Centimeters In Diameter Research Articles

Accurate ground scanning of the day surface of tilled soil to determine its agro-technical characteristics

The aim of the research is to determine the agro-technical characteristics of the day surface of tilled soil on sloping agricultural landscapes by applying the method of accurate ground scanning along the circumference. The specific difficulties that arise in developing and implementation of agro-technical measures are often associated with significant change of the main parameters of the day surface of tilled soil depending on space and time. Agro-technical parameters according to the agro-technical requirements for the main and pre-sowing tillage, the direction and value of the average slope of the soil surface, as well as the lumpiness and cloddiness of the tilled day soil surface are determined while controlling. According to the results obtained using the developed software, it was found that the deviation angle of the projection of the line of the maximum change in height from the direction of the tillage machine movement is α=-32.4 and the slope of the studied site is 4.8 degrees. The aggregates of 1-4 centimeters in diameter are prevailing in quantity that is crumbling is ensured. The weighted average diameter of the lumps was 4.07 cm, and the standard deviation was 5.05 cm.

Relative frequency of oral focal reactive overgrowths: An institutional retrospective study.

Context:Focal fibrous hyperplasia, peripheral ossifying fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, giant cell fibroma and focal reactive overgrowth (FROGs) are one of the foremost numerous benign soft-tissue growths in the oral cavity. Chronic irritation or trauma is with identified as the causative aspect. It may develop up to few centimeters in diameter, pedunculated or sessile and may arise on the gingiva or buccal mucosa. Treatment involves surgical excision, and recurrences are infrequent.Aims:The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of FROGs of oral mucosa in an institutional setup.Subjects and Methods:All the histopathologically diagnosed cases of FROGs within a period of 10 years (January 2008–December 2017) were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology. The information such as age, sex, site, anatomical side and its prevalence were recorded on customized case history performa.Statistical Analysis Used:The significance of difference was assessed using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.Results:A total of 2849 cases were identified, of which 449 (15%) were FROGs. The most prevalent lesion amid them were focal fibrous hyperplasia (277, 62%), followed by pyogenic granuloma (92, 20%), whereas the least common was giant cell fibroma with 2 (0.5%) cases. All the FROGs were distributed among 21–40 years of age showing female predominance. The commonly affected site was the right buccal mucosa.Conclusions:Nevertheless, information of the frequency and distribution of these lesions is favorable when establishing a diagnosis and treatment plan in clinical practice.

Hernia of the Jean Louis Petit triangle in the emergency department: a rare image.

Lumbar hernias are rare lesions. They are exceptionally observed and reported. They are in most of the cases secondary to trauma or previous surgery but primary lumbar hernias are rare. Computed tomography (CT) is a very useful tool for the diagnosis of lumbar hernia. It can delineate the neck of the hernia and hernial contents. All lumbar hernias must be treated with surgery with two possible surgical approaches: the anterior approach and the laparoscopic approach. Many techniques have been described, including primary repair, local tissue flaps and conventional mesh repair. Bowel resection may be required in cases with strangulation. We report in this work an exceptional case of a 43 year old man with a past recent medical history of lumbar trauma who attended the emergency room for a lumbar mass. It was a soft, non-tender, reducible swelling, measuring from five centimeters in diameter, sitting in the right lumbar region. Computed tomography was performed. The hernia was located in the superior triangle of Grynfelt-Lesshaft and contained large intestine of the right bowel. That is called hernia of the Jean Louis Petit triangle. The patient had open surgery (by lumbar incision). We reintroduced the intestine back into the peritoneal cavity. We excised the sac, and repaired the defect by using synthetic mesh placed below the muscular layers, using a tension-free technique. He was discharged at the fifth day from our hospital. He has been followed up four years with no recurrence or postsurgical sequelae.

Back to the elusive future - [Spectral Lines

Why are we engineers so bad at making predictions? ¶ In countless panel discussions on the future of technology, I'm not sure I ever got anything right. As I look back on technological progress, I experience first retrospective surprise, then surprise that I'm surprised, because it all crept up on me when I wasn't looking. How can something like Google feel so inevitable and yet be impossible to predict? ¶ I'm filled with wonder at all that we engineers have accomplished, and I take great communal pride in how we've changed the world in so many ways. Decades ago I never dreamed we would have satellite navigation, computers in our pockets, the Internet, cellphones, or robots that would explore Mars. How did all this happen, and what are we doing for our next trick? ¶ The software pioneer Alan Kay has said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it, and that's what we've been busy doing. The public understands that we're creating the future, but they think that we know what we're doing and that there's a master plan in there somewhere. However, the world evolves haphazardly, bumbling along in unforeseen directions. Some seemingly great inventions just don't take hold, while overlooked innovations proliferate, and still others are used in unpredicted ways. ¶ When I joined Bell Labs, so many years ago, there were two great development projects under way that together were to shape the future—the Picturephone and the millimeter waveguide. The waveguide was an empty pipe, about 5 centimeters in diameter, that would carry across the country the 6-megahertz analog signals from those ubiquitous Picturephones. ¶ Needless to say, this was an alternative future that never happened. Our technological landscape is littered with such failed bets. For decades engineers would say that the future of communications was video telephony. Now that we can have it for free, not many people even want it.

Giant Sialolith with 20 Years of Evolution in the Submandibular Duct

Sialolithiasis is a common disease that affects the major salivary glands, which is characterized by obstruction of the gland itself or its excretory duct due to the formation of a sialolith, resulting in decreased salivary flow. It mainly affects the submandibular glands (80% - 90%), probably because it has a long duct that surrounds the mylohyoid muscle and emerges against gravity through the Wharton’s duct. The size of the salivary calculus can vary from below 1 millimeter (mm) to a few centimeters in diameter, where most stay below 10 mm. Only 7% are greater than 15 mm and these are classified as giant calculi. This report presents a case of asymptomatic giant sialolith (approximately 60 mm in diameter) located in the duct of the right submandibular gland, with 20 years of evolution. The treatment of choice was the surgical removal of the sialolith (calculus) through the salivary duct with maintenance of the gland. Although the individual did not present complaints related to the presence of the giant calculi, its removal had a great impact on their quality of life, since a significant respiratory improvement was reported by the individual. The major difference reported was better sleep quality.

Simulating a Mesoscale Convective System Using WRF With a New Spectral Bin Microphysics: 1: Hail vs Graupel

AbstractA modified Fast Spectral Bin Microphysics scheme (FSBM‐2) embedded into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate a mesoscale deep convective system observed during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). FSBM‐2 uses modified source codes as compared to the current FSBM (FSBM‐1). In contrast to FSBM‐1, FSBM‐2 can simulate hail of several centimeters in diameter and includes additional processes such as spontaneous breakup of raindrops and aerosol regeneration by drop evaporation. It is shown that allowing large hail particles of diameters exceeding about 1 cm substantially increases the agreement between the simulated and observed squall‐line structures in both the convective and stratiform regions. In contrast, if graupel particles are used to represent high‐density hydrometeors in convective areas, the ratio of convective‐to‐stratiform areas diverges from the ratio seen in observations and maximum radar reflectivities are substantially underestimated. Analysis of snow size distributions in the stratiform area shows an important link between the ice crystals formed by homogeneous freezing in the convective area to ice particle number concentration in the stratiform region. Simulated raindrop size distributions in the stratiform area below the melting level from FSBM‐2 show a good agreement with observations. The regeneration of cloud condensational nuclei (CCN) by droplet evaporation and detrainment of these CCN to the stratiform region increases the concentration of CCN there up to 8‐ to 9‐km altitude; the additional CCN penetrate clouds and produce new droplets, leading to some convection intensification.

Human trichinosis mimicking polymyositis

A 25-year-old Mexican female presented with one week of progressive proximal weakness. Her medical history was relevant for weight loss, arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus treated with prednisone and diagnosed three months prior to admission. Patient presented with a four-week history of diarrhea. Diffuse alopecia and hyperpigmented, painless nodules of five centimeters in diameter were noticed in the patient’s jaw, back and extremities (Figure 1-A). No cardiovascular findings were noticed.

Single-layer porphyrin polymerization

Nanomaterials Two-dimensional polymers can be made as monolayer sheets through controlled synthesis at an interface. However, it is often difficult to create intact sheets over large areas that can be transferred onto substrates. Zhong et al. polymerized derivatized porphyrin molecules during laminar flow at a sharp pentane-water interface to form sheets that are 5 centimeters in diameter (see the Perspective by MacLean and Rosei). The authors used electron microscopy and spectroscopy to confirm that they had produced intact monolayers. These films were then transferred onto monolayer sheets of molybdenum disulfide to form superlattices for use as capacitors. Science , this issue p. [1379][1]; see also p. [1308][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax9385 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9326

Episodes of particle ejection from the surface of the active asteroid (101955) Bennu.

Active asteroids are those that show evidence of ongoing mass loss. We report repeated instances of particle ejection from the surface of (101955) Bennu, demonstrating that it is an active asteroid. The ejection events were imaged by the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer) spacecraft. For the three largest observed events, we estimated the ejected particle velocities and sizes, event times, source regions, and energies. We also determined the trajectories and photometric properties of several gravitationally bound particles that orbited temporarily in the Bennu environment. We consider multiple hypotheses for the mechanisms that lead to particle ejection for the largest events, including rotational disruption, electrostatic lofting, ice sublimation, phyllosilicate dehydration, meteoroid impacts, thermal stress fracturing, and secondary impacts.

Bennu ejects material from its surface

Asteroids Most asteroids appear inert, but remote observations show that a small number experience mass loss from their surfaces. Lauretta and Hergenrother et al. describe close-range observations of mass loss on the near-Earth asteroid Bennu (see the Perspective by Agarwal). Shortly after arriving at Bennu, navigation cameras on the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security—Regolith Explorer) spacecraft detected objects 1 to 10 centimeters in diameter moving above the surface. Analysis of the objects' trajectories showed that they originated in discrete ejection events from otherwise unremarkable locations on Bennu. Some objects remained in orbit for several days, whereas others escaped into interplanetary space. The authors suggest multiple plausible mechanisms that could underlie this activity. Science , this issue p. [eaay3544][1]; see also p. [1192][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay3544 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz7129

Wafer-scale synthesis of monolayer two-dimensional porphyrin polymers for hybrid superlattices.

The large-scale synthesis of high-quality thin films with extensive tunability derived from molecular building blocks will advance the development of artificial solids with designed functionalities. We report the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) porphyrin polymer films with wafer-scale homogeneity in the ultimate limit of monolayer thickness by growing films at a sharp pentane/water interface, which allows the fabrication of their hybrid superlattices. Laminar assembly polymerization of porphyrin monomers could form monolayers of metal-organic frameworks with Cu2+ linkers or covalent organic frameworks with terephthalaldehyde linkers. Both the lattice structures and optical properties of these 2D films were directly controlled by the molecular monomers and polymerization chemistries. The 2D polymers were used to fabricate arrays of hybrid superlattices with molybdenum disulfide that could be used in electrical capacitors.

2366 Laparoscopic Repair of Intraoperative Cystotomy

Video Objective The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the technique for laparoscopic repair of an intraoperative cystotomy, at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Setting In the particular case presented in this video, a large paracervical fibroid distorts the anatomy of the lower uterine segment. While developing the bladder flap, an inadvertent cystotomy 4 centimeters in diameter is created, immediately identified, and subsequently repaired laparoscopically by standard surgical guidelines. The risk of a urinary tract injury during laparoscopic hysterectomy ranges from 0.735-1.8%; the risk of a bladder injury is three times more likely than that of a ureteral injury. A number of patient characteristics increase the risk of an injury, including endometriosis, a history of cesarean sections, and large fibroids that distort uterine anatomy. Urinary tract injuries that go unrecognized at the time of surgery are associated with increased postoperative morbidities, specifically hospital readmission, sepsis, and fistula formation. Interventions The cystotomy repair is demonstrated in standard fashion after completion of the hysterectomy and confirming the injury does not involve the trigone. Bladder dome injuries greater than 1 centimeter require primary repair, which should be completed in 2 layers with delayed absorbable suture. The first layer opposes the edges of the bladder mucosa and muscularis and the second layer closes the bladder serosa. Following repair, the bladder is retro filled with normal saline to ensure a watertight closure. Imbricating sutures can be utilized on the serosa to enhance closure as necessary. A cystoscopy confirms intact repair and bilateral ureteral efflux. An indwelling foley catheter is maintained for 1-2 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion Recognition and repair of a bladder injury at the time of original surgery optimizes patient outcomes. A two layer closure using excellent tissue reapproximation is essential for ideal wound healing.

Targeted Elastin-like Fusion Proteins for Enhanced Imaging and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Background and Hypothesis: A recent study estimates 17,670 individuals will die from bladder cancer in the United States in 2019. With current imaging and treatment technology, bladder cancer is associated with high recurrence rates making it the highest lifetime treatment cost per patient. High expense is primarily due to the profound heterogeneity associated with bladder cancer necessitating repeated intervention. Traditional treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder (NMIBC) cancer following intravesical tumor resection often includes chemotherapy or immunostimulatory therapy via Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infusions. Both lack specificity for cancerous tissue, leading to sub-optimal prognosis and unnecessary discomfort for patients. Furthermore, bladder cancer detection is limited in its precision. Methods such as CT/MRI urography and cystoscopies are unable to accurately detect tumors under 2 centimeters in diameter. Blue light cystoscopy, a gold standard detection method, is unable to accurately differentiate tumors from inflamed tissue. This leads to issues detecting aggressive carcinoma in situ. The goal of this project is to enhance tumor detection by fusing various targeting ligands to elastin-like peptides (ELP).
 Experimental Design or Project Methods: Using synthetic biology approaches, a library of ELP fusions were made and purified using a simplified organic extraction method. (Biomaterials Science 2018, 6 (4), 863-876) This resulted in exceptionally pure protein within a matter of hours. Contrast agents were covalently attached, and performance testing was done in murine bladder cancer cells.
 Results: Novel ELP fusions were successfully produced and sequences verified. Protein expression and purification yielded active targeted constructs which showed enhanced binding efficiency over non-targeted constructs. These ELP fusion proteins are effective transporters for rapid and preferential cargo entry into bladder cancer tissue.
 Conclusion and Potential Impact: Chemotherapeutic, immunostimulatory, and tumor imaging cargo are all bright candidates for targeted ELP fusion technology. Targeted ELP delivery may be a superior tool key to improving tumor visualization and treatment, leading to improved comfort and prognosis in patients with NMIBC.

Hernia de Amyand, presentación de un caso

Introducción: Hernia de Amyand es un hallazgo donde el apéndice con o sin inflamación se encuentra en el saco de una hernia inguinal. La prevalencia es muy baja se describe entre el 0.4% y 0.13% de todas las hernias inguinales, mientras que en los niños podría alcanzar el 1%.
 Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de de hernia de Amyand.
 Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, presentación de caso clínico sobre de hernia de Amyand.
 Resultados: Se describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años de edad con antecedentes de masa en región inguinal derecha, que ha ido aumentando de tamaño, desde aproximadamente 1 año de evolución, acompañado de dificultad a la deambulación, al acudir a consulta externa de cirugía en la exploración física en región inguinal derecha se evidenció masa de más o menos 3 centímetros de diámetro, reductible, en la paraclínica rangos normales, fue llevado al quirófano para reparación laparoscópica con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal derecha, donde se evidenció hernia inguinal derecha con saco herniario con contenido de apéndice cecal, condición que se conoce con el nombre de hernia de Amyand.
 Conclusiones: Al evidenciar un paciente con hernia de Amyand que no es un caso común, cuando se asocia a apendicitis la prioridad es la realización de la apendicetomía y en segundo lugar la reparación del defecto herniario de la pared, con malla protésica, aunque sigue siendo controversial ante la posibilidad de infección local por apendicitis aguda, a pesar de ello se implementó esta opción terapéutica con éxito

Mermaids move inland

Cup-shaped Acetabularia spp, a genus of green algae commonly known as mermaid's wineglasses, are among the world's largest single-celled organisms, with “caps” shown here averaging roughly one centimeter in diameter. The genus was famously used to demonstrate the central role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cell biology (Int Rev Cytol 1953; 2: 475–98; doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61042-6) but much less is known about the ecology and evolution of Acetabularia and related species like Batophora oerstedii (dark-green “fingers” in the photo on the left). Acetabularia and Batophora are typically associated with tropical or warm-temperate shallow marine habitats such as reefs and estuaries. In the Bahamas, they can also be found in inland ponds, often forming “mats” of vegetation that are much larger and denser than those typical for marine populations. Some mats grow in ponds that experience extreme abiotic fluctuations that vastly exceed marine conditions. For example, salinity at Reckley Hill Settlement Pond on San Salvador Island (where both photos were taken) can vary from one-half to twice the average level for seawater, depending on seasonal precipitation. Yet Acetabularia and Batophora thrive there, forming a nearly unbroken 1.5-km ring of vegetation around the pond's shoreline that can be several meters wide. How do these algae cope with such extreme environmental change? Do they die back and recolonize from nearby stable habitat refuges, or have they adapted to persist in place? Do the survival strategies of these algae, as primary producers, affect other trophic levels? If so, then inland Bahamian ponds could be natural labs for investigating climate change and other threats to marine macroalgae and their associated communities.

Peliosis Hepatis—The Chameleon: An Unusual Presentation Mimicking Liver Abscess

AbstractPeliosis hepatis is a rare vascular condition characterized by multiple randomly distributed blood-filled cavities throughout the liver, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. The appearance of peliotic lesion on imaging varies depending on morphologic type, concomitant hemorrhagic component, and presence or absence of background hepatic steatosis. Here, we report an unusual presentation of peliosis hepatis as an exophytic mass arising in liver parenchyma, mimicking a liver abscess.

Transorbital penetrating trauma caused by a fall on the antenna of a radio receiver: Case report and review

Summary We report the case of a patient who died after falling on the antenna of a radio receiver that was stood on the floor. External examination showed an orificial contuse wound, less than a centimetre in diameter, on the right upper eyelid. There was no ocular lesion. Full-body CT (computed tomography) scan imagery revealed a fracture of the roof of the right orbit and diffuse intra and pericerebral haemorrhages. Those haemorrhages had caused the death of the patient. Penetrating transorbital traumas represent a very small part of cranial traumas and orbital pathologies. They are usually linked to the high-velocity traumas associated with traffic accidents or penetration by firearm projectiles. Low-energy penetrating transorbital traumas are even less frequent; associated prognoses are rarely lethal and generally functional. These traumas cause minimal palpebral or periocular wounds that can seem insignificant upon external forensic examination, especially when the foreign body involved is fully intracranial or absent. Performing a cerebral scan, or even post-mortem angiography, thus appears to be a key-procedure, very useful to the medical examiner.

Is There Calm After the Storm? A General Practice Registry-based Study Following the Case of a Severe Hailstorm in the Netherlands

Introduction:On June 23 and 24, 2016, a heavy hailstorm in the south of the Netherlands destroyed farms, greenhouses, and crops, and caused severe damage to many residences and cars in multiple communities. The size of the massive hailstones ranged from 3 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The farm damages alone were estimated to be 100 million euros, while total insurance industry losses were expected to exceed half a billion euros. In addition to the storm, the affected region also had its first tropical day of the year, with temperatures reaching 32 degrees Celsius. To date, the psychosocial impact and possible adverse health effects caused by the storm have not been thoroughly investigated.Aim:To explore whether the occurrence of chronic and acute health problems in the affected region increased after the hailstorm compared to “control” areas.Methods:Health data for the time period before (2013-2015) and immediately after the hailstorm (2016-2018) will be collected based on electronic health records (morbidity, psychosocial problems, and prescribed medication) from general practices (GP) located in the affected municipalities. For the same period, health problems in the affected region will also be compared with GP-registered data from different Dutch municipalities with similar urbanization levels, which will be used as a control group. The combination with external datasets (e.g. socioeconomic status, environmental exposures) will also be considered.Results:Multilevel regression analyses will be carried out to test the health impact of this sudden, onset event. The current study is a work in progress. Final results are expected in February 2019 and are presented during the conference.Discussion:The present study illustrates how routinely collected patient health records, recorded by GPs, can be used for epidemiological research in the aftermath of a disaster within the context of climate and weather extremes in Europe.

The distortion of a horizontal soap film due to the impact of a falling sphere

A horizontal soap film is established in vertical tube a few centimetres in diameter. A metal sphere, 1–2 mm diameter, is dropped onto the film, whose distortion is observed by means of a high speed camera. The film wraps partly around the sphere, detaching at a circle which moves up the sphere as it falls.The shape of the film at successive radii, bigger than the radius of contact, was predicted from theory relying on the proposition that if both sides of the film are open to atmosphere, there can be no pressure difference across it. The pressure difference across a film is proportional to (surface tension)/(radius of curvature); hence it follows that the radii of curvature in two planes, perpendicular to each other and to the film surface, must be equal and opposite. This proposition gives equations predicting the shape, in reasonable agreement with experiment.This theory is compared with the theory of catenoids, first studied by Euler in 1744. Catenoid theory gives exactly the same results as the ‘radius of curvature’ theory presented here. A simple energy conservation argument shows that the two theories are compatible and agree with a published photograph of a soap film catenoid.

Bacterial Communities Associated With Spherical Nostoc Macrocolonies.

Species of the genus Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) can form large colonies of up to several centimeters in diameter that may represent a unique habitat for bacteria in freshwaters. Bacteria inside the colony are probably segregated from the surrounding water and largely dependent on the metabolism of this primary producer. However, the existence of a specific bacterial community associated with free-living representatives of Nostoc from lakes and streams is unknown. Here, we studied large Nostoc spp. colonies (ca. 2–10 cm in diameter) from two adjacent, high altitude aquatic environments and assessed the diversity, and community composition of the bacterial community associated with the inner gelatinous matrix (GM). Further, we compared this community with that of the lake’s littoral zone where the colonies live or with the outer layer (OL) of the colony in samples collected from a stream. Alpha bacterial diversity in the inner GM of the colonies from both sites was lower than in the littoral zone or than in the OL. Significant differences in community composition were found between the inner and the OL, as well as between the inner GM, and the littoral zone. Further, these differences were supported by the putative metabolic processes of the bacterial communities. Our results indicate the existence of a specific bacterial community inside macrocolonies of Nostoc spp. and also imply that the inner environment exerts a strong selection. Finally, these large colonies represent not only a unique habitat, but probably also a hotspot of bacterial activity in an otherwise oligotrophic environment.