, 64; P<0.05). ② In blood service group, a total of 108 cases were TP-ELISA positive, 61 cases were TRUST positive and 63 cases were TPPA positive, 32 cases were all TP-ELISA, TRUST and TPPA positive, 62 cases were both TP-ELISA and TPPA positive, 33 cases were both TRUST and TPPA positive, one case were TP-ELISA negative but TRUST and TPPA positive. ③ In a family planning service department, only TP nonspecific antibody screening was carried out for premarital TP screening. So one case of pregnant woman's TP nonspecific antibody screening results were negative before marriage while TP specific antibody test results were positive after marriage, and thus leading to breakdown of marriage. Conclusions Different services should adopt different TP detection schemes. The main purpose of medical institutions is diagnosis and treatment, and the blood services aim at ensuring the blood quality, the current detection scheme is the best, that is the combination of TP specific antibody and nonspecific antibody detection scheme is the best. Family planning service departments do not pay so much attention to TP detection, and just take TP nonspecific antibody screening. Key words: Medical institutions; Blood services; Treponema pallidum detection scheme; Residual unpaid blood donation; Premarital screening

Potential risk of blood transfusion‐transmitted brucellosis in an endemic area of China

Brucellosis is a severe zoonotic disease that is increasingly prevalent in north China. A study evaluating Brucella infection in blood donors was conducted at Kashi central blood station, Xinjiang, China. Four serologic and two molecular methods of detection of Brucella infection were used in plasma samples from blood donations collected from Kashi in northwest China, considered a brucellosis-endemic area. Blood donor samples collected in Shenzhen, southern China, a brucellosis-nonendemic area, were tested as a negative control group. In 3896 plasma samples collected from Kashi central blood station, 135 (3.5%) plasma samples were reactive by the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), and 120 (3.1%) of the 135 RBPT-reactive sample were also reactive with the standard tube agglutination test (SAT), respectively. All samples of the control group of 399 blood samples from Shenzhen blood center tested negative with RBPT and SAT. Of 135 seroreactive plasma samples, 39 (1.0%) reacted with B. melitensis membrane protein extracts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and 25 were reactive to either rBP26 or rOMP31 by Western blot. Thirteen plasma samples and two follow-up blood samples were identified as carrying Brucella DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR. Overall 15 (1:300) Kashi blood donations were found positive by nucleic acid testing, confirmed specific by DNA sequencing. The data indicate a probable high rate of Brucella bacteremia, suggesting a potential risk of transfusion-transmitted brucellosis. Blood donation screening for Brucella infection may be considered in the high Brucella-endemic areas of China.

Correlation Analysis Between Serum Ferritin and Some Blood Routine Indexes in Platelet Pheresis Donors

Objective To analyze the correlations between serum ferritin (SF) and some blood routine indexes in plateletpheresis donors, so as to screen blood routine indexes which can indicate SF level.Methods 111 plateletpheresis donors from October 2010 to February 2011 in Foshan central blood station were selected. These donors' SF and blood routine indexes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and blood cell analyzer respectively. SPSS statistics 17. 0 was used to analyze the correlations between SF and red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) and platelet distribution width (PDW). Results SF level of plateletpheresis donors was (66. 81 ±36. 63) μg/L and all the donors' RBC, Hb, WBC and PLT were within the normal range. RDW and PLT were negatively correlated to SF (r= - 0. 347, and -0. 315 respectively; P<0. 05), RDW was positively correlated to PLT (r=0. 265, P<0. 05). Conclusion RDW and PLT can indicate SF level in plateletpheresis donors. Paying extra attention to RDW and PLT can contribute to search for latent iron deficiency donors whose RBC and Hb are within the normal range. Key words: apheresis platelets serum ferritin; correlation

Small blood station database management application experience

Objective To design a simple and applied database software just for small blood station and primarily help the small blood station realize automatic informa-tion management. Methods Use the Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and the Microsoft Access 2000 to design the database software. Results The database software has been created success-fully and has already been used in the central blood station of Linzhi area of Tibet municipality of China. From Ist of October 2007 to now all the blood donors' information has been inputted the database. Data enter speed is faster than before. The most important thing is that the blood donors' information can be save into the computer, so the lab assistants can query or count the information if they need. Using the database software make them form the habit of managing information by computer. Conclusion The database software can primarily help the small blood station realize automatic information management. So all the blood donors' information can be saved printed queried and counted momentarily. The database software make the work is easy. Key words: Database software; Automatic information management