History Of Central Asia Research Articles

STUDYING THE ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE KYRGYZ

This article is devoted to the study of the ethnic history of the Kyrgyz people. The problem of the origin of the Kyrgyz people is one of the most complex and controversial aspects of the ethnic history of Central Asia. Starting from the second half of the XVIII century. among historians, the problem of studying the ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz people becomes the subject of close attention, and from that moment, various hypotheses are born one after another, conjectures and assumptions are made, various aspects of the ethnic history of the Kyrgyz are explored. This unchanging interest that has not faded to this day is due to many reasons, in particular the fact that historical sources testify to the existence of two ethnic communities with the same name "Kyrgyz": in an earlier period - in Southern Siberia, on the Yenisei; later - in the eastern part of Central Asia, in the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay mountains. The unrelenting interest in the ethnic history of the Kyrgyz is also caused by the peculiar role played by the ancestors of modern Kyrgyz in the historical fate of a number of peoples and tribes of antiquity and the Middle Ages.

A Khanjar of Ibrāhīm Ibn Ilyās Ibn Asad Ibn Sāmān dated 246 AH (28th March 860 to 17th March 861 AD)

The blade of this weapon might be a few decades older than its hilt. However, the gilded elements on both probably date from when the blade acquired a new hilt, likely in the year Hijri 246 (28th March 860 to 17th March 861 AD) as mentioned in the blade inscription, when Ibrāhīm Ibn Ilyās was governor of Harāt. The gilding process used on the blade seems to be an exceptionally rare example of what was known in medieval Islamic literary sources as ‘gold water’, which has similarities with that found on objects from the 18th and 19th centuries China, where it was called Wu Tong. The weapon itself is a khanjar or large ‘fighting knife’ of a type characteristic amongst Sughdian peoples of Central Asia and amongst Turkic nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppes. However, the design of the hilt is more distinctive and may have originated in eastern Iran, Islamic Central Asia or Afghanistan during the early medieval Islamic period. Though not necessarily a Sāmānid design, this form of hilt came to be closely associated with regions which would form the core of the Sāmānid state. Weapons comparable to this khanjar are very limited in the archaeological records of all regions except Central Asia and the steppes. Furthermore, nothing strictly comparable is known from the immediately pre-Islamic period within the territory that would become the early medieval Islamic world. The few large fighting knives which do exist differ significantly from this weapon but nevertheless reinforce the thesis that the khanjar’s stylistic origins, including both its blade and hilt, are to be found within the Islamized regions of early medieval Central Asia and Afghanistan rather than the Sassanian Iranian or Romano-Byzantine heartlands of what became the Islamic Caliphate. Meanwhile, the pommel of the khanjar of Ibrāhīm Ibn Ilyās is of what might be called a large button shape which, though larger than most other examples from this period, is probably rooted in the same design concept. Unfortunately, one has to wait for several centuries before finding acutely downturned quillons like those on this particular weapon.

ОПЫТ УСТНЫХ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

The article represents an analytical review of modern oral history researches made in the republics of Central Asia. The author considers the place and the role of oral history as one of new historical research methods for the region; analyses works of scholars from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan who study application of oral history methods in humanitarian research; identifies main directions and findings in oral history research in the countries of the region (the “oral history of women”, oral history through the eyes of contemporaries, history of political repression of the 1930s, etc.). The article also shows that a lot of oral history projects are being developed on the basis of various institutions (Academy of Sciences, universities, museums, non-governmental, non-profit organisations) and notes prospects of such projects. The author emphasizes that historiography of oral history in Central Asia remains relatively undeveloped in terms of both quantity and quality, as oral history just starts to develop as a direction and a research method within historical science of the Central Asia. The scientific novelty of the materials presented in the article involves identification of specific features and functionality of oral history which shape the overall regional history of Central Asia.

소비에트 연방정부 수립에 대한 중앙아시아 엘리트들의 대응과 ‘민족-공화국’ 경계 형성의 역학

This article examines the background of the establishment of Central Asian ‘nation-republics’ in the 1920s-1930s, which is the period of the Soviet Union Building. And it also examines the process of defining the borders that determined the present five Central Asian countries. There were various responses of the Central Asian elites to the advance of the Bolshevik’s central government into Central Asia, ranging from active cooperation to extreme resistance.<BR> Nevertheless, Central Asia was integrated into the Soviet Union and was divided into each ‘nation-republic’. The intention of the central government was fulfilled in the border setting process, but the ambition and division of the local elites also worked as a factor. Looking at these processes, it seems that there is a limit to the identification of the Soviet Union with the general imperialist countries of the West. Unlike the Western imperialist countries that divided and ruled colonies for their own expropriation and economic gain, it can be evaluated that the territory and the human and material resources were divided for the development of the entire vast federal state of the Soviet Union.<BR> However, it is difficult to agree with the premise that the Soviet Union promotes the establishment of a nation-state by first creating a nation for the nation without a nation, and then creating the Soviet Union as a post-nationalist state. In the case of the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates, not only were they culturally outstanding, but they were also in the form of states, so it is difficult to see that they were only engaged in conflicts at the ethnic level, as identified by the Soviet central government. Nevertheless, the establishment of a nation-republics and the setting of the borders also promoted the centralization of the Soviet Union.<BR> The process of demarcation from above has had a profound impact on the history of Central Asia. The border making formed new identities and created new conflicts. And it created enclaves and territorial disputes that continue to this day.

On writing Soviet History of Central Asia: frameworks, challenges, prospects

ABSTRACT The article reviews major frameworks for re-evaluating Soviet Central Asian history in anglophone scholarship after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It tackles recent popular concepts such as ‘modernity’, ‘development’ and ‘modernization’ for analysing the Soviet past in the region. It questions the analytical value of the terms as well as their ability to capture the complexity of social, political and economic changes that Central Asia underwent in the course of seven decades between the October Revolution and the dissolution of the USSR. The article furthermore provides an overview of novel themes and approaches in the field and suggests themes for further research.

THE LIFE IN CITIES OF KHANATE OF KHIVA

The socio-economic life of Khiva Khanate in the Middle Ages, its place in the history of Central Asia and the statehood of Uzbekistan is the subject of research, the information about the life of cities, the Centers of handicraft plays an important role in the history of Khiva Khanate and in-depth study of the works on the history of Khiva Khanate. Historicity, science and systematization techniques were effectively used in clarifying the research problem. In the research work, conclusions were made that show the specific characteristics of Khiva Khanate, which existed in Lighting Science Based on the context of urban life, social and economic development in Khiva Khanate.

İntroduction and Critique of "Four Studies on the History of Central Asia"

Barthold, Türk tarihinin incelenmesi açısından önemli bir yazardır. Kitapları sadece kendi ülkesinde değil dünyada değer görmüş ender şahsiyetlerden biridir. Dünya genelinde diğer yazarlar onun söylediklerini dikkate alarak yapıtlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Barthold’un birçok tarihçinin yazımına etkisi olduğu gözden kaçmamalıdır. Onun amacı yaptığı çalışmalarla gelecek kuşaklar için bir başlangıç noktası yaratmaktır. Barthold’un değerli bir yazar olması yanında onun yazdıklarını değiştirilmez kurallar kabul etmekte yanlıştır. Bulunduğu coğrafya ve yaşadığı kültürün içinde bulunduğu yapı yok sayılmamalıdır. &#x0D; Barthold gibi bir kişinin eserinin çeviri yoluyla dilimize kazandırılması değerlidir. Fakat kitabın anlaşılır olması için çevirinin niteliği de önemlidir. İlhan Aslan tarafından dilimize kazandırılan bu eserin Minorsky çevi-risi ele alınarak Türkçeye tercüme edildiği bilinmelidir. Bu kitap içerisinde çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı sadece “Türkistan’ın Kısa Bir Tarihi ve “Yedisu Tarihi” bulunmaktadır. Bulunan iki bölümün farklı zamanlarda yazıl-dığı bilinmektedir. Kitap içerisinde başlıklar yardımı ile konuların takibi okuyucuya kolaylık sağlamaktadır.

"WEST-EAST-WEST" - LINE OF CONTINUITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

In the article the author tries to show the place and role in the development of world science of the outstanding scientist of medieval Central Asia Abu Raikhan Beruni. The study of the scientific heritage of Beruni shows that in his person we have a natural scientist and a great philosopher of his time. There is reason to conclude that Beruni provided one of the moments of the continuity of the development of science in the form of a triad.

THE IMPACT OF ISLAM ON SOCIOPOLITICAL AND SPIRITUAL LIFE IN CENTRAL ASIA

In this article, the facts about Central Asia being one of the civilizations with independent discourse are enlightened. During centuries-long growth, it points out this civilization’s progress of inherently unique laws and domains, despite anthropological, social, political, linguistic, religious, and other changes. Furthermore, in Uzbekistan’s central parts, in Bukhara and Samarkand, cultural values were the foundation of Islamic civilization. Next, this work provides notes about the rich religious and educational experiences that were harmonized with those values being formulated by hundreds of generations. Moreover, it illustrates the stages showing how the connection between regional Islamic sciences and the national culture was solidified after the advent of Islam’s spread in Central Asia from the 7th century. The article provides information from available primary and secondary sources to support the points. Additionally, this paper provides data about the mutual effect and the learning stages of Central Asia and Islamic culture and some aspects of the time when central Asia’s regional form was developed and stabilized. After the determination of madhabs in Islamic history (the end of the 8th, the start of the 9th century), Hanafi madhab became dominant as the number one power in the spiritual life of Central Asia. That’s why the paper illustrates that part also as it had direct active participation and primary ideology throughout the processes. The reader finds out that Hanafi madhab had a vital role in understanding Islam’s history in Central Asia, the importance of its regional culture, and the harmonizing features of national values. The paper discusses that in Hanafi madhab’s regional success, the Bukhara and Samarkand played a dynamic role as a historical and cultural center. Moreover, the contribution of various scientists of Mavarannahr in the development of Islamic Sciences was priceless.

Вклад Ю. Н. Рериха в изучение истории тохар

This article deals with Yuri Roerich’s articles “Tocharian Problem”, “The Memory of Tocharians in Tibet” and his “The History of Central Asia”. Roerich concluded that Tocharians of the Ancient Greek authors were identical to the Yuezhi of the Chinese texts. Moreover, he considered the Kushans to be identical to the Yuezhi-Tocharians. He held the initiative to create the International Commission for the integrated study of the Kushan Empire’s history.

The Works Of Western Tourists As A Source In The Coverage Of The History Of Central Asia (Late 19th Century Early 20 Th Century)

This article explores works by Western travelers that contain a wealth of valuable information about the history of Central Asia.

The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia, written by Robert Haug

The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia, written by Robert Haug

Lead-glazing technology from Medieval Central Asia: A case study from Aktobe, Kazakhstan

A representative group of lead-glazed ceramics excavated from the Medieval city of Aktobe, in what is today southern Kazakhstan, was analyzed to reconstruct the production technology. Fifteen sherds, which date from the 9th–12th c. CE, were previously identified by neutron activation analysis as locally produced (Klesner et al., 2019). The ceramics, which represent four common Early Islamic wares (monochrome, underglaze painted, underglaze slip-painted, and opaque) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis to establish the variability of local artisans’ use of raw materials, glazing methods, and decorative techniques. Early Islamic ceramics are the first glazed wares produced in southern Kazakhstan, and through their technological reconstruction, we determined how this new ceramic technology was produced. We show evidence that the ceramics were introduced by skilled craftspeople who knew the production technology that was being used in Islamic centers in southwest and Central Asia. The ceramic technology differs, however, in the use of antimony as an opacifier in opaque glazes containing high-lead oxide. This research adds to the growing body of knowledge about glazing technologies in Central Asia and helps to define the technological and cultural ties present in the Early Islamic Period.

Robert Haug. The Eastern Frontier. Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia

Robert Haug. The Eastern Frontier. Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia

Contribution of Pyotr Lerch to the Study of the History of Central Asia (Based on Materials from the Archives and Libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

The article is devoted the works and activities of Pyotr Ivanovich Lerch (1828—1884), one of the modest but truly devoted to the real scholarship representatives of Russian academic Oriental studies tradition, whose scholarly contributions are closely connected the Central Asian studies. His name is associated with interesting collections of manuscripts and documents, study and replenishment of numismatic collections, archaeological surveys, philological research and important scholarly events.

Types and uses of mathematical expressions

The article describes the role of mathematics in the world, its history and development. There is also talk of mathematical expressions, of several types. And in general, they enriched the science of mathematics with new creative discoveries. But math there are such misconceptions in the history of Central Asia in the IX-XV centuries has no math news. The definition of this value depends on the semantics assigned to the expression symbols. These semantic rules may declare that some expressions do not define any value (for example, when they include division by 0).

Меняющиеся модели миграции в Кыргызской республике

International and internal labor migration is the main source of livelihoods for many citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to rough estimates, one third of the working-age population of the Kyrgyz Republic works abroad, in the host countries- the Russian Federation, Republic Kazakhstan, Turkey, USA, Italy, Korea, Germany, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. However, modern phenomena of labor migration are not exceptional, since the history of Central Asia has always been characterized by the movement of migrants, including internal and external, voluntary and forced, legal and illegal, permanent and temporary, ethnically or economically motivated migration. This article provides an overview of historical and contemporary migration processes with a particular focus on rural areas of the Kyrgyz Republic. It examines the opportunities and challenges faced by labor migrants and their non-migrant family members today. Results based on extensive fieldwork in the Kyrgyz Republic.

History in the Inks of West: Tamburlaine by Christopher Marlowe as Self-Fashioning of History

First performed in 1587, Tamburlaine by Christopher Marlowe can be considered the first English play to have brought Turk and Mongol characters on stage for the audience dealing with the Mongol-Turkish war fought between Taimur, the Mongol sovereign and Bayazid I, the Ottoman emperor. It goes on to show the heights of savagery and brutality along with the ambitious nature of Taimur in the play which perhaps had little historical relevance. The play for this reason was considered to be Orientalist in nature, as majorly the stereotypical vision of the East tainted the character of the Mongol emperor. Marlowe goes on to bend the characters to appear as an image of the West moreover, attributing and endowing him grandly to surface as an avenger of the defeats that the West faced at the hands of the Turks. In the process, the Mongol emperor Timur, cast by Marlowe as the central figure of the play was turned into a Renaissance Man of the English fancy, losing its Eastern lustre as a figure from Central Asian history and heritage. Tamburlaine autonomously represented the history that was loose and had little to no authenticity in it, while intending to create a dramatic masterpiece astounding the audience. Thus, this paper reads it through a New Historicist perspective highlighting the self-fashioning of the characters like Taimur, Bayazid I, along with history in totality by the hands of Marlowe. It shall read the play alongside the historical background and display how the Elizabethan playwright deviated from history to present a barbaric character, very much tainting facts while mingling it with fiction. Further, it shall stress the self-fashioning of the east during the Renaissance by the triumphant Tamburlaine over the meditative and philosophical Timur.

Silsilat as-salatin as a historical source

Manuscripts play a significant role to disclose unknown pages of history. Hajji Mir Muhammad Salim's work “Silsilat as-salatin” is one of those providing huge and valuable information on some aspects of Central Asian history in the XVI - early XVIII centuries. Mainly, the work provides historical data on the types of land ownership, properties, measuring the length and distances, routes of communication and trade. Besides, the work contains information about waqf property and the chain of main religious personnel.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPOSITION "TAVARIKH-I GUZIDA - NUSRAT-NAME "AND ITS SHORT VERSION

This article makes an attempt to reveal the scientific value ofthe historical work "Tavarih-i Guzida - Nusrat-name". Late 15th - early 16thcentury in the history of Central Asia is characterized by the collapse of the hugeempire of Timur (1336-1405). Created by force of arms, it was a fragileconglomerate of peoples and tribes, which became especially evident after thedeath of Timur. This great story is written in "Nusrat-name". We are philologistsstudying the text of this work.