Central City Areas Research Articles

Potential recreation service efficiency of urban remnant mountain wilderness: A case study of Yunyan District of Guiyang city, China

As the precious resource of Karst mountainous city, urban remnant mountain wilderness (URMWs) can provide various of ecosystem services to the city. Taking the built-up area of the central urban area of Guiyang city center as the study area and the URMWs as the research object, an evaluation system of potential recreation service efficiency (PRSE) of URMWs was constructed through fuzzy Delphi method (F-Delphi), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM), and PRSE of 69 URMWs in study area was evaluated and mapped. The recreation service characteristics of URMWs were analyzed from the perspective of supply and demand. Finally, the correlation of PRSE and the landscape features of URMWs was analyzed. Results showed that: (1) URMWs were mostly distributed in low and medium kernel density zones, and they had significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. (2) PRSE of URMWs was jointly affected by recreation potential, recreation opportunity and recreation demand. Among the 18 evaluation factors of PRSE evaluation system, the perfection of recreation service facilities, viewshed and green vision perception were the most important factors. In addition, PRSE of URMWs was significantly improved after park utilization. (3) PRSE of URMWs in the study area had significant spatial differences in suburban areas, which was higher in suburban areas than in urban centers and boundaries. The spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of recreation services was important reason for the low PRSE of URMWs. (4) PRSE of URMWs was significantly correlated with its three-dimensional features. The evaluation system constructed in this study could quantify PRSE of each URMW, reflect its spatial pattern, and provide a reference for the protection, development and utilization of URMWs in mountainous cities of Karst area.

Point cloud registration and change detection in urban environment using an onboard Lidar sensor and MLS reference data

This paper presents a new method for urban scene analysis, which comprises 3D point cloud registration and change detection through fusing Lidar point clouds with significantly different density characteristics. The introduced method is able to extract dynamic scene segments (traffic participants or urban renewal regions) and seasonal changes (vegetation regions) from instant 3D (i3D) measurements captured by a Rotating Multi-beam (RMB) Lidar sensor mounted onto the top of a moving vehicle. As reference data, we rely on a dense point cloud-based environment model provided by Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) systems. The proposed approach is composed of new solutions for two main subtasks. First, a novel multimodal point cloud registration algorithm is introduced, which can improve the alignment of the sparse i3D measurements to the dense MLS data, where conventional point level registration or keypoint/segment matching strategies fail. Second, an efficient Markov Random Field-based change extraction step is implemented between the registered point clouds, which exploits that due to geometric considerations of mapping with the given sensor configuration, the essence of the problem can be solved quickly in the 2D range image domain without information loss. Experimental evaluation is conducted on a new Benchmark set that contains three different heavy traffic road sections in city center areas covering in total nearly 1 km long pathway sections. Test data consists of relevant industrial measurements provided by a state-of-the-art RMB scanner (with a point density of around 50-500 points/m2) and an up-to-date MLS system (more than 5000 points/m2). The clear advantages of the new method are quantitatively demonstrated against various reference techniques. In comparison to six different point cloud registration methods, the median value of point level distances is decreased by 1–2 orders of magnitude by the proposed approach. Regarding change detection, the new method outperforms the reference models either in F1-scores (by around 10–25%) or in computational complexity (10–1000 times faster).

Assessing the effects of different urban landscapes and built environment patterns on thermal comfort and air pollution in Erzurum city, Turkey

Urban environmental issues have a negative impact on urban quality of life in cities. Erzurum city is a very special place in the world because it has a very high altitude, harsh, long winter period, and high air pollution that affects the human thermal comfort sensation and the quality of life negatively. The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of different landscapes and built environmental patterns on thermal comfort and air pollution. The urban microclimate factors were recorded by field measurement weather stations and the air pollution data was collected from Turkish government monitoring stations. The thermal comfort was evaluated by the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET°C) index. The results show that there is an extreme variation in the city's climate during the year. In August, the maximum temperature is 33.0 °C and the maximum average temperature is 23.0 °C, while in December the lowest temperature is −35.0 °C and the maximum average temperature is −11.4 °C. At the Ata Botanical Garden (wooded area) and in rural open areas, the temperature is 13.0 °C lower in the summer and 10.0 °C–15.0 °C lower in the winter than in urban areas. The highest average values (PET°C) were found in the city center (11.2 °C) and wooded areas (10.0 °C), while the lowest average values of PET were found in the open rural area (4.7 °C) in both seasons. Seasonal wetland (7.1 °C) and industrial (9.6 °C) areas experienced moderate thermal comfort. The Taşhan area, located near the city center and surrounded by an industrial zone, is the most polluted in the city. The statistical analysis shows that there is a significant correlation between the Ozone (O3) and the PET °C values, with R2 = 0.47 in this area. The wooded areas were found to be advantageous in raising thermal comfort and lowering air pollution.

Response of macroinvertebrate community to water quality factors and aquatic ecosystem health assessment in a typical river in Beijing, China

Healthy aquatic ecosystems can offer basic ecological services for the sustainable development of humans and society. Water quality greatly influences the macroinvertebrate community in aquatic ecosystems and can alter the aquatic ecosystem's health status. However, the quantitative relationship between macroinvertebrate community and water quality factors in rivers remains unclear, particularly in urban rivers, which are strongly affected by human activities. Therefore, a new framework for the quantitative analysis between macroinvertebrate community and key water quality driving factors was developed in the study, meanwhile, the aquatic ecosystem health conditions were evaluated and validated by different methods. The framework was applied to a typical urban river, the North Canal River, which is regarded as the “mother river” of Beijing. Combined with the redundancy analysis (RDA) and the threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN), the water quality driving factors and their indicator species were identified and the corresponding response threshold was determined. Based on the benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI), the multi-metric rapid bioassessment method, and the biological monitoring working party (BMWP) score, the aquatic ecosystem health condition in the basin was comprehensively evaluated. The results show that fluoride, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen and total phosphorus were the key water quality driving factors influencing the community structure of macroinvertebrates. Four indicator species of ammonia-nitrogen were identified by the TITAN method with a threshold range of 1.09–6.94 mg L−1, and three indicator species of total phosphorus were identified with a threshold range of 0.48–1.27 mg L−1. According to the results of the aquatic ecosystem health assessment, the river ecosystem was generally unhealthy and the upstream was better than downstream; the health condition in the mountainous areas of Changping district was the best, while that in Chaoyang district and the central city area was the worst. The framework could provide a strong basis for ecological restoration and pollution control of the urban rivers and become an important tool for the rehabilitation of aquatic ecosystems.

Magnet mobility myths: exploring geographical mobility amongst people experiencing, or at-risk of, homelessness in Australia

It is often assumed that people experiencing homelessness gravitate to large cities and central city areas because of the concentration of homelessness services — a so-called magnet or honeypot effect. Yet little is actually known about how people experiencing homelessness move across space over time. This article explores this geography by comparing the mobility of those experiencing homelessness, those ‘at-risk’, and those renting privately in Australia, between waves in two Australian panel surveys: Journeys Home and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). Results suggest that while people experiencing homelessness are more likely to move than the other two groups, they more similarly short distances and appear more likely to move for reasons such as relationship breakdown, eviction and to escape violence. While some evidence of movement to areas with particular characteristics (sorting) was detected amongst those at-risk and those renting privately, this was not the case for those experiencing homelessness. Results do not support the contention that people experiencing homelessness gravitate to central urban areas well-resourced with homelessness services over time. The findings challenge assumptions about magnet effects and homelessness and have important implications for the provision and delivery of homelessness services in Australia and beyond.

Research on the Spatial Agglomeration Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Express Delivery Station Based on DNN.

In this paper, the POI data of 736 Cainiao stations in Nanjing is taken as the research sample. With the help of ArcGIS software, the standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation, average nearest neighbor, cold and hot spot analysis, nuclear density estimation, and other spatial analysis models are used to quantitatively characterize its business mode, spatial distribution characteristics, and equilibrium. Based on DNN, the spatial agglomeration characteristics and distribution directions of the Cainiao station in Nanjing were sorted out, the cold spots and hot spots of the spatial layout were identified, and the spatial differentiation rules and agglomeration patterns were revealed. Finally, the geographically weighted regression analysis model is used to analyze the influencing factors of the spatial agglomeration of the Cainiao station in Nanjing. The research found that Firstly, the proportion of Nanjing Cainiao station operating mode adopting the exclusive mode is 59.1%, the proportion adopting the concurrent operation mode is 33.7%, and the rest adopting the joint operation mode of cooperation with other logistics enterprises. Secondly, Nanjing Cainiao Station gathers in the central city area, forming a “central hot spot.” The urban fringe area does not form a “peripheral cold spot area,” and the whole presents a “1 + 4” five-core agglomeration model across the river. Thirdly, Regional GDP, population density, and the number of convenience stores/supermarkets are the main factors affecting the spatial agglomeration of the Cainiao station in Nanjing.

Evaluasi Tingkat Status Gizi Pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kamonji Kota Palu

Fulfillment of nutrition in children under five years of age is a factor that needs to be considered in maintaining health because toddlerhood is a period of development that is vulnerable to nutrition. Malnutrition is a lack of nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins needed by the body. The case of death that occurs in children under five is one of the consequences of poor nutrition. Service activities have been carried out from October 2 to 28, 2021 for parents of toddlers in the Kamonji Health Center area of ​​Palu City. In the implementation of service activities, parents have a very high curiosity about balanced nutritional needs and understand how to modify food, modify family recipes to increase toddlers' appetite, and practice healthy food processing methods for toddlers. Providing information through education and training aims to increase knowledge, then it will raise awareness and in the end someone will practice it according to the knowledge he has.

Valuing the public benefits of green roofs

Green roofs are being incorporated into stormwater management programs around the world. While numerous studies have estimated the private benefits to the owners and residents of buildings with green roofs, the value of the multiple public benefits received by non-building residents are less well known. We use a choice experiment survey to estimate the public benefits for a proposed green roof program in Portland, Oregon, USA. These benefits include reduced combined sewer overflows, reduced urban heat island effects, and an increase in pollinators such as birds, bees and butterflies. Past investments in stormwater infrastructure have exposed some residents to poor water quality and urban flooding, so we also explore if respondents’ willingness to pay varies based on where new green roofs are located. Across models, the largest estimated benefit in our study area is from a reduction in combined sewer overflows. Model results also show that respondents prefer to not fully concentrate new green roofs in Portland’s Central City area, which is where most green roofs are currently located. Total willingness to pay estimates for the 1-year program range from around $202 to $442 per household, or $54.4 to $116.8 million for the city of Portland, Oregon, depending on program characteristics.

Importance–performance analysis and improvement of an urban park’s cultural ecosystem services based on users’ perspectives: A Beijing case study

ABSTRACT To construct urban parks in high-density urban areas is an important strategy for dealing with urban problems caused by rapid urbanization and global climate change, and even small-scale parks can provide cultural ecosystem services (CES). However, the differences in the users’ perspectives of the supply and demand of CES in small-scale urban parks have been underexplored. Therefore, this study takes a newly-built park in a complex urban block in Beijing as a case. It studies different users’ perspectives of the urban park’s CES using importance–performance analysis. The results show that: (1) Users’ perspectives of the importance and performance of the park’s CES significantly differed, and “Recreation” was the sub-item that had the largest gap between supply and demand. (2) Users’ spatial and temporal profiles were the main factors that affected their CES perspective. (3) Users most agreed with improving the two CES sub-items of “Rest” and “Recreation” through design optimization. This study suggests that policymakers and planners can formulate targeted promotion strategies based on an understanding of the mismatch between the supply and demand of CES in urban parks. It can also provide guidelines for the construction and optimization of parks in central areas of high-density cities.

Monitoring COVID-19 spread in Prague local neighborhoods based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater collected throughout the sewer network

Many reports have documented that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the influents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) correlates with the actual epidemic situation in a given city. However, few data have been reported thus far on measurements upstream of WWTPs, i.e. throughout the sewer network. In this study, the monitoring of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Prague wastewater was carried out at selected locations of the Prague sewer network from August 2020 through May 2021. Various locations such as residential areas of various sizes, hospitals, city center areas, student dormitories, transportation hubs (airport, bus terminal), and commercial areas were monitored together with four of the main Prague sewers. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was determined by reverse transcription – multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-mqPCR) after the precipitation of nucleic acids with PEG 8,000 and RNA isolation with TRIzol™ Reagent. The number of copies of the gene encoding SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N1) per liter of wastewater was compared with the number of officially registered COVID-19 cases in Prague. Although the data obtained by sampling wastewater from the major Prague sewers were more consistent than those obtained from the small sewers, the correlation between wastewater-based and clinical-testing data was also good for the residential areas with more than 7,000 registered inhabitants. It was shown that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater sampled from small sewers could identify isolated occurrences of COVID-19-positive cases in local neighborhoods. This can be very valuable while tracking COVID-19 hotspots within large cities.

Elderly patients with comorbid hypertension who prefer primary care have a lower rate of polypharmacy: A cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China.

In 2017, the World Health Organization highlighted polypharmacy as one of the key focus areas of the Global Patient Safety Challenge on Medication Safety. According to the experience of developed countries, the provision of primary pharmaceutical care plays a very important role in the intervention of polypharmacy in the elderly. It is necessary to assess the associations between elderly polypharmacy status and primary care in developing countries. The findings of this paper provide the prevalence of polypharmacy in patients with comorbid hypertension, and the factors associated with it. A total of 19,332 elderly patients with hypertension were completed, among which the mean (SD) number of diseases was 4.83 (1.99), the mean (SD) daily maximum number of drugs was 5.13 (2.89), and the rate of polypharmacy was 50.5%. Age, living areas, total number of visits, preference for medical institutions and the number of diseases were associated with polypharmacy. Among them, advanced age, greater number of visits and diseases are the risk factors of polypharmacy for elderly patients with comorbid hypertension. The rate of polypharmacy in patients who intend to seek treatment in community healthcare centers is low. A total of 9,603 pharmaceutical workers worked in Shanghai public hospitals in 2020, among them 52.0% worked in the central city area, and more than 70% worked in secondary and tertiary hospitals. There was a large mismatch between patients' medical preference and the number of pharmaceutical personnel. As a consequence, it is necessary to strengthen the development of community pharmaceutical care in primary medical institutions for elderly polypharmacy management.

Spatiotemporal analysis of urban road congestion during and post COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, China

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most serious global health crises in decades and tremendously influence the human mobility. Many residents changed their travel behavior during and after the pandemic, especially for a certain percentage of public transport users who chose to drive their owned vehicles. Thus, urban roadway congestion has been getting worse, and the spatiotemporal congestion patterns has changed significantly. Understanding spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban roadway congestion during and post the pandemic is essential for mobility management. In this study, an analytical framework was proposed to investigate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban roadway congestion in Shanghai, China. First, the matrix of average speed in each traffic analysis zones (TAZs) was calculated to extract spatiotemporal heterogeneity variation features. Second, the heterogenous component of each TAZ was extracted from the overall traffic characteristics using robust principal component analysis (RPCA). Third, clustering analysis was employed to explain the spatiotemporal distribution of heterogeneous traffic characteristics. Finally, fluctuation features of these characteristics were analyzed by iterated cumulative sums of squares (ICSS). The case study results suggested that the urban road traffic state evolution was complicated and varied significantly in different zones and periods during the long-term pandemic. Compared with suburban areas, traffic conditions in city central areas are more susceptible to the pandemic and other events. In some areas, the heterogeneous component shows opposite characteristics on working days and holidays with others. The key time nodes of state change for different areas have commonness and individuality. The proposed analytical framework and empirical results contribute to the policy decision-making of urban road transportation system during and post the COVID-19 pandemic.

Identification of ecosystem services supply and demand and driving factors in Taihu Lake Basin.

A comprehensive understanding of the multiple factors affecting ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand balance is essential for effective ecosystem management and policy making. However, the importance of individual factors for ES balance is still unclear. Using Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) models and Structural Equation Modeling, I mapped the supply-demand balance of four types of ESs (carbon sequestration, water yield, soil conservation, and recreation) in Taihu Lake Basin, China, and quantified the causal relationships between multiple factors and ES balance. The results revealed spatial heterogeneity and imbalance in ES supply and demand in the basin, with the greatest imbalances in built-up city center areas. ES balance was influenced by multiple factors, but particularly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, precipitation, and human disturbance. For appropriate watershed management in the future, it is recommended that numbers of small-scale community parks in city centers be increased and that green space be expanded in the suburbs, implementing multi-objective ES management systems and step-by-step implementation plans, and optimizing the configuration of natural ecosystems by creating buffer strips for built-up areas. By carefully managing ES supply-demand balance and associated influencing factors, ecosystem status and human well-being in Taihu Lake Basin, and in other similar basins, can be substantially improved.

NOISE POLLUTION OF THE MAIN STREETS THE CENTRAL PART OF THE CITY OF LVIV

Introduction. The modern process of urbanization is accompanied by a steady trend towards increasing the level of motorization. And both public and private. The concentration of a large number of vehicles in a relatively limited area of the city leads to the dominant impact of transport on the noise state of the territory. The flows of road transport in modern cities are the main source of generated external noise and create an environmental problem of noise pollution with different levels of load on urban areas. Solving the problem of noise pollution created by road traffic is one of the complex tasks of sustainable development of modern cities. The problem of noise pollution is especially relevant for narrow main streets with old buildings in the central areas of modern cities. In the lack of regular monitoring of noise pollution in urban ecosystems, many threats to the health of urban residents. Therefore, a systematic study of noise levels in such areas allows deepening knowledge about the modern environment of human life and its dangerous factors.Purpose. The study was to establish the levels of noise pollution on the main streets of the central part of Lviv from traffic flows to assess the environmental conditions of urban areas.Methods. Measurements of noise levels were carried out directly on the sidewalks of main streets with medium traffic intensity in daylight with the accounting of vehicle categories and the use of digital noise meter brand Benetech GM 1356.Results. At the time of the research in the research areas, there were more than 2 thousand cars per hour. The share of cars in the traffic flow of main streets is predominant (over 80%). According to the results of measurements of noise levels in the studied areas of the streets exceeded the permissible standards (Lec. Add., DBA), established for areas directly adjacent to residential buildings, health care facilities, children's preschools, schools and other educational insti-tutions, libraries, temples, museums and shopping malls. Exceeding the acceptable norms of noise pollution on ave. V. Chornovola street is from 15 to 19 dBA, on the street. Gorodotskaya - from 23 to 28 dBA.Conclusions. Noise levels in the study areas exceed the permissible pollution levels by 27% or more. A high positive correlation was established between the noise level and the intensity of vehicles in the flow. The results of high noise levels in public areas are a cause for concern. To solve the problem of noise pollution, the most effective measure is to limit the entry of cars into the central part of the city.

Multicultural needs and the perception of central public spaces in major Lithuanian cities

The paper presents an analysis of the needs and perception of different ethnic groups with regard to public spaces in the central areas of major Lithuanian cities, and an evaluation of the possibilities for implementing solutions to them, in order to highlight the needs within the spatial structures. Three research methods were chosen to determine the importance of the needs of different cultures when creating public spaces. The first is a sociological survey of the opinion of different ethnic groups based on three main models of environmental psychology: the natural, physical and the social and behavioural environments. The second is a stimulatory-comparative sociological survey of the opinion of different ethnic groups, and the third is the expert assessment of the level of attractiveness of existing public spaces in major Lithuanian cities based on Nikos Salingaros? parameters according to a classification of visual information into morphological/structural and harmony-related evaluation parameters, which were evaluated by respondents and by observations in situ. The main findings of the research showed the importance of the needs of different cultures in public space, and the principle of harmony between human beings and the environment was highlighted in the main morphological and harmony-related features of public spaces, such as spaciousness, small architectural elements, dominant objects/buildings and the abundance of trees/greenery.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПРОСТОРОВІ ВІДМІННОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ У ВЕЛИКОМУ МІСТІ

The concept of inclusiveness in urban development is not new. The contemporary interpretation of the term is associated with equal access of all social groups regardless of age, gender, health, wealth, etc., to full life activity as equal members of society. The inclusiveness of development itself is an indicator of measuring the city residents’ quality of life in the context of convenience, comfort, availability of services and space for citizens. It demonstrates the level of integration of all residents into the community. The article presents the results of the study of socio-spatial differences in the development of the inclusive infrastructure of a large city. The research is based on the data from observations and structured interviews conducted in January-March 2022 in the cities of Poltava and Kropyvnytskyi. The criteria for the selection of research sites were locations in the urban space in zones with different functions. A study of characteristic and typical (representative) parts was carried out according to the list of objects in each of the research areas in Poltava and Kropyvnytskyi. The mapping was used to visualise the functional content of the active floors of buildings and display the categories of their facades within the selected streets as urban public spaces. It was determined that Poltava is characterised by socio-spatial differences in the development of the inclusive infrastructure of pedestrian streets between the city centre, and industrial and new-build residential areas. An analysis of the functional content of the active floors of buildings was carried out and the categories of their facades on the pedestrian streets of Kropyvnytskyi were determined. Based on the results of the interviews with the residents of Poltava, the problems and priorities of the inclusive development of the large city were identified. The use of the obtained results for the elaboration of development strategies of the cities of Poltava and Kropyvnytskyi will allow taking into account the features of inclusive development and may contribute to considering the interests and needs of all categories of urban residents to eliminate spatial disparities in the social and economic development of cities.

Measuring Air Quality Over Denpasar City Indonesia in 2021

The imbalance number of rapid vehicles with transportation facilities has become the problem. In Denpasar, Indonesia, the congestion during peak hours happens so often. Based on the department of transportation in Denpasar, Indonesia, the number of vehicle ownership in Bali is 4.1 million in condition with a ratio of one resident to one vehicle with the current population of Bali Province approximately 4.2 million. Our study aim to measure the air chemical parameters of CO, O3, SO2, NO2 and the physical parameters of the noise level. The research population is the atmosphere environment in the Denpasar City area. The research sample points were taken in the city center and the outskirts of Denpasar, with a total of 27 sample points. We employed impinge to get the airborne chemical gases and it is all analyzed with a spectrophotometer. We used a sound level meter to measure the ambient noise level. The data analysis was performed with free sample t test. The average ambient air chemistry obtained CO 517.34 µgr/Nm3, O3 0.17 µgr/Nm3, SO2 61.46 µgr/Nm3 and NO2 2.51 µgr/Nm3 and an average noise level 67.66 dBA. The number has found below the requirements Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Damage Standard Criteria by Bali Governor. There is a difference in the mean parameters of CO, SO2, NO2 and ambient noise level in the downtown area. The average CO is 757.15 µgr/Nm3, SO2 67.60 µgr/Nm3, NO2 3.77 µgr/Nm3 and the noise level is 68.53 dBA with Denpasar outskirts mean CO 217.57 µgr/Nm3, SO2 53.79 µgr/Nm3, NO2 0.95 µgr/Nm3 and noise level 66.57 dBA. There is no difference in the average ambient O3 in the city center area with an average of 0.22 µgr/Nm3 with the outskirts of Denpasar an average of 0.11 µgr/Nm3.

Urban form in Canada at a small-area level: Quantifying “compactness” and “sprawl” with bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis

Quantifying urban forms to explore urban compactness or sprawl has become increasingly popular in multiple fields in the past decades. However, previous studies predominantly analyze the multidimensional phenomenon at large-area levels such as metropolitan areas, concealing variations that probably occur at small-area levels. Canadian studies measuring urban forms are usually conducted at the regional level with inconsistent indicators and approaches, hindering meaningful comparisons of compactness or sprawling between different regions. This study bridges a previous gap by applying Bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis to construct a new composite urban compactness index for all Census Tracts (CT) in Canada. Nine urban form indictors representing four dimensions, density, centering, land use, and street connectivity are used in developing the index. Posterior probability is used to detect CTs that are most compact or sprawling. Results indicate that gross population and employment densities best characterize urban compactness at the CT level while land-use mix is the least central indictor to define the multi-faceted concept. Notable differences of urban compactness are detected across Canada and among different Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA). The most compact CTs usually locate in downtown or city center areas of a CMA. Larger and more populous CMAs, which also capture a larger extent of periphery areas, are not necessarily more compact and vice versa, suggesting the need to measure local variations of urban compactness. The constructed composite index allows direct urban compactness comparisons across different Canadian regions. Findings from this study can be used to guide smart and sustainable urban development in Canada.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF CREATING LANDSCAPE AREAS FOR TEMPORARY REST

Optimization of the environment by means of landscaping is one of the most important scientific, social and economic tasks of today. Historical and contemporary public spaces are currently undergoing rapid change and this raises concerns about negative consequences.
 The basis for writing the article were the conclusions and main provisions of scientific works of recent years. Attention paid to landscape issues at different urban planning hierarchical levels. The object is determined according to the typology of landscape and recreational objects of T. Panchenko. We present materials to clarify the requirements for the formation of parks and places of temporary recreation in the historical districts of the city in a useful article for research, authors K. Zhikhareva and Professor O. Sleptsov. The purpose of the article. Based on the analysis of landscape and recreational spaces of European cities to formulate the characteristics of temporary recreation areas in the central areas of cities. New recreational public spaces in the central areas of European cities of Poland, Austria, Latvia and Czech Republic – the result of architectural and landscape competitions. The main characteristics of the architectural and planning organization depend on the compositional features of the historical environment. Article present author's photographs of the exploration of the central zone of Warsaw. Highlighted the main requirements and restrictions from regulatory sources to ensure the physical, bioclimatic, psychological, aesthetic comfort of residents. The main characteristics of the architectural and planning organization depend on the compositional features of the historical environment. Author’s field survey of the central zone of Warsaw determined. Allocate the basic requirements and restrictions from normative sources for maintenance of physical, bioclimatic, psychological, aesthetic comfort of inhabitants. The possibility of creating universal characteristics is considered.
 The issue that needs to be addressed in the reconstruction of greenery: architectural and landscape assessment to identify the compositional potential of the territory, the main functional areas and species points. For temporary recreation in the central areas of cities, small gardens and squares have the following characteristics: openness, nonlinearity and dispersion.

Perkembangan Ruang Terbangun Kawasan Strategis Kota Kendari sebagai Penentu Perkembangan Penduduk dan Sarana Prasarana Dasar Kawasan

This study was carried out to (1) identify and analyze the build-up land development of strategic areas of Kendari (2) determine and analyze the build-up land development of strategic areas of Kendari as a determinant of population and basic infrastructure. This study employed secondary data that was processed by overlaying thematic maps method and described the determinants of the build-up development of strategic areas. The results show there were the strategic areas of Kendari which experienced quite rapid build-up development but there were the strategic areas of Kendari that did not develop rapidly enough. (1)The build-up development of the strategic areas of Kendari were divided into 3 groups. The First is the rapidly developing strategic areas including Kendari Bay and City Center Area in Mandonga, Kadia, Kambu and Poasia with an average addition of built-up land area in 2010-2014 over 50%. The Second is the medium developing strategic areas including The Terminal Area in Baruga and also The Higher Education and The Provincial Government Center Area District in Kambu with an average addition of build-up land area over 10%. The Third is the low developing strategic areas including Bungkutoko Port, Industrial and Minapolitan Area in Abeli and also The Old Town Area in Kendari and Kendari Barat with an average addition of build-up land area under 10%. (2)The build-up development of Kendari Bay and City Center Area determines the development of population and basic infrastructures in the area, while The Higher Education and The Provincial Government Center Area, Bungkutoko Port, Industrial and Minapolitan Area and The old Town area do not determine the development of population and basic infrastructures in the area.